Kamal Fahmi
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9789774160639
- eISBN:
- 9781617971020
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- American University in Cairo Press
- DOI:
- 10.5743/cairo/9789774160639.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Middle Eastern Studies
Street children—abandoned or runaway children living on their own—can be found in cities all over the world, and their numbers are growing despite numerous international programs aimed at helping ...
More
Street children—abandoned or runaway children living on their own—can be found in cities all over the world, and their numbers are growing despite numerous international programs aimed at helping them. All too frequently, these children are viewed solely as victims or deviants to be rescued and rehabilitated. This book draws on eight years of fieldwork with street children in Cairo to portray them in a much different—and empowering—light. The book argues that, far from being mere victims or deviants, these children, in running away from alienating home lives and finding relative freedom in the street, are capable of actively defining their situations in their own terms. They are able to challenge the roles assigned to children, make judgments, and develop a network of niches and resources in a teeming metropolis such as Cairo. It is suggested that social workers and others need to respect the agency the children display in changing their own lives. In addition to collective advocacy with and on behalf of street children, social workers should empower them by encouraging their voluntary participation in non-formal educational activities.Less
Street children—abandoned or runaway children living on their own—can be found in cities all over the world, and their numbers are growing despite numerous international programs aimed at helping them. All too frequently, these children are viewed solely as victims or deviants to be rescued and rehabilitated. This book draws on eight years of fieldwork with street children in Cairo to portray them in a much different—and empowering—light. The book argues that, far from being mere victims or deviants, these children, in running away from alienating home lives and finding relative freedom in the street, are capable of actively defining their situations in their own terms. They are able to challenge the roles assigned to children, make judgments, and develop a network of niches and resources in a teeming metropolis such as Cairo. It is suggested that social workers and others need to respect the agency the children display in changing their own lives. In addition to collective advocacy with and on behalf of street children, social workers should empower them by encouraging their voluntary participation in non-formal educational activities.
Frank B. Hu
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195312911
- eISBN:
- 9780199865260
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195312911.003.0004
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter discusses key conceptual issues related to interpretation of epidemiologic evidence and inferences of causation in obesity research. It begins by discussing the role of randomized ...
More
This chapter discusses key conceptual issues related to interpretation of epidemiologic evidence and inferences of causation in obesity research. It begins by discussing the role of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). It then addresses several methodological issues in establishing causality, such as confounding, reverse causation, measurement errors, mediation and effect modification, validity versus generalizability, and the calculation and interpretation of population attributable risk (PAR). Finally, the chapter reviews commonly used criteria of causality in obesity epidemiology.Less
This chapter discusses key conceptual issues related to interpretation of epidemiologic evidence and inferences of causation in obesity research. It begins by discussing the role of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). It then addresses several methodological issues in establishing causality, such as confounding, reverse causation, measurement errors, mediation and effect modification, validity versus generalizability, and the calculation and interpretation of population attributable risk (PAR). Finally, the chapter reviews commonly used criteria of causality in obesity epidemiology.
Kamal Fahmi
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9789774160639
- eISBN:
- 9781617971020
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- American University in Cairo Press
- DOI:
- 10.5743/cairo/9789774160639.003.0002
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Middle Eastern Studies
This chapter examines the major assumptions and values of PAR, as well as questions of ontology, epistemology, and methodology, and then discusses the limitations of PAR and some of the critiques ...
More
This chapter examines the major assumptions and values of PAR, as well as questions of ontology, epistemology, and methodology, and then discusses the limitations of PAR and some of the critiques emanating from postmodernist/poststructuralist perspectives.Less
This chapter examines the major assumptions and values of PAR, as well as questions of ontology, epistemology, and methodology, and then discusses the limitations of PAR and some of the critiques emanating from postmodernist/poststructuralist perspectives.
Kamal Fahmi
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9789774160639
- eISBN:
- 9781617971020
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- American University in Cairo Press
- DOI:
- 10.5743/cairo/9789774160639.003.0003
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Middle Eastern Studies
This chapter provides available knowledge regarding a community organizing practice called “street work” that is little known and poorly understood with a meager and often sporadic and sketchy ...
More
This chapter provides available knowledge regarding a community organizing practice called “street work” that is little known and poorly understood with a meager and often sporadic and sketchy literature. It gives an overview of the historical development of street work and examines the major parameters of street work practice before presenting the underpinnings of its present situation.Less
This chapter provides available knowledge regarding a community organizing practice called “street work” that is little known and poorly understood with a meager and often sporadic and sketchy literature. It gives an overview of the historical development of street work and examines the major parameters of street work practice before presenting the underpinnings of its present situation.
Kamal Fahmi
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9789774160639
- eISBN:
- 9781617971020
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- American University in Cairo Press
- DOI:
- 10.5743/cairo/9789774160639.003.0005
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Middle Eastern Studies
This chapter looks at the realities of street children and street life, and presents the conceptual framework that was developed in conjunction with them.
This chapter looks at the realities of street children and street life, and presents the conceptual framework that was developed in conjunction with them.
Kamal Fahmi
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9789774160639
- eISBN:
- 9781617971020
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- American University in Cairo Press
- DOI:
- 10.5743/cairo/9789774160639.003.0006
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Middle Eastern Studies
This chapter looks at the conceptual framework that was used to inform the progression of the PAR process.
This chapter looks at the conceptual framework that was used to inform the progression of the PAR process.
Kamal Fahmi
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9789774160639
- eISBN:
- 9781617971020
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- American University in Cairo Press
- DOI:
- 10.5743/cairo/9789774160639.003.0007
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Middle Eastern Studies
This chapter presents the impact of this process at the individual, collective, and policy levels, and ends with a discussion of some methodological considerations and unresolved issues.
This chapter presents the impact of this process at the individual, collective, and policy levels, and ends with a discussion of some methodological considerations and unresolved issues.
Cooper Charlie
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847427113
- eISBN:
- 9781447303497
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847427113.003.0014
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Research and Statistics
This chapter focuses on young people and the research process. It examines how involving disadvantaged young people in research might contribute to improved understandings of their aspirations and ...
More
This chapter focuses on young people and the research process. It examines how involving disadvantaged young people in research might contribute to improved understandings of their aspirations and the strategies that are required to achieve these. It outlines the rationale and approaches of a participatory action research agenda with young people (youth PAR). It argues that a youth PAR approach would not only present policy makers with important lessons on how better to respond to the needs of young people, but by facilitating the meaningful involvement of young people in the research process it also has the potential to empower young people themselves to effect positive social change. It outlines a toolbox for undertaking youth PAR, and offers several case studies of the approach in practice.Less
This chapter focuses on young people and the research process. It examines how involving disadvantaged young people in research might contribute to improved understandings of their aspirations and the strategies that are required to achieve these. It outlines the rationale and approaches of a participatory action research agenda with young people (youth PAR). It argues that a youth PAR approach would not only present policy makers with important lessons on how better to respond to the needs of young people, but by facilitating the meaningful involvement of young people in the research process it also has the potential to empower young people themselves to effect positive social change. It outlines a toolbox for undertaking youth PAR, and offers several case studies of the approach in practice.
Vivian Center Seltzer
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814740422
- eISBN:
- 9780814741023
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814740422.003.0009
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter provides an overview of Peer Arena Retrospect (PAR) protocols. The PAR protocols were developed to elicit information from adolescents about what has gone wrong in their relationships ...
More
This chapter provides an overview of Peer Arena Retrospect (PAR) protocols. The PAR protocols were developed to elicit information from adolescents about what has gone wrong in their relationships with peers, so wrong as to affect their behavior and development. Or, if a defensive glitch has been stimulated, the protocols will help the professional discover how this glitch is related to the outcomes of the adolescent's comparisons with peers. This chapter describes thirty PAR protocols for professional use in interview sessions; these protocols focus on peer-related comparisons and evaluations and subsequent thoughts and actions. They are based on the basic premises of the Dynamic Functional Interaction (DFI) model.Less
This chapter provides an overview of Peer Arena Retrospect (PAR) protocols. The PAR protocols were developed to elicit information from adolescents about what has gone wrong in their relationships with peers, so wrong as to affect their behavior and development. Or, if a defensive glitch has been stimulated, the protocols will help the professional discover how this glitch is related to the outcomes of the adolescent's comparisons with peers. This chapter describes thirty PAR protocols for professional use in interview sessions; these protocols focus on peer-related comparisons and evaluations and subsequent thoughts and actions. They are based on the basic premises of the Dynamic Functional Interaction (DFI) model.
Vivian Center Seltzer
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814740422
- eISBN:
- 9780814741023
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814740422.003.0010
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter describes the Phase I Basic and Circumstance-Specific Auxiliary protocols of the Peer Arena Retrospect (PAR) protocols. The Basic protocols are PAR-A (Adolescent), PAR-AA (Adolescent ...
More
This chapter describes the Phase I Basic and Circumstance-Specific Auxiliary protocols of the Peer Arena Retrospect (PAR) protocols. The Basic protocols are PAR-A (Adolescent), PAR-AA (Adolescent Alternative), and PAR-Aab (Adolescent Abridged) protocols, while Circumstance-Specific Auxiliary protocols include PAR-P (Parents), PAR-S or PAR-OS (Sibling/Older Sibling), PAR-T (Teachers and School Personnel), PAR-E (Environmental Other), PAR-G (Group Administration), and PAR-DG (Defensive Glitch). This chapter interprets the questions these protocols contain, including those that focus on peers and friendship, on comparative-act dynamics in the Peer Arena and their results, and impact on matters of interest to adolescents in the present and on their future goal setting. Other questions deal with whether adolescents prefer to be with friends, new or old, or whether they prefers avoidance; the adolescent perceptions of parents' opinions, attitudes, and feelings; importance of older and younger siblings; the degree of active parental support for adolescents' efforts to get together with age-mates; and parental attitudes about how many friends their adolescent has.Less
This chapter describes the Phase I Basic and Circumstance-Specific Auxiliary protocols of the Peer Arena Retrospect (PAR) protocols. The Basic protocols are PAR-A (Adolescent), PAR-AA (Adolescent Alternative), and PAR-Aab (Adolescent Abridged) protocols, while Circumstance-Specific Auxiliary protocols include PAR-P (Parents), PAR-S or PAR-OS (Sibling/Older Sibling), PAR-T (Teachers and School Personnel), PAR-E (Environmental Other), PAR-G (Group Administration), and PAR-DG (Defensive Glitch). This chapter interprets the questions these protocols contain, including those that focus on peers and friendship, on comparative-act dynamics in the Peer Arena and their results, and impact on matters of interest to adolescents in the present and on their future goal setting. Other questions deal with whether adolescents prefer to be with friends, new or old, or whether they prefers avoidance; the adolescent perceptions of parents' opinions, attitudes, and feelings; importance of older and younger siblings; the degree of active parental support for adolescents' efforts to get together with age-mates; and parental attitudes about how many friends their adolescent has.
Vivian Center Seltzer
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814740422
- eISBN:
- 9780814741023
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814740422.003.0011
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter interprets questions contained in the Phase I Supplementary protocols of the Peer Arena Retrospect (PAR) protocols, namely, PAR-Su-SEP (Student Educational Perspective) protocol, ...
More
This chapter interprets questions contained in the Phase I Supplementary protocols of the Peer Arena Retrospect (PAR) protocols, namely, PAR-Su-SEP (Student Educational Perspective) protocol, PAR-Su-PEP (Parent Educational Perspective) and PAR-Su-TEP (Teacher Educational Perspective) protocols, PAR-Su-FP (Friendship Preferences) protocol, PAR-Su-GU (What Do You Have to Give Up) protocol, PAR-Su-FO (What Do Friends Offer You) protocol, PAR-Su-R (Recuperation) protocol, PAR-Su-KF (Keeping Friends) protocol, PAR-Su-AC (Awareness of Comparisons) protocol, PAR-Su-CA (Comparative Act) protocol. Future-Focused Supplementary protocols are also described, including PAR-Su-FFD (Fantasies and Future Dreams) protocol, PAR-Su-DA (Defensive Actions Reflection) protocol, PAR-Su-F (Future) protocol, and PAR-Su-EI (Emotional Income and Deprivation) protocol. Embedded in the Supplementary protocols are questions that elicit the information sought or lead up to eliciting qualitative information such as emotional reactions to comparative acts with age-mates. Some are asked again in order to compare the adolescents' consistency, as well as their disassociation or just plain avoidance.Less
This chapter interprets questions contained in the Phase I Supplementary protocols of the Peer Arena Retrospect (PAR) protocols, namely, PAR-Su-SEP (Student Educational Perspective) protocol, PAR-Su-PEP (Parent Educational Perspective) and PAR-Su-TEP (Teacher Educational Perspective) protocols, PAR-Su-FP (Friendship Preferences) protocol, PAR-Su-GU (What Do You Have to Give Up) protocol, PAR-Su-FO (What Do Friends Offer You) protocol, PAR-Su-R (Recuperation) protocol, PAR-Su-KF (Keeping Friends) protocol, PAR-Su-AC (Awareness of Comparisons) protocol, PAR-Su-CA (Comparative Act) protocol. Future-Focused Supplementary protocols are also described, including PAR-Su-FFD (Fantasies and Future Dreams) protocol, PAR-Su-DA (Defensive Actions Reflection) protocol, PAR-Su-F (Future) protocol, and PAR-Su-EI (Emotional Income and Deprivation) protocol. Embedded in the Supplementary protocols are questions that elicit the information sought or lead up to eliciting qualitative information such as emotional reactions to comparative acts with age-mates. Some are asked again in order to compare the adolescents' consistency, as well as their disassociation or just plain avoidance.
Vivian Center Seltzer
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814740422
- eISBN:
- 9780814741023
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814740422.003.0012
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter presents the Phase II protocols used with adolescents identified as having turned off Peer Arena comparative acts, thus aborting their development. These protocols assist in identifying ...
More
This chapter presents the Phase II protocols used with adolescents identified as having turned off Peer Arena comparative acts, thus aborting their development. These protocols assist in identifying defensive glitches and begins with the Defensive Glitch (PAR-DG) protocol; the protocols that follow it ask questions to elicit special aspects about their interactions with peers in order to fill out gaps from PAR-DG findings. This chapter describes the design and approach of the Phase II protocols and highlights the importance of detecting defensive flights as soon as possible in addressing the adolescent's fear and work. It also discusses supplementary protocols for suspected defensive glitches, namely: PAR-SuII-CC (Continuity and Change) protocol, PAR-SuII-AS (Antisocial) protocol, and PAR-SuII-ASCR (Antisocial Cognitive Rationale) protocol.Less
This chapter presents the Phase II protocols used with adolescents identified as having turned off Peer Arena comparative acts, thus aborting their development. These protocols assist in identifying defensive glitches and begins with the Defensive Glitch (PAR-DG) protocol; the protocols that follow it ask questions to elicit special aspects about their interactions with peers in order to fill out gaps from PAR-DG findings. This chapter describes the design and approach of the Phase II protocols and highlights the importance of detecting defensive flights as soon as possible in addressing the adolescent's fear and work. It also discusses supplementary protocols for suspected defensive glitches, namely: PAR-SuII-CC (Continuity and Change) protocol, PAR-SuII-AS (Antisocial) protocol, and PAR-SuII-ASCR (Antisocial Cognitive Rationale) protocol.
Curt Lamberth and Jocelyne M.R. Hughes
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- February 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198766384
- eISBN:
- 9780191820908
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198766384.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
We consider three categories of physical variables that can be measured for different freshwater ecosystems: (1) variables measured or described at the catchment or sub-catchment scale (e.g., ...
More
We consider three categories of physical variables that can be measured for different freshwater ecosystems: (1) variables measured or described at the catchment or sub-catchment scale (e.g., bathymetry, depth, topography, geology); (2) those in or near to the water (e.g., temperature, turbidity, solar radiation); and (3) variables used to describe the substrate (e.g., particle size, mineral vs. peat). In this chapter we consider the practical aspects of undertaking a freshwater survey that includes measurement of physical variables; the approaches needed to undertake the survey; choosing a sampling strategy or protocol; practical tips on choice of measurement method or sensor, battery type, equipment calibration, resolution, accuracy, and links to literature providing further detail. The final section provides examples from a diversity of freshwaters where physical variables have been measured as part of an ecological survey, forming the evidence-base for management or conservation decisions.Less
We consider three categories of physical variables that can be measured for different freshwater ecosystems: (1) variables measured or described at the catchment or sub-catchment scale (e.g., bathymetry, depth, topography, geology); (2) those in or near to the water (e.g., temperature, turbidity, solar radiation); and (3) variables used to describe the substrate (e.g., particle size, mineral vs. peat). In this chapter we consider the practical aspects of undertaking a freshwater survey that includes measurement of physical variables; the approaches needed to undertake the survey; choosing a sampling strategy or protocol; practical tips on choice of measurement method or sensor, battery type, equipment calibration, resolution, accuracy, and links to literature providing further detail. The final section provides examples from a diversity of freshwaters where physical variables have been measured as part of an ecological survey, forming the evidence-base for management or conservation decisions.
