Aaron Perzanowski and Jason Schultz
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262035019
- eISBN:
- 9780262335959
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262035019.001.0001
- Subject:
- Information Science, Library Science
The digital economy has great potential, but it also entails risks. The notion of personal property and ownership is under threat because of the shift to digital distribution and ubiquitous embedded ...
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The digital economy has great potential, but it also entails risks. The notion of personal property and ownership is under threat because of the shift to digital distribution and ubiquitous embedded software. This book makes a case for the importance of ownership in the digital age. It argues that the rights associated with ownership serve critical functions of promoting cultural preservation and innovation as well as protecting consumer autonomy. Technological developments and the aggressive efforts of IP rights holders, however, are gradually eroding the concept of ownership. There has been a disconcerting trend of courts bypassing the default rules of property law; the rights acquired by consumers through purchase are defined instead by license agreements drafted by IP rights holders or retailers. In addition to license agreements, IP rights holders also employ technological methods such as Digital Rights Management (DRM) to restrict consumer use and protect their intellectual property. The matter is made worse by online retailers’ insufficient disclosure, which frequently uses words like “buy” or “own” to offer false promises of ownership. The loss of personal property rights has serious consequence not just for individual consumers; an important institutional actor – the public library – is also struggling to deal with the shift to digital collections and the corresponding restrictions imposed by IP rights holders. In response to these threats to ownership, the book explores legal as well as technological solutions, and presents a powerful argument for informed consumer choice in the digital marketplace.Less
The digital economy has great potential, but it also entails risks. The notion of personal property and ownership is under threat because of the shift to digital distribution and ubiquitous embedded software. This book makes a case for the importance of ownership in the digital age. It argues that the rights associated with ownership serve critical functions of promoting cultural preservation and innovation as well as protecting consumer autonomy. Technological developments and the aggressive efforts of IP rights holders, however, are gradually eroding the concept of ownership. There has been a disconcerting trend of courts bypassing the default rules of property law; the rights acquired by consumers through purchase are defined instead by license agreements drafted by IP rights holders or retailers. In addition to license agreements, IP rights holders also employ technological methods such as Digital Rights Management (DRM) to restrict consumer use and protect their intellectual property. The matter is made worse by online retailers’ insufficient disclosure, which frequently uses words like “buy” or “own” to offer false promises of ownership. The loss of personal property rights has serious consequence not just for individual consumers; an important institutional actor – the public library – is also struggling to deal with the shift to digital collections and the corresponding restrictions imposed by IP rights holders. In response to these threats to ownership, the book explores legal as well as technological solutions, and presents a powerful argument for informed consumer choice in the digital marketplace.
Amanda Slevin
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781784992743
- eISBN:
- 9781526115355
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781784992743.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Economic Sociology
Gas and oil are pivotal to the functioning of modern societies, yet the ownership, control, production and consumption of hydrocarbons often provokes intense disputes with serious social, economic, ...
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Gas and oil are pivotal to the functioning of modern societies, yet the ownership, control, production and consumption of hydrocarbons often provokes intense disputes with serious social, economic, and political ramifications. In Gas, Oil and the Irish State, Amanda Slevin examines the dynamics and conflicts of state hydrocarbon management and provides the first comprehensive study of the Irish model.
Interpreting the Corrib gas conflict as a microcosm of the Irish state's approach to hydrocarbon management, Slevin articulates environmental, health and safety concerns which underpin community resistance to the project. She emphasises how the dispute exposed broader issues, such as the privatisation of Irish hydrocarbons in exchange for one of the lowest rates of government take in the world, and served to problematise how the state functions, its close relationship with capital, and its deployment of coercive force to repress dissent.
Analysis of these issues occurs within an original account of decision-making and policy formation around Irish hydrocarbons from 1957 to 2014. Slevin traces the development of the state's approach in tandem with occurrences in Irish political economy and examines the impact of global trends on different approaches to hydrocarbon management. A detailed case study of Norway reveals ideological, political, social and economic forces which influence how states manage their hydrocarbons and the author uses those factors as the basis for a rigorous critique of the Irish model. Examining subjects that are simultaneously empirical and ideological, historical and current, the focus of this book extends beyond decision-making processes within the state system to their impacts on people's lives in communities. Slevin uncovers the social, environmental, economic, and political consequences of current policies and offers a blueprint for an alternative framework for hydrocarbon management.Less
Gas and oil are pivotal to the functioning of modern societies, yet the ownership, control, production and consumption of hydrocarbons often provokes intense disputes with serious social, economic, and political ramifications. In Gas, Oil and the Irish State, Amanda Slevin examines the dynamics and conflicts of state hydrocarbon management and provides the first comprehensive study of the Irish model.
Interpreting the Corrib gas conflict as a microcosm of the Irish state's approach to hydrocarbon management, Slevin articulates environmental, health and safety concerns which underpin community resistance to the project. She emphasises how the dispute exposed broader issues, such as the privatisation of Irish hydrocarbons in exchange for one of the lowest rates of government take in the world, and served to problematise how the state functions, its close relationship with capital, and its deployment of coercive force to repress dissent.
Analysis of these issues occurs within an original account of decision-making and policy formation around Irish hydrocarbons from 1957 to 2014. Slevin traces the development of the state's approach in tandem with occurrences in Irish political economy and examines the impact of global trends on different approaches to hydrocarbon management. A detailed case study of Norway reveals ideological, political, social and economic forces which influence how states manage their hydrocarbons and the author uses those factors as the basis for a rigorous critique of the Irish model. Examining subjects that are simultaneously empirical and ideological, historical and current, the focus of this book extends beyond decision-making processes within the state system to their impacts on people's lives in communities. Slevin uncovers the social, environmental, economic, and political consequences of current policies and offers a blueprint for an alternative framework for hydrocarbon management.
Mathias Risse
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691142692
- eISBN:
- 9781400845507
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691142692.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This chapter examines from a secular standpoint the notion that the earth belongs to humankind collectively by offering a view on the ownership status of the earth that it calls Common Ownership. It ...
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This chapter examines from a secular standpoint the notion that the earth belongs to humankind collectively by offering a view on the ownership status of the earth that it calls Common Ownership. It first considers collective ownership of the earth and some of its conceptions, especially Common Ownership, before describing what work Common Ownership does in an engagement with libertarianism. It then defends Common Ownership against objections in terms of the value of the environment and discusses two alternative conceptions of collective ownership. It relates the results to global justice and shows how Common Ownership enters into debates in the philosophical literature. Finally, it explores one version of left-libertarianism and one of Thomas Pogge's arguments for the claim that the global order harms the poor.Less
This chapter examines from a secular standpoint the notion that the earth belongs to humankind collectively by offering a view on the ownership status of the earth that it calls Common Ownership. It first considers collective ownership of the earth and some of its conceptions, especially Common Ownership, before describing what work Common Ownership does in an engagement with libertarianism. It then defends Common Ownership against objections in terms of the value of the environment and discusses two alternative conceptions of collective ownership. It relates the results to global justice and shows how Common Ownership enters into debates in the philosophical literature. Finally, it explores one version of left-libertarianism and one of Thomas Pogge's arguments for the claim that the global order harms the poor.
John Bryden, Ottar Brox, and Lesley Riddoch (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780748696208
- eISBN:
- 9781474412506
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748696208.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Scottish Studies
This book, which has a Preface by Scotland’s leading historian, Sir Tom Devine, is a comparative study of the economic, social and political development of Norway and Scotland, mainly since about ...
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This book, which has a Preface by Scotland’s leading historian, Sir Tom Devine, is a comparative study of the economic, social and political development of Norway and Scotland, mainly since about 1800. The authors are from Scotland, Norway, Denmark, England and Finland. It starts with an overview of the histories of the two countries, which were closely intertwined between the 8th and 17th Centuries, and the economic, social and political relationships between them. It includes specific chapters dealing with the comparative development of political institutions and democracy, agriculture and land ownership, industry, local government, money and banking, the welfare state, education, outdoor activities and recreation and religion. There are additional chapters on the impacts of the two World Wars on political relations between Scotland and Norway, on core issue in the comparison of social developments in the two countries, and on the theories that may help us to understand to diverse development paths of Norway and Scotland. The content and focus of the book is unique and original, and joins historians, economists, political scientists, anthropologists, geographers and sociologists in an important example of comparative analysis covering the long term. It is intended to provide analysis that will be helpful for debates on the future of Scotland after Brexit, whether within or outside the United Kingdom, for example on the monetary and banking questions, the welfare state, early childhood education, land and resource ownership, North Sea oil and gas, local government and decentralisation, agriculture and rural development, religion, and external relations, among others.Less
This book, which has a Preface by Scotland’s leading historian, Sir Tom Devine, is a comparative study of the economic, social and political development of Norway and Scotland, mainly since about 1800. The authors are from Scotland, Norway, Denmark, England and Finland. It starts with an overview of the histories of the two countries, which were closely intertwined between the 8th and 17th Centuries, and the economic, social and political relationships between them. It includes specific chapters dealing with the comparative development of political institutions and democracy, agriculture and land ownership, industry, local government, money and banking, the welfare state, education, outdoor activities and recreation and religion. There are additional chapters on the impacts of the two World Wars on political relations between Scotland and Norway, on core issue in the comparison of social developments in the two countries, and on the theories that may help us to understand to diverse development paths of Norway and Scotland. The content and focus of the book is unique and original, and joins historians, economists, political scientists, anthropologists, geographers and sociologists in an important example of comparative analysis covering the long term. It is intended to provide analysis that will be helpful for debates on the future of Scotland after Brexit, whether within or outside the United Kingdom, for example on the monetary and banking questions, the welfare state, early childhood education, land and resource ownership, North Sea oil and gas, local government and decentralisation, agriculture and rural development, religion, and external relations, among others.
Andrei Marmor
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195338478
- eISBN:
- 9780199855360
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195338478.003.0011
- Subject:
- Law, Philosophy of Law
This chapter explores the question of whether people should have a right to their pretax income. It argues that the main insight of Liam Murphy and Thomas Nagel's book, The Myth of Ownership, that ...
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This chapter explores the question of whether people should have a right to their pretax income. It argues that the main insight of Liam Murphy and Thomas Nagel's book, The Myth of Ownership, that people have no right to their pretax income, is not supported by their claim that the right to private property is not a natural right. The non-naturalness of the right to private property is irrelevant to their moral argument. The plausibility of their moral conclusion derives from the thesis that people have a right to the fruits of their labor independent of a system of legal and social norms that constitute the terms of fair bargaining, pricing, etc. People can only have a right to a fair assessment of the added value of their labor, and the latter cannot make any moral sense independent of the entire system of norms prevailing in the relevant society.Less
This chapter explores the question of whether people should have a right to their pretax income. It argues that the main insight of Liam Murphy and Thomas Nagel's book, The Myth of Ownership, that people have no right to their pretax income, is not supported by their claim that the right to private property is not a natural right. The non-naturalness of the right to private property is irrelevant to their moral argument. The plausibility of their moral conclusion derives from the thesis that people have a right to the fruits of their labor independent of a system of legal and social norms that constitute the terms of fair bargaining, pricing, etc. People can only have a right to a fair assessment of the added value of their labor, and the latter cannot make any moral sense independent of the entire system of norms prevailing in the relevant society.
Mathias Risse
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691142692
- eISBN:
- 9781400845507
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691142692.003.0010
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This chapter explores the implications of Common Ownership for duties resulting from climate change. It explains what we can learn from the standpoint of collective ownership of the earth about how ...
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This chapter explores the implications of Common Ownership for duties resulting from climate change. It explains what we can learn from the standpoint of collective ownership of the earth about how to distribute burdens from mitigation and adaptation specifically among states. To this end, the chapter considers the ownership status of the atmosphere and ways of thinking about a fair division of burdens. It shows that, as an obligation of justice, regulating access to the absorptive capacity of the atmosphere is required to make sure the basic climate conditions of the earth are preserved. It argues that access to the absorptive capacity of the earth ought to be regulated by a fair-division scheme. It is an obligation of justice that access to that capacity be regulated, and it is a demand of reasonable conduct that such regulation be done by a fair-division scheme.Less
This chapter explores the implications of Common Ownership for duties resulting from climate change. It explains what we can learn from the standpoint of collective ownership of the earth about how to distribute burdens from mitigation and adaptation specifically among states. To this end, the chapter considers the ownership status of the atmosphere and ways of thinking about a fair division of burdens. It shows that, as an obligation of justice, regulating access to the absorptive capacity of the atmosphere is required to make sure the basic climate conditions of the earth are preserved. It argues that access to the absorptive capacity of the earth ought to be regulated by a fair-division scheme. It is an obligation of justice that access to that capacity be regulated, and it is a demand of reasonable conduct that such regulation be done by a fair-division scheme.
Willem Salet, Camila D'Ottaviano, Stan Majoor, and Daniel Bossuyt (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- January 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781447348429
- eISBN:
- 9781447349952
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447348429.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
Comparing self-build experiences in city-regions over three continents, this book spans gigantic local differences. In order to make sense of comparison, a strict selection of paradigm is made to ...
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Comparing self-build experiences in city-regions over three continents, this book spans gigantic local differences. In order to make sense of comparison, a strict selection of paradigm is made to focus the analysis in all cases on the same relationships. The paradigm combines critical economic theory (coined by David Harvey) and cultural institutional analysis (inspired by Henri Lefebvre) in order to focus on the struggle between material and immaterial forces underlying the local performances. The analysis focuses both on the micro level performances and at the trans scalar social and political conditions to these practices. The commissioning role of residents vis-à-vis the role of the leading social movements focus on the social normalisation of moral ownership of the poor residents. The challenge is to sustain this active institutionalisation also in future processes of professionalization as the relationships on the lower segments of housing markets appear to be vulnerable for commercial economic exploitation.Less
Comparing self-build experiences in city-regions over three continents, this book spans gigantic local differences. In order to make sense of comparison, a strict selection of paradigm is made to focus the analysis in all cases on the same relationships. The paradigm combines critical economic theory (coined by David Harvey) and cultural institutional analysis (inspired by Henri Lefebvre) in order to focus on the struggle between material and immaterial forces underlying the local performances. The analysis focuses both on the micro level performances and at the trans scalar social and political conditions to these practices. The commissioning role of residents vis-à-vis the role of the leading social movements focus on the social normalisation of moral ownership of the poor residents. The challenge is to sustain this active institutionalisation also in future processes of professionalization as the relationships on the lower segments of housing markets appear to be vulnerable for commercial economic exploitation.
Yue Chim Richard Wong
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9789888139446
- eISBN:
- 9789888180349
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888139446.003.0021
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Asian Studies
This chapter looks into why there is an enormous aspiration within the community for homeownership, and glances at the housing policies implemented by the government over the past few decades. It ...
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This chapter looks into why there is an enormous aspiration within the community for homeownership, and glances at the housing policies implemented by the government over the past few decades. It also examines why the majority of the younger generation has to rely on their parents’ financial support to purchase a flat. The government has to come up with a more wholesale change of policy with regard to homeownership, with a view to enlarging homeownership in the community so that even the have-nots can benefit. The author also suggests that the government should review its discounted premium collection policy on the Home Ownership Scheme (HOS) flats in a bid to achieve a triple-win situation. Ill-defined property rights may give rise to mammoth negotiation costs and complicate the redevelopment of HOS flats, and some recommendations which require merely easy-to-adjust changes are put forward.Less
This chapter looks into why there is an enormous aspiration within the community for homeownership, and glances at the housing policies implemented by the government over the past few decades. It also examines why the majority of the younger generation has to rely on their parents’ financial support to purchase a flat. The government has to come up with a more wholesale change of policy with regard to homeownership, with a view to enlarging homeownership in the community so that even the have-nots can benefit. The author also suggests that the government should review its discounted premium collection policy on the Home Ownership Scheme (HOS) flats in a bid to achieve a triple-win situation. Ill-defined property rights may give rise to mammoth negotiation costs and complicate the redevelopment of HOS flats, and some recommendations which require merely easy-to-adjust changes are put forward.
Megan Blomfield
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198791737
- eISBN:
- 9780191834028
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198791737.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter starts by looking at what natural resources are and their place in a theory of justice. It identifies two forms that claims to natural resources tend to take: general claims and ...
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This chapter starts by looking at what natural resources are and their place in a theory of justice. It identifies two forms that claims to natural resources tend to take: general claims and particular claims. General claims are then used to formulate a simple argument to show that natural resources are appropriate objects of egalitarian justice, because they are the subject of equal original claims. There follows a discussion of how best to understand Equal Original Claims, in terms of four understandings of original ownership that are common to Western political philosophy: No Ownership, Joint Ownership, Equal Division, and Common Ownership. No Ownership and Joint Ownership are dismissed on the basis that they are incompatible with Equal Original Claims, leaving Equal Division and Common Ownership as the two remaining contenders.Less
This chapter starts by looking at what natural resources are and their place in a theory of justice. It identifies two forms that claims to natural resources tend to take: general claims and particular claims. General claims are then used to formulate a simple argument to show that natural resources are appropriate objects of egalitarian justice, because they are the subject of equal original claims. There follows a discussion of how best to understand Equal Original Claims, in terms of four understandings of original ownership that are common to Western political philosophy: No Ownership, Joint Ownership, Equal Division, and Common Ownership. No Ownership and Joint Ownership are dismissed on the basis that they are incompatible with Equal Original Claims, leaving Equal Division and Common Ownership as the two remaining contenders.
Georgy Kantor, Tom Lambert, and Hannah Skoda (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198813415
- eISBN:
- 9780191851704
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198813415.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Legal History
In this volume, ownership is defined as the simple fact of being able to describe something as ‘mine’ or ‘yours’, and property is distinguished as the discursive field which allows the articulation ...
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In this volume, ownership is defined as the simple fact of being able to describe something as ‘mine’ or ‘yours’, and property is distinguished as the discursive field which allows the articulation of attendant rights, relationships and obligations. Property is often articulated through legalism as way of thinking which appeals to rules and to generalising concepts as a way of understanding, responding to, and managing the world around one. An Aristotelian perspective suggests that ownership is the natural state of things and a prerequisite of a true sense of self. An alternative perspective from legal theory puts law at the heart of the origins of property. However, both these points of view are problematic in a wider context, the latter because it rests heavily on Roman law. Anthropological and historical studies enable us to interrogate these assumptions. The articles here, ranging from Roman provinces to modern-day piracy in Somalia, address questions such as: How are legal property regimes intertwined with economic, moral-ethical, and political prerogatives? How far do the assumptions of western philosophical tradition explain property and ownership in other societies? Is the ‘bundle of rights’ a useful way to think about property? How does legalism negotiate property relationships and interests between communities and individuals? How does the legalism of property respond to the temporalities and materialities of the objects owned? How are property regimes managed by states, and what kinds of conflicts are thus generated?Less
In this volume, ownership is defined as the simple fact of being able to describe something as ‘mine’ or ‘yours’, and property is distinguished as the discursive field which allows the articulation of attendant rights, relationships and obligations. Property is often articulated through legalism as way of thinking which appeals to rules and to generalising concepts as a way of understanding, responding to, and managing the world around one. An Aristotelian perspective suggests that ownership is the natural state of things and a prerequisite of a true sense of self. An alternative perspective from legal theory puts law at the heart of the origins of property. However, both these points of view are problematic in a wider context, the latter because it rests heavily on Roman law. Anthropological and historical studies enable us to interrogate these assumptions. The articles here, ranging from Roman provinces to modern-day piracy in Somalia, address questions such as: How are legal property regimes intertwined with economic, moral-ethical, and political prerogatives? How far do the assumptions of western philosophical tradition explain property and ownership in other societies? Is the ‘bundle of rights’ a useful way to think about property? How does legalism negotiate property relationships and interests between communities and individuals? How does the legalism of property respond to the temporalities and materialities of the objects owned? How are property regimes managed by states, and what kinds of conflicts are thus generated?
Monica Bhandari (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- April 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198798439
- eISBN:
- 9780191839436
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198798439.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Philosophy of Law, Company and Commercial Law
Tax law changes at a startling rate—not only does society change and demand change in the tax system, but changes in the political climate will force change, as well as many other competing ...
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Tax law changes at a startling rate—not only does society change and demand change in the tax system, but changes in the political climate will force change, as well as many other competing pressures. With this pace of change, it is easy to focus on the practical and forget the core underpinnings of system, to drive the system in a direction which fits with its philosophical justifications. Thus taking a pause to remind ourselves of those principles and how they can operate in the modern tax system is crucial to ensure that the tax system does not diverge too far from what it should be or could be. It is essential that we have a complete understanding of the answers to some of the seemingly basic questions which surround taxation, before we can begin to think about what a tax system should look like. The collection ties together some of the major themes in unpicking the philosophical foundations of tax law and tackles the difficult questions that surround this area. The chapters consider practical issues in their analysis, in order to provide a coherent and fulsome analysis of the basis for tax law, starting with some of the issues in Murphy and Nagel’ s The Myth of Ownership, which allows us to consider how tax systems should move forward in the modern world, with a sound philosophical basis, to provide the practical tax system that the state requires and the citizens deserve.Less
Tax law changes at a startling rate—not only does society change and demand change in the tax system, but changes in the political climate will force change, as well as many other competing pressures. With this pace of change, it is easy to focus on the practical and forget the core underpinnings of system, to drive the system in a direction which fits with its philosophical justifications. Thus taking a pause to remind ourselves of those principles and how they can operate in the modern tax system is crucial to ensure that the tax system does not diverge too far from what it should be or could be. It is essential that we have a complete understanding of the answers to some of the seemingly basic questions which surround taxation, before we can begin to think about what a tax system should look like. The collection ties together some of the major themes in unpicking the philosophical foundations of tax law and tackles the difficult questions that surround this area. The chapters consider practical issues in their analysis, in order to provide a coherent and fulsome analysis of the basis for tax law, starting with some of the issues in Murphy and Nagel’ s The Myth of Ownership, which allows us to consider how tax systems should move forward in the modern world, with a sound philosophical basis, to provide the practical tax system that the state requires and the citizens deserve.
Gelina Harlaftis
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780969588542
- eISBN:
- 9781786944887
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780969588542.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Maritime History
This essay explores the rise and growth of the Greek merchant marine whilst addressing the operation of steamships and the significant role they played in 19th and 20th Century Greek shipping. The ...
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This essay explores the rise and growth of the Greek merchant marine whilst addressing the operation of steamships and the significant role they played in 19th and 20th Century Greek shipping. The essay also focuses on the patterns of shipping ownership and finance that accompanied the acquisition of steam tonnage.Less
This essay explores the rise and growth of the Greek merchant marine whilst addressing the operation of steamships and the significant role they played in 19th and 20th Century Greek shipping. The essay also focuses on the patterns of shipping ownership and finance that accompanied the acquisition of steam tonnage.
Claudia Sanchez Bajo and Bruno Roelants
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780719099595
- eISBN:
- 9781526120731
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719099595.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
This chapter discusses the mainstreaming of co-operatives against the background of the global financial crisis of 2008. It defines the concept of mainstreaming, examines the ‘debt trap’ which many ...
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This chapter discusses the mainstreaming of co-operatives against the background of the global financial crisis of 2008. It defines the concept of mainstreaming, examines the ‘debt trap’ which many organisations experienced following the crisis, notes the greater levels of resilience among co-operative and mutual organisations, and proposes an initial framework to monitor the mainstreaming of co-operatives.Less
This chapter discusses the mainstreaming of co-operatives against the background of the global financial crisis of 2008. It defines the concept of mainstreaming, examines the ‘debt trap’ which many organisations experienced following the crisis, notes the greater levels of resilience among co-operative and mutual organisations, and proposes an initial framework to monitor the mainstreaming of co-operatives.
Aaron Perzanowski and Jason Schultz
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262035019
- eISBN:
- 9780262335959
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262035019.003.0001
- Subject:
- Information Science, Library Science
This chapter observes two trends: the rise of the digital marketplace as the result of technological development and the decline of ownership due to aggressive intellectual property laws, restrictive ...
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This chapter observes two trends: the rise of the digital marketplace as the result of technological development and the decline of ownership due to aggressive intellectual property laws, restrictive contractual provisions and technological locks. Admittedly, the market offers consumers a choice between ownership and more conditional, impermanent access to goods, but because of the asymmetric information possessed by consumers and retailers or IP rights holders, consumers frequently cannot make informed decisions. This leads to the loss of control over the goods they purchase; more importantly, the lack of ownership rights has serious implications for cultural preservation, innovation and consumer autonomy. The rest of the book unfolds by detailing how consumers and IP rights holders contend for control over physical and digital goods in various areas.Less
This chapter observes two trends: the rise of the digital marketplace as the result of technological development and the decline of ownership due to aggressive intellectual property laws, restrictive contractual provisions and technological locks. Admittedly, the market offers consumers a choice between ownership and more conditional, impermanent access to goods, but because of the asymmetric information possessed by consumers and retailers or IP rights holders, consumers frequently cannot make informed decisions. This leads to the loss of control over the goods they purchase; more importantly, the lack of ownership rights has serious implications for cultural preservation, innovation and consumer autonomy. The rest of the book unfolds by detailing how consumers and IP rights holders contend for control over physical and digital goods in various areas.
Angela Stroud
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781469627892
- eISBN:
- 9781469627915
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469627892.003.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Ethical Issues and Debates
This chapter lays out the basic arguments offered by those who support concealed handgun policies, including the threat of mass shootings and other violent crimes, and it details the background ...
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This chapter lays out the basic arguments offered by those who support concealed handgun policies, including the threat of mass shootings and other violent crimes, and it details the background debates that emerged in Texas when CHLs were first introduced. Licensing rates over time are analysed, and data on gun ownership and attitudes toward gun policies are discussed. The NRA’s impact on gun culture is examined through an analysis of how the organization constructs threats from above in the form of government overreach and threats from below via crime. It also includes a description of theoretical frameworks related to race, class, gender, and fear of crime that are used in the analysis and of the research methods employed.Less
This chapter lays out the basic arguments offered by those who support concealed handgun policies, including the threat of mass shootings and other violent crimes, and it details the background debates that emerged in Texas when CHLs were first introduced. Licensing rates over time are analysed, and data on gun ownership and attitudes toward gun policies are discussed. The NRA’s impact on gun culture is examined through an analysis of how the organization constructs threats from above in the form of government overreach and threats from below via crime. It also includes a description of theoretical frameworks related to race, class, gender, and fear of crime that are used in the analysis and of the research methods employed.
Ben Russell
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199656394
- eISBN:
- 9780191765193
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199656394.003.0003
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Archaeology: Classical, European History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter explores the evidence for the ownership and administration of quarrying sites in the Roman Empire. Most quarries were under private or municipal ownership in this period but many of the ...
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This chapter explores the evidence for the ownership and administration of quarrying sites in the Roman Empire. Most quarries were under private or municipal ownership in this period but many of the largest quarries of decorative stone were placed under imperial control. These sites were set up to supply prestigious materials to imperially funded projects but they also relied extensively on private personnel. The extent to which these individuals could profit from their involvement in this activity remains open to debate. The second half of this chapter turns to the distribution of quarries and their chronology. Based on a database of nearly 800 quarries it provides a detailed overview of the landscape of stone extraction in the Roman world.Less
This chapter explores the evidence for the ownership and administration of quarrying sites in the Roman Empire. Most quarries were under private or municipal ownership in this period but many of the largest quarries of decorative stone were placed under imperial control. These sites were set up to supply prestigious materials to imperially funded projects but they also relied extensively on private personnel. The extent to which these individuals could profit from their involvement in this activity remains open to debate. The second half of this chapter turns to the distribution of quarries and their chronology. Based on a database of nearly 800 quarries it provides a detailed overview of the landscape of stone extraction in the Roman world.
Amanda Slevin
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781784992743
- eISBN:
- 9781526115355
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781784992743.003.0011
- Subject:
- Sociology, Economic Sociology
Summarising the book's contents, this chapter argues that Ireland's approach to the management of its gas and oil is fundamentally flawed and unless modified, will continue to cause difficulties in ...
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Summarising the book's contents, this chapter argues that Ireland's approach to the management of its gas and oil is fundamentally flawed and unless modified, will continue to cause difficulties in relation to the Corrib gas conflict and other areas which face potential hydrocarbon exploration and production. Although Irish state hydrocarbon management can be interpreted as an outcome of a state functioning within neoliberal capitalism, the state's approach has been moulded in particular ways by the specific factors outlined in chapter nine. Therefore, tangible elements of the state's approach can be altered in order to eradicate weaknesses and maximise advantages for citizens of Ireland as the owners of the gas and oil. This book concludes with a series of empirically grounded recommendations around how the Irish model can be transformed to ensure lasting benefits for Irish society. These novel and previously unpublished recommendations are organised by three main topics which are problematic: ownership, control and production of resources; issues within the State; public debate and research. By offering informed recommendations, I outline a blueprint for an alternative framework for Irish state hydrocarbon management thereby going beyond academic considerations to outlining a possible strategy for change.Less
Summarising the book's contents, this chapter argues that Ireland's approach to the management of its gas and oil is fundamentally flawed and unless modified, will continue to cause difficulties in relation to the Corrib gas conflict and other areas which face potential hydrocarbon exploration and production. Although Irish state hydrocarbon management can be interpreted as an outcome of a state functioning within neoliberal capitalism, the state's approach has been moulded in particular ways by the specific factors outlined in chapter nine. Therefore, tangible elements of the state's approach can be altered in order to eradicate weaknesses and maximise advantages for citizens of Ireland as the owners of the gas and oil. This book concludes with a series of empirically grounded recommendations around how the Irish model can be transformed to ensure lasting benefits for Irish society. These novel and previously unpublished recommendations are organised by three main topics which are problematic: ownership, control and production of resources; issues within the State; public debate and research. By offering informed recommendations, I outline a blueprint for an alternative framework for Irish state hydrocarbon management thereby going beyond academic considerations to outlining a possible strategy for change.
John Bryden
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780748696208
- eISBN:
- 9781474412506
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748696208.003.0002
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Scottish Studies
The author develops a theoretical argument that seeks to help explain the very different development paths taken by and in Scotland and Norway since the 18th Century, and their implications. Drawing ...
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The author develops a theoretical argument that seeks to help explain the very different development paths taken by and in Scotland and Norway since the 18th Century, and their implications. Drawing on the ideas of Classical Political Economy as well as those of Karl Polanyi, Bryden uses material from the other Chapters to reject essentialist and ’stage theory’ approaches to understanding development in a long term, comparative perspective. The argument starts by highlighting the very different patterns of land ownership and occupation in the two countries by the early 1800’s. Norway was a country of small peasant proprietors, while Scotland was one of large landowners. In Scotland, the former peasants became dispossessed urban labour or migrants to the new colonies of the British empire. In Norway, the peasants remained on the land and continued to grow in number until well into the 20th Century. This was possible because of the specific nature of Norway’s industrialization, which was based on its decentralized hydro-electric energy, in contrast to Scotland’s centralised coal resources. Scottish industrialisation depended on the ’reserve army’ of ‘cheap’ dispossessed labour either from the rural areas of Scotland or Ireland. A further consequence of widespread land ownership in Norway was the much larger, and more diverse, political franchise from the early stages of democracy following independence from Denmark in 1814, and the effect of this on political alliances and the development of local as well as central government institutions and policies up to the present day. Political choices were made because of specific historical, political and social conditions in Norway, not because they were in a particular ’stage’ of development. A multilinear framework is needed to understand the differences between Scotland and Norway, based on Polanyi’s claim that markets are embedded in social institutions and not, as neoliberals maintain, the other way around.Less
The author develops a theoretical argument that seeks to help explain the very different development paths taken by and in Scotland and Norway since the 18th Century, and their implications. Drawing on the ideas of Classical Political Economy as well as those of Karl Polanyi, Bryden uses material from the other Chapters to reject essentialist and ’stage theory’ approaches to understanding development in a long term, comparative perspective. The argument starts by highlighting the very different patterns of land ownership and occupation in the two countries by the early 1800’s. Norway was a country of small peasant proprietors, while Scotland was one of large landowners. In Scotland, the former peasants became dispossessed urban labour or migrants to the new colonies of the British empire. In Norway, the peasants remained on the land and continued to grow in number until well into the 20th Century. This was possible because of the specific nature of Norway’s industrialization, which was based on its decentralized hydro-electric energy, in contrast to Scotland’s centralised coal resources. Scottish industrialisation depended on the ’reserve army’ of ‘cheap’ dispossessed labour either from the rural areas of Scotland or Ireland. A further consequence of widespread land ownership in Norway was the much larger, and more diverse, political franchise from the early stages of democracy following independence from Denmark in 1814, and the effect of this on political alliances and the development of local as well as central government institutions and policies up to the present day. Political choices were made because of specific historical, political and social conditions in Norway, not because they were in a particular ’stage’ of development. A multilinear framework is needed to understand the differences between Scotland and Norway, based on Polanyi’s claim that markets are embedded in social institutions and not, as neoliberals maintain, the other way around.
Patrick J. W. Egan
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780262037358
- eISBN:
- 9780262344265
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262037358.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
This chapter considers innovation outcomes among multinational firms in emerging economies. A variety of econometric tests are conducted, in which innovation is predicted by different firm and ...
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This chapter considers innovation outcomes among multinational firms in emerging economies. A variety of econometric tests are conducted, in which innovation is predicted by different firm and country level variables. Innovation is measured in different ways, from patenting activity to firm R&D spending levels. Various datasets are used in this chapter, including firm surveys and patent counts. This chapter tests a number of the hypotheses developed in chapter 2, using different modelling strategies. Statistical analysis is emphasized, however case studies also appear to illustrate the dynamics and mechanisms contained in the models. The firm identifies a number of firm and country characteristics that impact the innovation proclivity of multinational firms. The size of certain economic sectors within the host country, in particular the natural resource sector, also impacts the likelihood of multinational innovation.Less
This chapter considers innovation outcomes among multinational firms in emerging economies. A variety of econometric tests are conducted, in which innovation is predicted by different firm and country level variables. Innovation is measured in different ways, from patenting activity to firm R&D spending levels. Various datasets are used in this chapter, including firm surveys and patent counts. This chapter tests a number of the hypotheses developed in chapter 2, using different modelling strategies. Statistical analysis is emphasized, however case studies also appear to illustrate the dynamics and mechanisms contained in the models. The firm identifies a number of firm and country characteristics that impact the innovation proclivity of multinational firms. The size of certain economic sectors within the host country, in particular the natural resource sector, also impacts the likelihood of multinational innovation.
Christopher Ali
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780252040726
- eISBN:
- 9780252099168
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5406/illinois/9780252040726.003.0003
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
Chapters 2 through 5 house the case studies for the book. Each chapter is sub-divided by country to give the reader a detailed understanding of the dynamics at play. Chapter 2 assesses the structural ...
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Chapters 2 through 5 house the case studies for the book. Each chapter is sub-divided by country to give the reader a detailed understanding of the dynamics at play. Chapter 2 assesses the structural regulation of local television by focusing on a key issue in the debate over local television. It thus considers the FCC’s quadrennial ownership reviews in the United States, the fee-for-carriage debate in Canada, and Ofcom’s reviews of public service broadcasting in the United Kingdom. This chapter also introduces two key terms: public good and market failure. The chapter demonstrates how the local is bound so tightly to commercial markets, broadcasting technologies and the status quo that alternatives views are effective erased.Less
Chapters 2 through 5 house the case studies for the book. Each chapter is sub-divided by country to give the reader a detailed understanding of the dynamics at play. Chapter 2 assesses the structural regulation of local television by focusing on a key issue in the debate over local television. It thus considers the FCC’s quadrennial ownership reviews in the United States, the fee-for-carriage debate in Canada, and Ofcom’s reviews of public service broadcasting in the United Kingdom. This chapter also introduces two key terms: public good and market failure. The chapter demonstrates how the local is bound so tightly to commercial markets, broadcasting technologies and the status quo that alternatives views are effective erased.
