Fatma Müge Göçek
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195099256
- eISBN:
- 9780199854547
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195099256.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
This chapter focuses on the effects of Western ideas on the Ottoman social structure and the new visions it produced. New concepts of civilized society produced new organizational groups that ...
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This chapter focuses on the effects of Western ideas on the Ottoman social structure and the new visions it produced. New concepts of civilized society produced new organizational groups that emphasized the efficiency and allegiance to the Ottoman state instead of loyalty to the sultan and his household. These concepts was disparately interpreted and created a gap between Ottoman social groups. As a consequence of their differential location in the Ottoman social structure, the most significant divide emerged along religious lines as the Muslims and minorities developed separate visions. The establishment of newspapers in the 19th century illustrates the pattern of the circulation of Western ideas in the Ottoman society that polarized the Ottoman bourgeoisie along religious lines into bureaucrats and merchants.Less
This chapter focuses on the effects of Western ideas on the Ottoman social structure and the new visions it produced. New concepts of civilized society produced new organizational groups that emphasized the efficiency and allegiance to the Ottoman state instead of loyalty to the sultan and his household. These concepts was disparately interpreted and created a gap between Ottoman social groups. As a consequence of their differential location in the Ottoman social structure, the most significant divide emerged along religious lines as the Muslims and minorities developed separate visions. The establishment of newspapers in the 19th century illustrates the pattern of the circulation of Western ideas in the Ottoman society that polarized the Ottoman bourgeoisie along religious lines into bureaucrats and merchants.
Nasir Ibrahim
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9789774163937
- eISBN:
- 9781617970924
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- American University in Cairo Press
- DOI:
- 10.5743/cairo/9789774163937.003.0004
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Middle Eastern Studies
Examining a foundation created by Salah al-Din (Saladin) in Alexandria, this chapter shows how the Ottoman state continuously sought to interfere in the endowment's affairs and fought the ...
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Examining a foundation created by Salah al-Din (Saladin) in Alexandria, this chapter shows how the Ottoman state continuously sought to interfere in the endowment's affairs and fought the beneficiaries for a larger share of endowment revenues. One aim of this study is to understand various dimensions of the state's social policy toward provincial populations during the eighteenth century by examining this endowment, one of the largest providers of official pensions and salaries to ulama, jurists, and orphans in Alexandria. Far from being fixed, this policy was influenced and altered by material circumstances and the various problems facing the Ottoman state during the eighteenth century. This chapter is also concerned with analyzing the reactions of the shaykhs and ulama (representatives of a dynamic social group with considerable social and cultural weight) to the policies and directives issued by the state.Less
Examining a foundation created by Salah al-Din (Saladin) in Alexandria, this chapter shows how the Ottoman state continuously sought to interfere in the endowment's affairs and fought the beneficiaries for a larger share of endowment revenues. One aim of this study is to understand various dimensions of the state's social policy toward provincial populations during the eighteenth century by examining this endowment, one of the largest providers of official pensions and salaries to ulama, jurists, and orphans in Alexandria. Far from being fixed, this policy was influenced and altered by material circumstances and the various problems facing the Ottoman state during the eighteenth century. This chapter is also concerned with analyzing the reactions of the shaykhs and ulama (representatives of a dynamic social group with considerable social and cultural weight) to the policies and directives issued by the state.
Julia Phillips Cohen
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780813037516
- eISBN:
- 9780813042107
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813037516.003.0003
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Middle Eastern Studies
This chapter elaborates upon Judeo-Muslim interdependence and a sense of common destiny. During the late nineteenth century, Jews constituted the single largest ethno-religious group in Salonica and ...
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This chapter elaborates upon Judeo-Muslim interdependence and a sense of common destiny. During the late nineteenth century, Jews constituted the single largest ethno-religious group in Salonica and a smaller but active minority in Izmir. The chapter discusses Ottoman patriotism and loyalty, explaining the motives behind Jewish support for Ottoman Muslims in the context of the empire's war with Greece in 1897, and suggests that many Jews, as an expression of their commitment to the empire, went so far as to identify with Islam itself during this period. This pattern of Jewish allegiance to multilingual and multireligious empires can be found elsewhere and is perhaps most notable in the Hapsburg context. Under the late Ottoman state as well, Jews sometimes even surpassed Muslims in their exuberance for imperial causes.Less
This chapter elaborates upon Judeo-Muslim interdependence and a sense of common destiny. During the late nineteenth century, Jews constituted the single largest ethno-religious group in Salonica and a smaller but active minority in Izmir. The chapter discusses Ottoman patriotism and loyalty, explaining the motives behind Jewish support for Ottoman Muslims in the context of the empire's war with Greece in 1897, and suggests that many Jews, as an expression of their commitment to the empire, went so far as to identify with Islam itself during this period. This pattern of Jewish allegiance to multilingual and multireligious empires can be found elsewhere and is perhaps most notable in the Hapsburg context. Under the late Ottoman state as well, Jews sometimes even surpassed Muslims in their exuberance for imperial causes.
Janet Klein
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804775700
- eISBN:
- 9780804777759
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804775700.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
At the turn of the twentieth century, the Ottoman state identified multiple threats in its eastern regions. In an attempt to control remote Kurdish populations, Ottoman authorities organized them ...
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At the turn of the twentieth century, the Ottoman state identified multiple threats in its eastern regions. In an attempt to control remote Kurdish populations, Ottoman authorities organized them into a tribal militia and gave them the task of subduing a perceived Armenian threat. Following the story of this militia, the author explores the contradictory logic of how states incorporate groups they ultimately aim to suppress and how groups who seek autonomy from the state often attempt to do so through state channels. In the end, Armenian revolutionaries were not suppressed and Kurdish leaders, whose authority the state sought to diminish, were empowered. The tribal militia left a lasting impact on the region and on state–society and Kurdish–Turkish relations. Putting a human face on Ottoman-Kurdish histories while also addressing issues of state-building, local power dynamics, violence, and dispossession, this book engages in the study of the paradoxes inherent in modern statecraft.Less
At the turn of the twentieth century, the Ottoman state identified multiple threats in its eastern regions. In an attempt to control remote Kurdish populations, Ottoman authorities organized them into a tribal militia and gave them the task of subduing a perceived Armenian threat. Following the story of this militia, the author explores the contradictory logic of how states incorporate groups they ultimately aim to suppress and how groups who seek autonomy from the state often attempt to do so through state channels. In the end, Armenian revolutionaries were not suppressed and Kurdish leaders, whose authority the state sought to diminish, were empowered. The tribal militia left a lasting impact on the region and on state–society and Kurdish–Turkish relations. Putting a human face on Ottoman-Kurdish histories while also addressing issues of state-building, local power dynamics, violence, and dispossession, this book engages in the study of the paradoxes inherent in modern statecraft.
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804775700
- eISBN:
- 9780804777759
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804775700.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
This introductory chapter begins by assessing the Ottoman state's decision to transform Kurdish tribes from a local power that was a challenge to state authority into an arm of state authority itself ...
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This introductory chapter begins by assessing the Ottoman state's decision to transform Kurdish tribes from a local power that was a challenge to state authority into an arm of state authority itself in order to manage the other “threats.” It describes the Hamidiye Light Cavalry Regiments, an irregular militia composed of select Kurdish tribes, created in 1890 by Sultan Abdülhamid II (r. 1876–1909) and his trusted confidantes. The chapter also discusses methodology, historiography, and sources used in the present study, followed by an overview of the subsequent chapters.Less
This introductory chapter begins by assessing the Ottoman state's decision to transform Kurdish tribes from a local power that was a challenge to state authority into an arm of state authority itself in order to manage the other “threats.” It describes the Hamidiye Light Cavalry Regiments, an irregular militia composed of select Kurdish tribes, created in 1890 by Sultan Abdülhamid II (r. 1876–1909) and his trusted confidantes. The chapter also discusses methodology, historiography, and sources used in the present study, followed by an overview of the subsequent chapters.
Jesse Ferris
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691155142
- eISBN:
- 9781400845231
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691155142.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
This introductory chapter argues that the most significant aspect of Egypt's hegemonic aspirations was that they were disguised by, and at times confused with, the promotion of revolutionary ideals. ...
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This introductory chapter argues that the most significant aspect of Egypt's hegemonic aspirations was that they were disguised by, and at times confused with, the promotion of revolutionary ideals. This was especially true with regards to pan-Arabism. The Arab yearning for unity at midcentury provided fertile ground for the promotion of Egyptian-led solidarity among the weak and divided offspring of the defunct Ottoman mother-state. The sincere espousal of transnational ideals by the Free Officers camouflaged the less appealing pursuit of Egyptian state interests, which typically involved a naked struggle for power, and cloaked the subversive attempt to speak to the people over the heads of their leaders in a mantle of legitimacy.Less
This introductory chapter argues that the most significant aspect of Egypt's hegemonic aspirations was that they were disguised by, and at times confused with, the promotion of revolutionary ideals. This was especially true with regards to pan-Arabism. The Arab yearning for unity at midcentury provided fertile ground for the promotion of Egyptian-led solidarity among the weak and divided offspring of the defunct Ottoman mother-state. The sincere espousal of transnational ideals by the Free Officers camouflaged the less appealing pursuit of Egyptian state interests, which typically involved a naked struggle for power, and cloaked the subversive attempt to speak to the people over the heads of their leaders in a mantle of legitimacy.
Dmitry Shumsky
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780300230130
- eISBN:
- 9780300241099
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300230130.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
The Jewish nation-state has often been thought of as Zionism's end goal. This bracing history of the idea of the Jewish state in modern Zionism, from its beginnings in the late nineteenth century ...
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The Jewish nation-state has often been thought of as Zionism's end goal. This bracing history of the idea of the Jewish state in modern Zionism, from its beginnings in the late nineteenth century until the establishment of the state of Israel, challenges this deeply rooted assumption. In doing so, the book complicates the narrative of the Zionist quest for full sovereignty, provocatively showing how and why the leaders of the pre-state Zionist movement imagined, articulated, and promoted theories of self-determination in Palestine either as part of a multinational Ottoman state (1882–1917), or in the framework of multinational democracy. In particular, the book focuses on the writings and policies of five key Zionist leaders from the Habsburg and Russian empires in central and eastern Europe in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries: Leon Pinsker, Theodor Herzl, Ahad Ha'am, Ze'ev Jabotinsky, and David Ben-Gurion to offer a very pointed critique of Zionist historiography.Less
The Jewish nation-state has often been thought of as Zionism's end goal. This bracing history of the idea of the Jewish state in modern Zionism, from its beginnings in the late nineteenth century until the establishment of the state of Israel, challenges this deeply rooted assumption. In doing so, the book complicates the narrative of the Zionist quest for full sovereignty, provocatively showing how and why the leaders of the pre-state Zionist movement imagined, articulated, and promoted theories of self-determination in Palestine either as part of a multinational Ottoman state (1882–1917), or in the framework of multinational democracy. In particular, the book focuses on the writings and policies of five key Zionist leaders from the Habsburg and Russian empires in central and eastern Europe in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries: Leon Pinsker, Theodor Herzl, Ahad Ha'am, Ze'ev Jabotinsky, and David Ben-Gurion to offer a very pointed critique of Zionist historiography.
Will Smiley
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- October 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198785415
- eISBN:
- 9780191827334
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198785415.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Legal History, Public International Law
This chapter charts the “Law of Release,” a new system of rules that replaced the Law of Ransom. These rules were based on treaties signed from 1739 onward, but also on a variety of lesser agreements ...
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This chapter charts the “Law of Release,” a new system of rules that replaced the Law of Ransom. These rules were based on treaties signed from 1739 onward, but also on a variety of lesser agreements and unwritten understandings and the Islamic legal tradition. They were renewed frequently, and structured captivity as late as the 1850s. This chapter will explore the basic structures of the Law of Release—how captives were found, released, and sent home, and how slaveowners were convinced, coerced, or compensated to cooperate. I argue that while release was initially limited to Istanbul, and to the most visible captives, it extended both into elite households, and outward along the Ottoman corridors of power. This process tested the limits of the Ottoman state, forcing the state to cooperate with Russian officials for the benefit of both. They did so in the face of resistance from captors.Less
This chapter charts the “Law of Release,” a new system of rules that replaced the Law of Ransom. These rules were based on treaties signed from 1739 onward, but also on a variety of lesser agreements and unwritten understandings and the Islamic legal tradition. They were renewed frequently, and structured captivity as late as the 1850s. This chapter will explore the basic structures of the Law of Release—how captives were found, released, and sent home, and how slaveowners were convinced, coerced, or compensated to cooperate. I argue that while release was initially limited to Istanbul, and to the most visible captives, it extended both into elite households, and outward along the Ottoman corridors of power. This process tested the limits of the Ottoman state, forcing the state to cooperate with Russian officials for the benefit of both. They did so in the face of resistance from captors.
Mustafa Aksakal
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- April 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780198727996
- eISBN:
- 9780191794292
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198727996.003.0014
- Subject:
- Law, Philosophy of Law, Legal History
This chapter discusses the nineteenth-century Europeanization of the Ottoman state. At the end of this process the Ottoman state was vastly more centralized. Like its Habsburg and Romanov neighbours, ...
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This chapter discusses the nineteenth-century Europeanization of the Ottoman state. At the end of this process the Ottoman state was vastly more centralized. Like its Habsburg and Romanov neighbours, it employed religion and projected its image in a new, distinctly Islamicized fashion. By 1914, the state also had adopted an imperialistic outlook and treatment towards subject populations whose political loyalties it suspected. The Ottoman statesmen of the tanzimat reforms had sought to become part of the European Concert for much of the nineteenth century. The new generation of Young Turk military officers that launched a coup in 1908 and took over the helm of state in 1913, in contrast, abandoned those diplomatic efforts and believed the empire could be saved only through military power.Less
This chapter discusses the nineteenth-century Europeanization of the Ottoman state. At the end of this process the Ottoman state was vastly more centralized. Like its Habsburg and Romanov neighbours, it employed religion and projected its image in a new, distinctly Islamicized fashion. By 1914, the state also had adopted an imperialistic outlook and treatment towards subject populations whose political loyalties it suspected. The Ottoman statesmen of the tanzimat reforms had sought to become part of the European Concert for much of the nineteenth century. The new generation of Young Turk military officers that launched a coup in 1908 and took over the helm of state in 1913, in contrast, abandoned those diplomatic efforts and believed the empire could be saved only through military power.
John M. Willis
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199327003
- eISBN:
- 9780199388073
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199327003.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
This chapter summarises the book’s main themes and presents some final thoughts. This book has attempted to look at the highly contested nature of spatial history by writing the histories of the ...
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This chapter summarises the book’s main themes and presents some final thoughts. This book has attempted to look at the highly contested nature of spatial history by writing the histories of the Yemeni North and South into those of Britain’s Indian empire, the post-Tanzimat Ottoman state, and the inter-war movement for Islamic unity. Of particular importance has been the explicit recognition of the contingency of space as an effect of complexes of knowledge and power on both sides of the North–South border. Each chapter illustrated the process of making and unmaking of particular spaces, and each chapter ended with the collapse of a particular mode of ordering or disciplining spaces and those who inhabited them.Less
This chapter summarises the book’s main themes and presents some final thoughts. This book has attempted to look at the highly contested nature of spatial history by writing the histories of the Yemeni North and South into those of Britain’s Indian empire, the post-Tanzimat Ottoman state, and the inter-war movement for Islamic unity. Of particular importance has been the explicit recognition of the contingency of space as an effect of complexes of knowledge and power on both sides of the North–South border. Each chapter illustrated the process of making and unmaking of particular spaces, and each chapter ended with the collapse of a particular mode of ordering or disciplining spaces and those who inhabited them.
