Derek Wall
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780262027212
- eISBN:
- 9780262322003
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262027212.001.0001
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Environmental Studies
This book explores the relationship between common pool property and resources, and ecological sustainability. The debate between Hardin, who developed the idea of the ‘tragedy of the commons’ and ...
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This book explores the relationship between common pool property and resources, and ecological sustainability. The debate between Hardin, who developed the idea of the ‘tragedy of the commons’ and Elinor Ostrom who showed commons could be sustainable, is discussed. The enclosure of the commons is examined. The contribution of virtual commons, social sharing to reduce resource use and conservation via commons are all critically discussed. The need to link cultural change, political action and ecological ethics to protect future generations is examined.Less
This book explores the relationship between common pool property and resources, and ecological sustainability. The debate between Hardin, who developed the idea of the ‘tragedy of the commons’ and Elinor Ostrom who showed commons could be sustainable, is discussed. The enclosure of the commons is examined. The contribution of virtual commons, social sharing to reduce resource use and conservation via commons are all critically discussed. The need to link cultural change, political action and ecological ethics to protect future generations is examined.
Christian de Perthuis and Pierre-André Jouvet
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780231171403
- eISBN:
- 9780231540360
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231171403.003.0019
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter returns to the concrete conditions required to foster growth based on the ascription of value to green capital, leading eventually to a self-reproducing, fully functional economy. The ...
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This chapter returns to the concrete conditions required to foster growth based on the ascription of value to green capital, leading eventually to a self-reproducing, fully functional economy. The forces to be set in motion will emerge neither from spontaneous market action nor from deliberate action by planners. Instead their guiding principles will be the large-scale deployment of environmental pricing, reorientation of public support toward research and development, new choices in terms of infrastructure, and the introduction of greater intelligence into networks, as well as training, the organization of professional retraining, and social acceptance, without which a collective transition project cannot be constructed.Less
This chapter returns to the concrete conditions required to foster growth based on the ascription of value to green capital, leading eventually to a self-reproducing, fully functional economy. The forces to be set in motion will emerge neither from spontaneous market action nor from deliberate action by planners. Instead their guiding principles will be the large-scale deployment of environmental pricing, reorientation of public support toward research and development, new choices in terms of infrastructure, and the introduction of greater intelligence into networks, as well as training, the organization of professional retraining, and social acceptance, without which a collective transition project cannot be constructed.
Lennart J. Lundqvist
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719069024
- eISBN:
- 9781781700549
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719069024.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
This chapter considers the spatial dimensions of ecological governance. It explains that space is of central concern to rational ecological governance and discusses Elinor Ostrom's opinion that ...
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This chapter considers the spatial dimensions of ecological governance. It explains that space is of central concern to rational ecological governance and discusses Elinor Ostrom's opinion that ecosystem-based governance is one of congruence between a natural ecosystem and the unit of governance for that system. This chapter analyses ideas on ecosystem management in order to formulate operational criteria for evaluating Sweden's performance in terms of spatially rational ecological governance. It also argues that the idea of nested enterprises does imply that multi-faceted interests and uses of shared natural resources can be organised into a proper response to problems of ecological governance.Less
This chapter considers the spatial dimensions of ecological governance. It explains that space is of central concern to rational ecological governance and discusses Elinor Ostrom's opinion that ecosystem-based governance is one of congruence between a natural ecosystem and the unit of governance for that system. This chapter analyses ideas on ecosystem management in order to formulate operational criteria for evaluating Sweden's performance in terms of spatially rational ecological governance. It also argues that the idea of nested enterprises does imply that multi-faceted interests and uses of shared natural resources can be organised into a proper response to problems of ecological governance.
Jason Potts
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- August 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190937492
- eISBN:
- 9780190937539
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190937492.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, Microeconomics
This chapter examines the basic institutional similarities between innovation commons (as a species of knowledge commons) and the eight core design principles, or rules of the commons, that Ostrom ...
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This chapter examines the basic institutional similarities between innovation commons (as a species of knowledge commons) and the eight core design principles, or rules of the commons, that Ostrom discovered. It explores the innovation commons through the lens of these rules that enable a group to form under uncertainty, and that make cooperation a safe and effective strategy within that group. The question is explored in terms of the core problems a commons must solve: identity, cooperation, consent, monitoring, punishment, and independence. The chapter then examines these rules in the broader context of multilevel selection theory, arguing that group selection operates over innovation.Less
This chapter examines the basic institutional similarities between innovation commons (as a species of knowledge commons) and the eight core design principles, or rules of the commons, that Ostrom discovered. It explores the innovation commons through the lens of these rules that enable a group to form under uncertainty, and that make cooperation a safe and effective strategy within that group. The question is explored in terms of the core problems a commons must solve: identity, cooperation, consent, monitoring, punishment, and independence. The chapter then examines these rules in the broader context of multilevel selection theory, arguing that group selection operates over innovation.
Francisco Seijo
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262028059
- eISBN:
- 9780262325264
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262028059.003.0004
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Environmental Studies
Francisco Seijo draws on Niccolò Machiavelli to take issue with contemporary greens who argue that radical decentralization – in the form of eco-anarchism or bioregionalism – is most conducive to ...
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Francisco Seijo draws on Niccolò Machiavelli to take issue with contemporary greens who argue that radical decentralization – in the form of eco-anarchism or bioregionalism – is most conducive to ecological sustainability. Machiavelli sees changing fortune as destabilizing the conditions for peaceful coexistence among small polities and providing an impetus for political expansion. Drawing on lessons from Machiavelli’s account of Rome, Seijo argues that the challenges of security and large-scale ecological problems make a loose, federative partnership between a large central government and its constituent smaller polities superior to radical decentralization. However, Seijo rejects Machiavelli’s emphasis on expansion as violating notions of ecological limits and ultimately finds a federative model in Elinor Ostrom’s call for multi-level governance of common pool resources.Less
Francisco Seijo draws on Niccolò Machiavelli to take issue with contemporary greens who argue that radical decentralization – in the form of eco-anarchism or bioregionalism – is most conducive to ecological sustainability. Machiavelli sees changing fortune as destabilizing the conditions for peaceful coexistence among small polities and providing an impetus for political expansion. Drawing on lessons from Machiavelli’s account of Rome, Seijo argues that the challenges of security and large-scale ecological problems make a loose, federative partnership between a large central government and its constituent smaller polities superior to radical decentralization. However, Seijo rejects Machiavelli’s emphasis on expansion as violating notions of ecological limits and ultimately finds a federative model in Elinor Ostrom’s call for multi-level governance of common pool resources.
Benjamin Hale
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262035408
- eISBN:
- 9780262336499
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262035408.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter seeks to make sense of motivating and justificatory reasons as different sorts of answers to “why” questions. The chapter uses the related problems of overpopulation and the ...
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This chapter seeks to make sense of motivating and justificatory reasons as different sorts of answers to “why” questions. The chapter uses the related problems of overpopulation and the irrationality of voting to first, examine the tragedy of the commons; second, to explore a response to causal impotence objections; and third, to establish the right as the justified. It also distinguishes between justification as a status and justification as a process.Less
This chapter seeks to make sense of motivating and justificatory reasons as different sorts of answers to “why” questions. The chapter uses the related problems of overpopulation and the irrationality of voting to first, examine the tragedy of the commons; second, to explore a response to causal impotence objections; and third, to establish the right as the justified. It also distinguishes between justification as a status and justification as a process.
Erica Imbirussú, Gilca Garcia de Oliveira, and Guiomar Inez Germani
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781447327226
- eISBN:
- 9781447327240
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447327226.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
This chapter examines the social management of ‘nature’ and the commons using Ostrom’s theorisation of common resourse management. It examines Brazil’s Fundos do Pasto, communally managed ...
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This chapter examines the social management of ‘nature’ and the commons using Ostrom’s theorisation of common resourse management. It examines Brazil’s Fundos do Pasto, communally managed pastureland, and, using Ostrom’s approach, shows how better environmental outcomes are achieved using solidarity-based pasture management approaches. This is contrasted with the approach of those who, misreading Hardin, argue that private ownership is the only way to avoid a tragedy of the (unmanaged) commons.Less
This chapter examines the social management of ‘nature’ and the commons using Ostrom’s theorisation of common resourse management. It examines Brazil’s Fundos do Pasto, communally managed pastureland, and, using Ostrom’s approach, shows how better environmental outcomes are achieved using solidarity-based pasture management approaches. This is contrasted with the approach of those who, misreading Hardin, argue that private ownership is the only way to avoid a tragedy of the (unmanaged) commons.
Derek Wall
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780262027212
- eISBN:
- 9780262322003
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262027212.003.0001
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Environmental Studies
This chapter examines the history of commons with examples from India, Mongolia and England. Different approaches to the commons from Garrett Hardin, ElinorOstrom and Marx are discussed. The ...
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This chapter examines the history of commons with examples from India, Mongolia and England. Different approaches to the commons from Garrett Hardin, ElinorOstrom and Marx are discussed. The relationship between property rights and ecological sustainability is outlined.Less
This chapter examines the history of commons with examples from India, Mongolia and England. Different approaches to the commons from Garrett Hardin, ElinorOstrom and Marx are discussed. The relationship between property rights and ecological sustainability is outlined.
John R. Horner
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226748610
- eISBN:
- 9780226748597
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226748597.003.0007
- Subject:
- Biology, Paleontology
This chapter examines dinosaur paleobiology and the interpretations of dinosaur evolution. It argues that dinosaur paleontologists were among the first to reach the evolutionary high table and ...
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This chapter examines dinosaur paleobiology and the interpretations of dinosaur evolution. It argues that dinosaur paleontologists were among the first to reach the evolutionary high table and provides a summary of the many exciting discoveries made in recent decades. This chapter also highlights the importance of the works of several paleontologists including Edwin Colbert, John Ostrom, and Robert Bakker in revolutionizing the thinking about dinosaurs.Less
This chapter examines dinosaur paleobiology and the interpretations of dinosaur evolution. It argues that dinosaur paleontologists were among the first to reach the evolutionary high table and provides a summary of the many exciting discoveries made in recent decades. This chapter also highlights the importance of the works of several paleontologists including Edwin Colbert, John Ostrom, and Robert Bakker in revolutionizing the thinking about dinosaurs.
Rohit Prasad and V. Sridhar
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780198099789
- eISBN:
- 9780199083060
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198099789.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter places spectrum in the four-fold classification of economic goods—private goods, commons goods, toll goods, and pure public goods. It identifies spectrum as a toll good and examines ...
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This chapter places spectrum in the four-fold classification of economic goods—private goods, commons goods, toll goods, and pure public goods. It identifies spectrum as a toll good and examines whether the classification would change in the presence of technological development that allows greater sharing of spectrum. The nature of spectrum as an economic good opens up a series of questions that challenge our traditional view of market-oriented societies based upon private property. The feasibility of non-exclusive use, the associated challenges, and the immense benefits that can be gained by society upon a wise resolution of the conundrums, is addressed in this chapter.Less
This chapter places spectrum in the four-fold classification of economic goods—private goods, commons goods, toll goods, and pure public goods. It identifies spectrum as a toll good and examines whether the classification would change in the presence of technological development that allows greater sharing of spectrum. The nature of spectrum as an economic good opens up a series of questions that challenge our traditional view of market-oriented societies based upon private property. The feasibility of non-exclusive use, the associated challenges, and the immense benefits that can be gained by society upon a wise resolution of the conundrums, is addressed in this chapter.
Tee L. Guidotti
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- April 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199325337
- eISBN:
- 9780190238803
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199325337.003.0003
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Epidemiology
A catastrophic event changes things fundamentally; a disaster simply exceeds the capacity of local resources to deal with the situation. Global climate change is the principal threat of catastrophe ...
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A catastrophic event changes things fundamentally; a disaster simply exceeds the capacity of local resources to deal with the situation. Global climate change is the principal threat of catastrophe in the world; mitigation has failed; mitigation of worse effects and adaptation are now the priorities. Success in managing stratospheric ozone depletion suggests that progress can be achieved through international agreements. The balance between population and available resources is a central issue in sustainability. The “tragedy of the commons” is an important metaphor for unsustainable development that results when the sum of incremental individual benefit exceeds the capacity of the resource but there are few incentives to stop over-utilizing it. The capacity to manage disasters is essential for the resilience needed for sustainability.Less
A catastrophic event changes things fundamentally; a disaster simply exceeds the capacity of local resources to deal with the situation. Global climate change is the principal threat of catastrophe in the world; mitigation has failed; mitigation of worse effects and adaptation are now the priorities. Success in managing stratospheric ozone depletion suggests that progress can be achieved through international agreements. The balance between population and available resources is a central issue in sustainability. The “tragedy of the commons” is an important metaphor for unsustainable development that results when the sum of incremental individual benefit exceeds the capacity of the resource but there are few incentives to stop over-utilizing it. The capacity to manage disasters is essential for the resilience needed for sustainability.
James R. Otteson
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- March 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190914202
- eISBN:
- 9780190914240
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190914202.003.0009
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Corporate Governance and Accountability, Strategy
Chapter 8 looks at several more worries about, and objections raised to, markets and business. This chapter focuses specifically on concerns raised about how markets can induce us to misvalue ...
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Chapter 8 looks at several more worries about, and objections raised to, markets and business. This chapter focuses specifically on concerns raised about how markets can induce us to misvalue things—valuing some things too highly, valuing other things not enough. Chapter 8 argues that it is not things but rather people and their choices that should be valued. It also argues that one can advocate both liberty and virtue, that is, respecting people’s right to choose while retaining the moral authority to criticize—though not interfere with—their choices. It argues that working for wages is not plausibly similar to slavery and hence, contrary to some critics’ claims, should not be described as such. Finally, the chapter discusses tragedies of the commons and explores the ways that honorable business might address and mitigate some, if not all, of them.Less
Chapter 8 looks at several more worries about, and objections raised to, markets and business. This chapter focuses specifically on concerns raised about how markets can induce us to misvalue things—valuing some things too highly, valuing other things not enough. Chapter 8 argues that it is not things but rather people and their choices that should be valued. It also argues that one can advocate both liberty and virtue, that is, respecting people’s right to choose while retaining the moral authority to criticize—though not interfere with—their choices. It argues that working for wages is not plausibly similar to slavery and hence, contrary to some critics’ claims, should not be described as such. Finally, the chapter discusses tragedies of the commons and explores the ways that honorable business might address and mitigate some, if not all, of them.
Ray Hilborn and Ulrike Hilborn
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- July 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198839767
- eISBN:
- 9780191875533
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198839767.003.0003
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
How Fisheries Are Managed. In traditional fisheries management, local communities controlled a certain defined area, a form of exclusive access to the resource that relied on a cohesive community ...
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How Fisheries Are Managed. In traditional fisheries management, local communities controlled a certain defined area, a form of exclusive access to the resource that relied on a cohesive community with strong leadership. The main alternative has been regulation by a central government by limiting fishing effort and catch and monitoring stocks via its own science and research institutions. Such top-down management has been quite successful in achieving sustainability for many large fisheries, but it is difficult and expensive to implement for small fisheries.Less
How Fisheries Are Managed. In traditional fisheries management, local communities controlled a certain defined area, a form of exclusive access to the resource that relied on a cohesive community with strong leadership. The main alternative has been regulation by a central government by limiting fishing effort and catch and monitoring stocks via its own science and research institutions. Such top-down management has been quite successful in achieving sustainability for many large fisheries, but it is difficult and expensive to implement for small fisheries.
Paul Dragos Aligica, Peter J. Boettke, and Vlad Tarko
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- June 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190267032
- eISBN:
- 9780190267063
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190267032.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
Chapter 4 documents the conceptual territory at the interface of public administration and public choice and puts the Ostromian contribution in an interpretive context that anchors it in the ...
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Chapter 4 documents the conceptual territory at the interface of public administration and public choice and puts the Ostromian contribution in an interpretive context that anchors it in the intellectual history of public administration. Identifying areas of convergence and affinities between the two intellectual domains, it charts the ground opened by the Ostroms’ work, an ambitious attempt to blend the two traditions and to create a conceptual framework for a distinctive type of public administration: democratic public administration. The seeing-like-a-state perspective in public administration is openly challenged by the seeing-like-a-citizen alternative, in a field that was anyway trying to unshackle itself from the inherent statism of its Wilsonian progressive legacy.Less
Chapter 4 documents the conceptual territory at the interface of public administration and public choice and puts the Ostromian contribution in an interpretive context that anchors it in the intellectual history of public administration. Identifying areas of convergence and affinities between the two intellectual domains, it charts the ground opened by the Ostroms’ work, an ambitious attempt to blend the two traditions and to create a conceptual framework for a distinctive type of public administration: democratic public administration. The seeing-like-a-state perspective in public administration is openly challenged by the seeing-like-a-citizen alternative, in a field that was anyway trying to unshackle itself from the inherent statism of its Wilsonian progressive legacy.
Paul Dragos Aligica, Peter J. Boettke, and Vlad Tarko
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- June 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190267032
- eISBN:
- 9780190267063
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190267032.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
Chapter 6 elaborates the conceptual framework and the apparatus emerging from the Ostroms’ efforts, especially the pivotal notion of polycentricity, as a unifying and organizing framework or ...
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Chapter 6 elaborates the conceptual framework and the apparatus emerging from the Ostroms’ efforts, especially the pivotal notion of polycentricity, as a unifying and organizing framework or principle for governance theorizing. First, it explicitly articulates the elements of a theory of value heterogeneity as a foundational component of the entire approach. Then it proceeds to clarify a technical ambiguity in the construction of the co-production model that connects the domain of individual subjective values with the domain of institutions and social order. Third, in light of first two points, the discussion reconsiders the issue of polycentricity, the capstone of the Ostromian system. The chapter advances a fresh elaboration of the notion of polycentrism, seem as a solution both to the co-production problem and to the problems of social choice in conditions of deep heterogeneity, emphasizing several critical features that pertain to its positive-analytical dimension.Less
Chapter 6 elaborates the conceptual framework and the apparatus emerging from the Ostroms’ efforts, especially the pivotal notion of polycentricity, as a unifying and organizing framework or principle for governance theorizing. First, it explicitly articulates the elements of a theory of value heterogeneity as a foundational component of the entire approach. Then it proceeds to clarify a technical ambiguity in the construction of the co-production model that connects the domain of individual subjective values with the domain of institutions and social order. Third, in light of first two points, the discussion reconsiders the issue of polycentricity, the capstone of the Ostromian system. The chapter advances a fresh elaboration of the notion of polycentrism, seem as a solution both to the co-production problem and to the problems of social choice in conditions of deep heterogeneity, emphasizing several critical features that pertain to its positive-analytical dimension.
Paul Dragos Aligica, Peter J. Boettke, and Vlad Tarko
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- June 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190267032
- eISBN:
- 9780190267063
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190267032.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
Chapter 7 focuses on the problems of metropolitan governance, one of the first domains in which the polycentrism theoretical lenses were applied. The example of the police services is used as an ...
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Chapter 7 focuses on the problems of metropolitan governance, one of the first domains in which the polycentrism theoretical lenses were applied. The example of the police services is used as an overture, as the chapter revisits the field and the literature fifty years after the Ostroms engaged in the “metropolitan reform debate” and launched their program. From a normative standpoint, the underlying thesis is that, even when government is involved in the production of public services, the most efficient form of organization is not hierarchical but polycentric. The chapter uses the example of police services to illustrate. This is also one of the first domains in which the polycentrism theoretical lens was applied. The chapter elaborates this approach and presents new insights. The public choice institutionalist, polycentricity-based perspective gets thus to be applied, illustrated, and expounded at a concrete, applied level.Less
Chapter 7 focuses on the problems of metropolitan governance, one of the first domains in which the polycentrism theoretical lenses were applied. The example of the police services is used as an overture, as the chapter revisits the field and the literature fifty years after the Ostroms engaged in the “metropolitan reform debate” and launched their program. From a normative standpoint, the underlying thesis is that, even when government is involved in the production of public services, the most efficient form of organization is not hierarchical but polycentric. The chapter uses the example of police services to illustrate. This is also one of the first domains in which the polycentrism theoretical lens was applied. The chapter elaborates this approach and presents new insights. The public choice institutionalist, polycentricity-based perspective gets thus to be applied, illustrated, and expounded at a concrete, applied level.
Paul Dragos Aligica, Peter J. Boettke, and Vlad Tarko
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- June 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190267032
- eISBN:
- 9780190267063
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190267032.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
Chapter 8 explores the issue of independent regulatory agencies. Independent regulatory agencies are seen as a serious challenge to democratic administration. They are government organizations of ...
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Chapter 8 explores the issue of independent regulatory agencies. Independent regulatory agencies are seen as a serious challenge to democratic administration. They are government organizations of unelected officials, they often resist even mild audit attempts and they are very vulnerable to corruption, rent-seeking, regulatory capture and revolving door problems. The chapter notes first why independent regulatory agencies may nonetheless respond to a genuine need, namely they are one way of addressing “common-pool regulatory problems”, i.e. controversial but hard to be decentralized problems. Then the chapter presents an approach leading to a better understanding of the independent regulatory agencies’ operations and to their possible improvement. An in-depth look questions thus the conventional wisdom regarding IRAs and their functioning in the larger architecture of contemporary governance systems.Less
Chapter 8 explores the issue of independent regulatory agencies. Independent regulatory agencies are seen as a serious challenge to democratic administration. They are government organizations of unelected officials, they often resist even mild audit attempts and they are very vulnerable to corruption, rent-seeking, regulatory capture and revolving door problems. The chapter notes first why independent regulatory agencies may nonetheless respond to a genuine need, namely they are one way of addressing “common-pool regulatory problems”, i.e. controversial but hard to be decentralized problems. Then the chapter presents an approach leading to a better understanding of the independent regulatory agencies’ operations and to their possible improvement. An in-depth look questions thus the conventional wisdom regarding IRAs and their functioning in the larger architecture of contemporary governance systems.
Megan Blomfield
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198791737
- eISBN:
- 9780191834028
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198791737.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter concerns how the global emissions budget should be shared, critiquing the equal per capita emissions view (EPC). First, it is explained how theorists have used claims about natural ...
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This chapter concerns how the global emissions budget should be shared, critiquing the equal per capita emissions view (EPC). First, it is explained how theorists have used claims about natural resource rights to formulate the atmospheric commons argument for EPC. Then, drawing on the assessment reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and Elinor Ostrom’s work on common-pool resources, it is shown that these arguments invoke a misleading analysis of climate change as a global commons problem. Accurate understanding of how climate change results from overuse of a global commons suggests that proponents of the commons argument for EPC overlook potential territorial claims to the climate sink. Two options for EPC theorists who wish to maintain the view in the face of this critique are identified, but both turn out to necessitate deeper engagement with the question of how rights to the world’s resources should be assigned.Less
This chapter concerns how the global emissions budget should be shared, critiquing the equal per capita emissions view (EPC). First, it is explained how theorists have used claims about natural resource rights to formulate the atmospheric commons argument for EPC. Then, drawing on the assessment reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and Elinor Ostrom’s work on common-pool resources, it is shown that these arguments invoke a misleading analysis of climate change as a global commons problem. Accurate understanding of how climate change results from overuse of a global commons suggests that proponents of the commons argument for EPC overlook potential territorial claims to the climate sink. Two options for EPC theorists who wish to maintain the view in the face of this critique are identified, but both turn out to necessitate deeper engagement with the question of how rights to the world’s resources should be assigned.
Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- November 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199972036
- eISBN:
- 9780199361908
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199972036.003.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Intellectual Property, IT, and Media Law, Environmental and Energy Law
This chapter sets out the knowledge commons framework that forms the foundation for the case study chapters that follow, and it provides not only an explanation of its purposes but also a guide to ...
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This chapter sets out the knowledge commons framework that forms the foundation for the case study chapters that follow, and it provides not only an explanation of its purposes but also a guide to applying it. The framework builds on the Institutional Analysis and Development approach pioneered by Elinor Ostrom and her collaborators for systematically studying commons arrangements in the natural environment. The systematic approach to case study design and analysis provided by the knowledge commons framework is intended not only to structure individual case studies in a useful and productive way but also to make it possible eventually to produce generalizable results. An improved understanding of knowledge commons is critical for obtaining a more complete perspective on intellectual property policy and its interactions with other legal and social mechanisms for governing creativity and innovation.Less
This chapter sets out the knowledge commons framework that forms the foundation for the case study chapters that follow, and it provides not only an explanation of its purposes but also a guide to applying it. The framework builds on the Institutional Analysis and Development approach pioneered by Elinor Ostrom and her collaborators for systematically studying commons arrangements in the natural environment. The systematic approach to case study design and analysis provided by the knowledge commons framework is intended not only to structure individual case studies in a useful and productive way but also to make it possible eventually to produce generalizable results. An improved understanding of knowledge commons is critical for obtaining a more complete perspective on intellectual property policy and its interactions with other legal and social mechanisms for governing creativity and innovation.
Daniel H. Cole
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- November 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199972036
- eISBN:
- 9780199361908
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199972036.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, Intellectual Property, IT, and Media Law, Environmental and Energy Law
This chapter explains how Elinor Ostrom’s work on natural common-pool resources has limited lessons to offer intellectual property scholars, virtually none of which is normative. Her body of work ...
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This chapter explains how Elinor Ostrom’s work on natural common-pool resources has limited lessons to offer intellectual property scholars, virtually none of which is normative. Her body of work provides an object lesson in how carefully structured conceptual, methodological, and analytical tools, such as her Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework, can assist in (1) understanding information flows under alternative institutional arrangements; (2) diagnosing problems in existing institutional arrangements; and (3) predicting, in at least some cases, the outcomes of changes in institutional arrangements. Her work offers little or no normative guidance for the structure of intellectual property systems or knowledge commons. Scholars need to bear in mind that in Ostrom’s work on common-pool natural resources, in contrast to “knowledge commons,” “open access” was often the problem to be solved, rather than a solution to a problem of too little access to information.Less
This chapter explains how Elinor Ostrom’s work on natural common-pool resources has limited lessons to offer intellectual property scholars, virtually none of which is normative. Her body of work provides an object lesson in how carefully structured conceptual, methodological, and analytical tools, such as her Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework, can assist in (1) understanding information flows under alternative institutional arrangements; (2) diagnosing problems in existing institutional arrangements; and (3) predicting, in at least some cases, the outcomes of changes in institutional arrangements. Her work offers little or no normative guidance for the structure of intellectual property systems or knowledge commons. Scholars need to bear in mind that in Ostrom’s work on common-pool natural resources, in contrast to “knowledge commons,” “open access” was often the problem to be solved, rather than a solution to a problem of too little access to information.
