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“Down from a Joyless height”

John Wigger

in American Saint Francis Asbury and the Methodists

Asbury fell seriously ill again in 1797 but continued to travel anyway, riding from Charleston to New York City over the spring and summer. Asbury's experience with prolonged illnesses was not ... More

Asbury fell seriously ill again in 1797 but continued to travel anyway, riding from Charleston to New York City over the spring and summer. Asbury's experience with prolonged illnesses was not unusual for the period. A case in point is the preacher William Ormond, who suffered a number of illnesses and tried a range of cures 1791-1801. In June 1798 Asbury learned that his father had died. Asbury never says much about his father, who evidently had some failing that made him vaguely embarrassing. As his health remained fragile, Asbury continued to depend on Methodist women for support. When John Dickins died of yellow fever in 1798, Asbury replaced him as head of the church's book concern with Ezekiel Cooper. Cooper didn't want the job because of the concern's debts, but he proved a successful manager and editor. Given his poor health, Asbury made plans during 1799 to resign from the episcopacy.Less

“Feel for the power”

John Wigger

in American Saint Francis Asbury and the Methodists

If 1799 ended dismally for Asbury, 1800 offered a new beginning, with unexpected revivals and the election of a new bishop. Keeping the circuits supplied with preachers remained Asbury’s chief ... More

If 1799 ended dismally for Asbury, 1800 offered a new beginning, with unexpected revivals and the election of a new bishop. Keeping the circuits supplied with preachers remained Asbury’s chief challenge. Contrary to opinion, the preachers did not blindly follow his appointments. Asbury had to carefully recruit George Dougherty to take the Charleston station in 1800. Asbury tried to take local opinions into consideration, as with John Page’s appointment to Tennessee’s Cumberland circuit in 1800. For all of his powers of persuasion, Asbury was generally a poor preacher, though his sermons were similar in content to those of other Methodist preachers, as William Ormond’s journal demonstrates. Richard Whatcoat was elected a bishop by the 1800 General Conference. The conference also issued an antislavery address that led to a violent backlash across the South, particularly in Charleston, where Dougherty was nearly drowned by a mob.Less

A War of Many Parts

S. J. Connolly

in Divided Kingdom: Ireland 1630-1800

This chapter traces the prolonged military conflict of 1641-53. It examines the elaborate system of government, with headquarters at Kilkenny, established by the Confederate Catholics, as well as the ... More

This chapter traces the prolonged military conflict of 1641-53. It examines the elaborate system of government, with headquarters at Kilkenny, established by the Confederate Catholics, as well as the importation into Ireland of the tactics of the European military revolution. It examines the divisions between Royalist and Parliamentarian among Irish Protestants, the former commanded by the earl of Ormond, as well as the shifting allegiances of the Scottish army established in the north east. The arrival in 1649 of a parliamentary army under Oliver Cromwell, and the controversial massacres at Drogheda and Wexford, initiated the last phase of the war. The victorious parliamentary regime initiated a massive scheme of social engineering, transplanting Catholic proprietors to a small western region while redistributing other lands among English settlers.Less

Looking Forward, Looking Backward

John Wigger

in American Saint Francis Asbury and the Methodists

In the wake of the sacramental crisis Asbury established a pattern of relentless travel by horseback across the continent that defined the church for decades to come. He visited New York City, which ... More

In the wake of the sacramental crisis Asbury established a pattern of relentless travel by horseback across the continent that defined the church for decades to come. He visited New York City, which had been cut off by the war, in August 1783 and also assigned John Dickins to the city. As he traveled, Asbury continued to establish bonds with the mostly young preachers, often using humor as a means to do so. He also remained committed to a pattern of voluntary poverty and never publicly displayed any hint of sexual impropriety. Other preachers, including William Ormond, found it more difficult to repress their sexuality. Jeremiah Minter created a scandal when he had himself surgically castrated to avoid suspicions over his relationship with Sarah Jones. Asbury and Thomas Coke met for the first time at Barratt’s Chapel in Delaware, though Asbury did not initially know why John Wesley had sent Coke.Less

Resistance to the Ormond Peace

Tadhg Ó hAnnrachÁin

in Catholic Reformation in Ireland: The Mission of Rinuccini 1645-1649

GianBattista Rinuccini's first fourteen months in Ireland, from his arrival in October 1645 to his return to Kilkenny after the failure of the campaign against Dublin in December 1646, witnessed some ... More

GianBattista Rinuccini's first fourteen months in Ireland, from his arrival in October 1645 to his return to Kilkenny after the failure of the campaign against Dublin in December 1646, witnessed some of the most violent transformations of his turbulent nunciature. The backdrop to the unfolding drama both in Britain and on the continent was similarly eventful. In June 1645 the decisive parliamentary victory at the battle of Naseby irrevocably altered the course of the first English Civil War. By the time the Ormond peace was concluded in Ireland in August 1646, all the major garrisons around the royalist capital had also been taken. Rinuccini's first year in Ireland thus witnessed the effective end of the first civil war in England. Rinuccini's violent opposition to the Ormond peace represented a considerable departure from his earlier resigned attitude.Less

The Attrition of Influence, December 1646–February 1648

Tadhg Ó hAnnrachÁin

in Catholic Reformation in Ireland: The Mission of Rinuccini 1645-1649

The fourteen months from the end of November 1646 to February 1648 marked a particular phase in GianBattista Rinuccini's career in Ireland. During this time, Nicholas Plunkett and the bishop of ... More

The fourteen months from the end of November 1646 to February 1648 marked a particular phase in GianBattista Rinuccini's career in Ireland. During this time, Nicholas Plunkett and the bishop of Ferns, Nicholas French, exercised a great deal of influence in confederate politics, while the nuncio occupied a less overtly prominent role. This period was inaugurated, and much of its subsequent character determined, by the decision to convene a confederate General Assembly. The most important problem confronted at this Assembly was the Ormond peace: the lord lieutenant's supporters hoped to have the treaty ratified by the supreme confederate authority, while Rinuccini and his adherents sought the assembly's approval for their overturning of the peace the previous year. The result was a qualified victory for the clerical party because the treaty was indeed rejected. The clergy then secured a second victory when their new formulation of the confederate oath was accepted.Less

The Lordship of Ireland, 1520

Christopher Maginn

in William Cecil, Ireland, and the Tudor State

This chapter uses the relationship between William Cecil's father, Richard, and William Wise of Waterford, both of whom were royal servants at the court of Henry VIII, as an entrée to an exploration ... More

This chapter uses the relationship between William Cecil's father, Richard, and William Wise of Waterford, both of whom were royal servants at the court of Henry VIII, as an entrée to an exploration of society and government in the lordship of Ireland in 1520, the year of William Cecil's birth. It introduces Ireland as a territory bound to the crown of England, but which was legally and constitutionally divided between areas of English and Irish rule. This chapter will provide the necessary historical background and the political, social, and legal framework for understanding Ireland and its deepening relationship with England in the Tudor period.Less

The Cromwellian Conquest, 1649–53

Patrick J. Corish

in A New History of Ireland: Early Modern Ireland 1534-1691

This chapter describes the reconquest of Ireland by Oliver Cromwell. The final defeat of Charles I and the replacement of the monarchy in 1649 by a puritan commonwealth was maintained by an army in ... More

This chapter describes the reconquest of Ireland by Oliver Cromwell. The final defeat of Charles I and the replacement of the monarchy in 1649 by a puritan commonwealth was maintained by an army in which Oliver Cromwell was the ruling power. His first major task was the reconquest of Ireland. This was achieved by his unprecedented offensive of 1649–50, which, as followed up by his successors in Ireland during the next two years, put an end to nearly ten years of anarchy and reduced all the warring elements to submission. The conquest had been made easier by the divisions among the royalist forces: divisions between English and Irish, between Catholic and Protestant and internal divisions between Catholics. O’Neill's agreement with Ormond had been based on the understanding that a new petition be sent to the pope to grant absolution from Rinuccini's censures, thereby reviving an issue which had seriously divided the Catholic hierarchy. No general terms of surrender had been negotiated, and with few exceptions nothing had been guaranteed in the surrenders except freedom from immediate pillage. Cromwell's reply to the bishops' declaration at Clonmacnoise had made it clear that a vast confiscation of property was to be part of any final settlement.Less

Frances and Helen

Jacqueline Worswick

in A House Called Helen: The Development of Hospice Care for Children

Helen House is often described as having sprung from friendship, a friendship between a nun and a very ill child and her family. The nature of this friendship was a vital factor in determining what ... More

Helen House is often described as having sprung from friendship, a friendship between a nun and a very ill child and her family. The nature of this friendship was a vital factor in determining what was to arise from it. The family's friendship with Frances was a friendship with roots in many shared attitudes and feelings, a friendship nourished by mutual interest and love and by a similar approach to people and events. This chapter presents a brief biography of Frances. Frances was born in Scotland in 1942, the daughter and first child of Norman Ritchie, a chartered accountant, and his wife Peggy, a professional musician. After considering her nursing aspirations, her introduction to Reverend Dick Chamberlin revealed to Frances whole new dimensions to faith and worship. She was drawn into a world of spiritually gathered opinions.Less

The hegemony of the earls of Kildare, 1494–1520

D. B. Quinn

in A New History of Ireland: Volume II, Medieval Ireland 1169–1534

This chapter discusses the following: the Poynings administration; the Drogheda parliament, 1494–95; the earl of Kildare is charged with treason; further statutory changes; the intervention of Perkin ... More

This chapter discusses the following: the Poynings administration; the Drogheda parliament, 1494–95; the earl of Kildare is charged with treason; further statutory changes; the intervention of Perkin Warbeck, 1495; Poynings pacifies the south; the financial aspect of the Poynings administration; the rehabilitation of Kildare and the preparations for his reinstatement; Kildare restored as lord deputy; the significance of the English intervention and its termination; Henry VII asserts his confidence in Kildare; Kildare confronts Sir James of Ormond; Sir Piers Butler kills Sir James of Ormond and asserts his authority in the Butler lands; Kildare's relations with Henry VII; parliament meets in 1499; Kildare's continuing contacts with England; his treatment of the Irish revenues; his revival of the liberty of Kildare; his Connacht campaign and the battle of Knockdoe, 1504; Henry VII's proposed intervention in Ireland, 1506; Ireland calms down; Kildare's strong position at the death of Henry VII; the transition in 1509–10; Kildare's power is threatened by enemies at home; the achievement of the ‘great earl’; the ninth earl of Kildare; Henry VIII's approach to his Irish lordship; Kildare antagonizes the gentry of the Pale; he defends himself successfully in England, 1515; the problem of the succession to the earldom of Ormond, 1515; Kildare holds parliament in 1516; and opposition builds up against him and he is called to England in 1519.Less

The reemergence of English policy as a major factor in Irish affairs, 1520–34

D. B. Quinn

in A New History of Ireland: Volume II, Medieval Ireland 1169–1534

This chapter discusses the following: Henry VIII's developing view of his Irish lordship; the earl of Surrey as Henry's lieutenant in Ireland; the parliament of 1521; the balance sheet of ... More

This chapter discusses the following: Henry VIII's developing view of his Irish lordship; the earl of Surrey as Henry's lieutenant in Ireland; the parliament of 1521; the balance sheet of intervention: reconquest judged too expensive; the replacement of Surrey by Ormond; the Kildare–Ormond conflict, 1522–34; a period of indecision and disorder; Ormond as lord deputy; the return of Kildare, 1523; attempted arbitration between Kildare and Ormond; Kildare restored, 1524; James, earl of Desmond, allies with France to aid a Yorkist restoration; Kildare called to England, 1526; Ireland neglected under weak acting chief governors; Ó Conchobhair captures Lord Delvin, 1528; Piers Butler accepts the title of earl of Ossory and is installed as lord deputy; Ossory is replaced by a commission, 1529–30; Desmond intrigues with Charles V against Henry VIII; Sir William Skeffington arrives as the king's commissioner; parliament held in 1531; and Kildare attempts to dominate Skeffington; succeeds him as lord deputy, 1532.Less

‘The Poor Commons’, 1405–1450

Brendan Smith

in Crisis and Survival in Late Medieval Ireland: The English of Louth and Their Neighbours, 1330-1450

Disputes among the O’Neills provided respite for the settlers in Louth, and the government encouraged marriage alliances between the English and the Irish. The Talbot–Ormond feud encompassed the ... More

Disputes among the O’Neills provided respite for the settlers in Louth, and the government encouraged marriage alliances between the English and the Irish. The Talbot–Ormond feud encompassed the elite in Louth as both parties contended for support by retaining key local men. As lieutenant, James Butler, earl of Ormond, healed divisions in Louth and secured local subsidies to fight the Irish. The MacMahons remained undefeated and conducted savage raids on the settlers in the 1420s and 1430s. In response, a wave of castle-building began in the county, and further infighting among the Irish offered some relief for the settlers. The visit of Richard, duke of York, in 1449 provided further reassurance, and the decades that followed were among the most peaceful Louth was to experience in the Middle Ages.Less

1870

Alicia K. Jackson

in The Recovered Life of Isaac Anderson

Black churches serve prominently as a refuge for Black Georgians as they deal with the trauma of slavery, injustice, and violence after Emancipation. Frustrated by the lack of support from white ... More

Black churches serve prominently as a refuge for Black Georgians as they deal with the trauma of slavery, injustice, and violence after Emancipation. Frustrated by the lack of support from white Southern Methodist leaders and by intra-racial conflicts, Isaac Anderson and other Black Methodist leaders found the Colored Methodist Episcopal Church, and its formation is integral to his election to the Georgia legislature. White Southern Methodists express concern over prominent AME Church leaders like Henry M. Turner and Tunis Campbell Sr., who are also ministers and politicians, and this concern leads Southern Methodist leaders to reluctantly accept Anderson’s political activity fearing Turner and Campbell’s influence in Georgia politics among Black Methodists.Less

Projects and Projections

David Dickson

in The First Irish Cities: An Eighteenth-Century Transformation

This chapter emphasizes a major theme in Dublin's eighteenth-century history: the battle to control and develop urban space, to mitigate the effects of growth, and to adapt new concepts of urban ... More

This chapter emphasizes a major theme in Dublin's eighteenth-century history: the battle to control and develop urban space, to mitigate the effects of growth, and to adapt new concepts of urban form. The chapter begins with narrating the baroque urban planning led by the first Duke of Ormond that had profound consequences for the Irish capital. It then discusses the first development agency in any Irish city, the Ballast Office, which was given responsibility for 'cleansing' and deepening the channel into the harbour and up to the Custom House, and for providing better protection for shipping in the bay outside. The chapter introduces Luke Gardiner, the first secretary of the Ballast Office, and explores how he became the most formidable property developer in the eighteenth-century city. The chapter also traces the beginning of the physical evolution of the capital city and environment for urban investment. Next, the chapter highlights a great scheme of urban improvement and speculative development in Waterford, Cork, and Limerick. It also mentions John Beresford's single-minded energy and strategic grasp in most of the metropolitan improvements.Less

Ormond and Cromwell: The Struggle for Ireland

James Scott Wheeler

in Cromwell and Ireland: New Perspectives

An exploration of the roles of James Butler, Earl of Ormond and Oliver Cromwell, in which Ormond takes centre stage and his true importance in the military strategy of 1649 is analysed.

Introduction: the confederate wars revisited

Patrick Little

in Ireland in Crisis: War, Politics and Religion, 1641-50

This chapter introduces the volume, outlining the historical debate on the wars of the 1640s, explaining why there has been less interest in it recently, as historians have focused on the outbreak of ... More

This chapter introduces the volume, outlining the historical debate on the wars of the 1640s, explaining why there has been less interest in it recently, as historians have focused on the outbreak of the rebellion and the Cromwellian invasion instead. It also introduces each chapter with a brief summary, and points out the new themes that emerge across the volume, including the importance of the regions to understanding the war. One of these themes, the crisis in authority – which affected not only the royalist government and institutions but also the Catholic Confederate alternatives – is explored in more detail, and proposed as an important new way to understand this difficult period.Less

The Irish Parliament after the rebellion, 1642–48

Coleman A. Dennehy

in Ireland in Crisis: War, Politics and Religion, 1641-50

Many historians assume that, having played a pivotal role in the fall of the earl of Strafford, the Irish Parliament came to an end in 1641, before the outbreak of rebellion. In this chapter Coleman ... More

Many historians assume that, having played a pivotal role in the fall of the earl of Strafford, the Irish Parliament came to an end in 1641, before the outbreak of rebellion. In this chapter Coleman Dennehy reminds us that Parliament continued to meet, however infrequently, until 1648 and technically it was only dissolved on the execution of Charles I in January 1649. The chapter investigates attendance in the houses and the business conducted there, including passing legislation and hearing petitions. It also considers why an apparently defunct institution was kept on life support by Ormond and the Dublin administration, concluding that part of the reason was to ratify a peace treaty with the confederates that never took effect.Less

The politics of preferment: the marquess of Ormond, Archbishop Ussher and the appointment of Irish bishops, 1643–47

Patrick Little

in Ireland in Crisis: War, Politics and Religion, 1641-50

This chapter looks at the marquess of Ormond’s involvement with Archbishop Ussher and the running of the Church of Ireland, specifically the appointment of bishops. It shows not only the ... More

This chapter looks at the marquess of Ormond’s involvement with Archbishop Ussher and the running of the Church of Ireland, specifically the appointment of bishops. It shows not only the determination of Ormond to keep the church hierarchy filled with suitably able men – which was especially important during the negotiations with the confederates, in which the future of church property was paramount – but also his sympathies with Calvinist divines such as Dr Henry Jones of Clogher, who could provide robust opposition to the covenanters as well as the Catholics. The chapter thus provides yet another layer to the complicated negotiations conducted by Ormond in the mid-1640s, reinforcing the impression that the lord lieutenant was a politician of considerable ingenuity.Less