Kendall Johnson (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9789888083534
- eISBN:
- 9789882209275
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888083534.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This collection discusses the first commercial encounters between a China on the verge of social transformation and a fledgling United States struggling to assert itself globally as a distinct nation ...
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This collection discusses the first commercial encounters between a China on the verge of social transformation and a fledgling United States struggling to assert itself globally as a distinct nation after the Revolutionary War with Great Britain. In early accounts of these encounters, commercial activity enabled cross-cultural curiosity, communication and even mutual respect. But it also involved confrontation as ambitious American traders pursued lucrative opportunities, often embracing British-style imperialism in the name of ‘free trade’. The book begins in the 1780s with the arrival in Canton of the very first American ship The Empress of China and moves through the nineteenth century, with Caleb Cushing negotiating the Treaty of Wangxia (1844) in Macao after the First Opium War and, at the century's close, Secretary of State John Hay forging the Open Door Policy (1899). Considering Sino-American relations in their broader context, the nine chapters in this book are attuned to the activities of competing European traders, especially the British, in Canton, Macao, and the Pearl River Delta.Less
This collection discusses the first commercial encounters between a China on the verge of social transformation and a fledgling United States struggling to assert itself globally as a distinct nation after the Revolutionary War with Great Britain. In early accounts of these encounters, commercial activity enabled cross-cultural curiosity, communication and even mutual respect. But it also involved confrontation as ambitious American traders pursued lucrative opportunities, often embracing British-style imperialism in the name of ‘free trade’. The book begins in the 1780s with the arrival in Canton of the very first American ship The Empress of China and moves through the nineteenth century, with Caleb Cushing negotiating the Treaty of Wangxia (1844) in Macao after the First Opium War and, at the century's close, Secretary of State John Hay forging the Open Door Policy (1899). Considering Sino-American relations in their broader context, the nine chapters in this book are attuned to the activities of competing European traders, especially the British, in Canton, Macao, and the Pearl River Delta.
Paul A. Bové
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9789888083534
- eISBN:
- 9789882209275
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888083534.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter considers the U.S. Open Door Policy, through which Secretary of State John Hay was able to negotiate international agreement among the world's naval superpowers not to encroach on ...
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This chapter considers the U.S. Open Door Policy, through which Secretary of State John Hay was able to negotiate international agreement among the world's naval superpowers not to encroach on China's territory and to maintain the openness of China's treaty ports to all nations. In their correspondence, Henry Adams and John Hay agree that the rising power of the United States depends on an agitating energy that is bound up with cycles of power which exceed the bounds of any individual nation-state. Looking to China as the eventual centre of world order, Adams and Hay saw the interests of the United States served best by maintaining China as an open field through which to project the commercial influence of the United States. The historiography of free trade becomes much more complex as Adams and Hay see in China's rise to world prominence a way to sustain a romance of American trade that is not reducible to the interests of the governing state.Less
This chapter considers the U.S. Open Door Policy, through which Secretary of State John Hay was able to negotiate international agreement among the world's naval superpowers not to encroach on China's territory and to maintain the openness of China's treaty ports to all nations. In their correspondence, Henry Adams and John Hay agree that the rising power of the United States depends on an agitating energy that is bound up with cycles of power which exceed the bounds of any individual nation-state. Looking to China as the eventual centre of world order, Adams and Hay saw the interests of the United States served best by maintaining China as an open field through which to project the commercial influence of the United States. The historiography of free trade becomes much more complex as Adams and Hay see in China's rise to world prominence a way to sustain a romance of American trade that is not reducible to the interests of the governing state.
John Ure
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622099029
- eISBN:
- 9789882207486
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622099029.003.0020
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter examines the telecommunications sector in Myanmar. Strict adherence to ideology and commercial self-interest, in the guises of “national security” and military-controlled ...
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This chapter examines the telecommunications sector in Myanmar. Strict adherence to ideology and commercial self-interest, in the guises of “national security” and military-controlled state-enterprises, has confined access to telecommunications to a few. A World Bank report of 1995 notes the general lack of private access to physical infrastructure, including telecommunications, and how this skews foreign investment towards joint ventures with the state. Public telecom facilities, fixed and wireless, continue to be state-owned and controlled by Myanmar Posts and Telecommunications (MPT). Under the 1989 State-Owned Economic Enterprise Law, part of the Open Door policy, telecommunication facilities and services were the sole right of the government, but government-private sector joint ventures were permitted. Other laws which impact the telecom sector are the Computer Science Development Law enacted in 1996 and the Electronic Transaction Law which took effect in April 2004.Less
This chapter examines the telecommunications sector in Myanmar. Strict adherence to ideology and commercial self-interest, in the guises of “national security” and military-controlled state-enterprises, has confined access to telecommunications to a few. A World Bank report of 1995 notes the general lack of private access to physical infrastructure, including telecommunications, and how this skews foreign investment towards joint ventures with the state. Public telecom facilities, fixed and wireless, continue to be state-owned and controlled by Myanmar Posts and Telecommunications (MPT). Under the 1989 State-Owned Economic Enterprise Law, part of the Open Door policy, telecommunication facilities and services were the sole right of the government, but government-private sector joint ventures were permitted. Other laws which impact the telecom sector are the Computer Science Development Law enacted in 1996 and the Electronic Transaction Law which took effect in April 2004.
James Reilly
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231158060
- eISBN:
- 9780231528085
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231158060.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter outlines the relationship between China and Japan during the years 1949–1999. It highlights China's common theme of deploying memories and images of Japanese atrocities during the ...
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This chapter outlines the relationship between China and Japan during the years 1949–1999. It highlights China's common theme of deploying memories and images of Japanese atrocities during the Sino–Japanese War for diplomatic leverage and domestic legitimization. China's relations with Japan during those fifty years reflect how public opinion influences the foreign policy of nondemocratic governments. The chapter begins with a review of China's approach to history issued in the post-war period, highlighting the actions of Chinese leaders to improve relations by not mentioning past Japanese atrocities during state visits. The next section examines their relationship in the 1980s. It mentions the 1982 anti-Japanese demonstrations as a response of the Japanese government's altering of history textbooks to censor Japanese war atrocities, and the 1985 anti-Japanese demonstrations that were against the “Open Door Policy”. The last section explores their relationship during the 1990s when China embarked on an ambitious “grand strategy” designed to reduce anxiety over its rise while bolstering economic ties with key states, including Japan.Less
This chapter outlines the relationship between China and Japan during the years 1949–1999. It highlights China's common theme of deploying memories and images of Japanese atrocities during the Sino–Japanese War for diplomatic leverage and domestic legitimization. China's relations with Japan during those fifty years reflect how public opinion influences the foreign policy of nondemocratic governments. The chapter begins with a review of China's approach to history issued in the post-war period, highlighting the actions of Chinese leaders to improve relations by not mentioning past Japanese atrocities during state visits. The next section examines their relationship in the 1980s. It mentions the 1982 anti-Japanese demonstrations as a response of the Japanese government's altering of history textbooks to censor Japanese war atrocities, and the 1985 anti-Japanese demonstrations that were against the “Open Door Policy”. The last section explores their relationship during the 1990s when China embarked on an ambitious “grand strategy” designed to reduce anxiety over its rise while bolstering economic ties with key states, including Japan.
