Jonathan Fox
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199208852
- eISBN:
- 9780191709005
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199208852.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
This chapter analyzes the social foundations of democracy by focusing on the internal dynamics of building scaled-up, democratic counterweights under authoritarian rule. It takes up the challenge ...
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This chapter analyzes the social foundations of democracy by focusing on the internal dynamics of building scaled-up, democratic counterweights under authoritarian rule. It takes up the challenge posed by Michels' classic political sociology puzzle of ‘Iron Law of Oligarchy’, asking which factors make it possible for members to hold their leaders accountable. The case study traces the history of a broad-based regional agrarian membership organization to identify ebbs and flows of leadership accountability. An inductive, ethnographic, and longitudinal approach documents how the power relationships between leaders and members change over time. Though the organization held regular elections, in which elected agrarian community leaders voted for regional representatives, the electoral process was not the principal determinant of leadership accountability. Instead, the existence of other kinds of checks and balances — participatory subgroups and pro-democracy external actors — turn out to be more important factors in favor of leadership accountability.Less
This chapter analyzes the social foundations of democracy by focusing on the internal dynamics of building scaled-up, democratic counterweights under authoritarian rule. It takes up the challenge posed by Michels' classic political sociology puzzle of ‘Iron Law of Oligarchy’, asking which factors make it possible for members to hold their leaders accountable. The case study traces the history of a broad-based regional agrarian membership organization to identify ebbs and flows of leadership accountability. An inductive, ethnographic, and longitudinal approach documents how the power relationships between leaders and members change over time. Though the organization held regular elections, in which elected agrarian community leaders voted for regional representatives, the electoral process was not the principal determinant of leadership accountability. Instead, the existence of other kinds of checks and balances — participatory subgroups and pro-democracy external actors — turn out to be more important factors in favor of leadership accountability.
Xenophon
Gregory A. McBrayer (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781501718496
- eISBN:
- 9781501718519
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501718496.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This volume contains new, literal translations of Xenophon’s eight shorter writings along with interpretive essays on each work: Hiero, or The Skilled Tyrant; Agesilaus; Regime of the Lacedaemonians; ...
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This volume contains new, literal translations of Xenophon’s eight shorter writings along with interpretive essays on each work: Hiero, or The Skilled Tyrant; Agesilaus; Regime of the Lacedaemonians; Regime of the Athenians; Ways and Means, or On Revenue; The Skilled Cavalry Commander; On Horsemanship; and The One Skilled at Hunting with Dogs. The Agesilaos is a eulogy of a Spartan king, and the Hiero, or the Skilled Tyrant recounts a searching dialogue between a poet and a tyrant. The Regime of the Lacedaemonians presents itself as a laudatory examination of what turns out to be an oligarchic regime of a certain type, while The Regime of the Athenians offers an unflattering picture of a democratic regime. Ways and Means, or On Revenues offers suggestions on how to improve the political economy of Athens’ troubled democracy. The other three works included here—The Skilled Cavalry Commander, On Horsemanship, and The One Skilled at Hunting with Dogs—treat skills that are appropriate for gentlemen. By bringing together Xenophon’s shorter writings, this volume aims to help all those interested in Xenophon understand better the core of his thought, political as well as philosophic.Less
This volume contains new, literal translations of Xenophon’s eight shorter writings along with interpretive essays on each work: Hiero, or The Skilled Tyrant; Agesilaus; Regime of the Lacedaemonians; Regime of the Athenians; Ways and Means, or On Revenue; The Skilled Cavalry Commander; On Horsemanship; and The One Skilled at Hunting with Dogs. The Agesilaos is a eulogy of a Spartan king, and the Hiero, or the Skilled Tyrant recounts a searching dialogue between a poet and a tyrant. The Regime of the Lacedaemonians presents itself as a laudatory examination of what turns out to be an oligarchic regime of a certain type, while The Regime of the Athenians offers an unflattering picture of a democratic regime. Ways and Means, or On Revenues offers suggestions on how to improve the political economy of Athens’ troubled democracy. The other three works included here—The Skilled Cavalry Commander, On Horsemanship, and The One Skilled at Hunting with Dogs—treat skills that are appropriate for gentlemen. By bringing together Xenophon’s shorter writings, this volume aims to help all those interested in Xenophon understand better the core of his thought, political as well as philosophic.
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781501718496
- eISBN:
- 9781501718519
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501718496.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
Translation of and Interpretive Essay on Xenophon’s Regime of the Lacedaemonians, the only extant full treatise written by an ancient author that provides an account of the Spartan politeia (“regime” ...
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Translation of and Interpretive Essay on Xenophon’s Regime of the Lacedaemonians, the only extant full treatise written by an ancient author that provides an account of the Spartan politeia (“regime” or “constitution”). It is therefore of interest to students of classics, history, and political philosophy alike. Yet its ironical character has made it subject to a wide range of readings: On one side, it is a naïve encomium of Sparta by an unreserved Laconophile lacking in philosophic depth; on the other, it is wonderfully wrought satire of Sparta by a topflight student of Socrates. In sympathy with the latter view, this essay offers guidance in reading the treatise and so in understanding Xenophon’s central criticisms of the politeia laid down by the legendary lawgiver Lycurgus.Less
Translation of and Interpretive Essay on Xenophon’s Regime of the Lacedaemonians, the only extant full treatise written by an ancient author that provides an account of the Spartan politeia (“regime” or “constitution”). It is therefore of interest to students of classics, history, and political philosophy alike. Yet its ironical character has made it subject to a wide range of readings: On one side, it is a naïve encomium of Sparta by an unreserved Laconophile lacking in philosophic depth; on the other, it is wonderfully wrought satire of Sparta by a topflight student of Socrates. In sympathy with the latter view, this essay offers guidance in reading the treatise and so in understanding Xenophon’s central criticisms of the politeia laid down by the legendary lawgiver Lycurgus.
Jean Casimir
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- January 2022
- ISBN:
- 9781469660486
- eISBN:
- 9781469660509
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469660486.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter focuses on the legal and social difference between the status of peasant, slave, and cultivator in the colony and Republic of Haiti. When property owners tried to replace the word slave, ...
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This chapter focuses on the legal and social difference between the status of peasant, slave, and cultivator in the colony and Republic of Haiti. When property owners tried to replace the word slave, they did not change the character’s role. The rebaptized cultivator was still meant to remain a laborer. When the Haitian oligarchs succeeded the European oligarchy in 1804, there was no significant difference in the treatment of the population.Less
This chapter focuses on the legal and social difference between the status of peasant, slave, and cultivator in the colony and Republic of Haiti. When property owners tried to replace the word slave, they did not change the character’s role. The rebaptized cultivator was still meant to remain a laborer. When the Haitian oligarchs succeeded the European oligarchy in 1804, there was no significant difference in the treatment of the population.
Scott Stephenson
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780252041839
- eISBN:
- 9780252050503
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5622/illinois/9780252041839.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, Economic History
Trade unions are ostensibly democratic organizations, but they often fail to operate as democracies in practice. Most studies of Western trade union democracy have acknowledged that oligarchy is the ...
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Trade unions are ostensibly democratic organizations, but they often fail to operate as democracies in practice. Most studies of Western trade union democracy have acknowledged that oligarchy is the norm among unions but have nonetheless examined exceptional democratic unions to understand how those unions defied the trend. My study inverts this approach and instead examines two known oligarchical unions, the Australian Workers Union (AWU) and the United Automobile Workers (UAW) in the United States. I argue that union oligarchy requires certain conditions to thrive. Both unions lacked democratic rules, close-knit occupational communities, local autonomy, rank-and-file decision making, internal opposition, equality between members and officials, and free communication, but these absences were expressed in different ways in each organization. Comparing a prominent US union with a prominent Australian union allows for assessment of the extent to which oligarchy was the result of national context. I argue that the experience of trade union oligarchy in the United States and Australia was more similar than different. National differences between the two countries were important, but they manifested primarily as different methods to achieve similar outcomes.Less
Trade unions are ostensibly democratic organizations, but they often fail to operate as democracies in practice. Most studies of Western trade union democracy have acknowledged that oligarchy is the norm among unions but have nonetheless examined exceptional democratic unions to understand how those unions defied the trend. My study inverts this approach and instead examines two known oligarchical unions, the Australian Workers Union (AWU) and the United Automobile Workers (UAW) in the United States. I argue that union oligarchy requires certain conditions to thrive. Both unions lacked democratic rules, close-knit occupational communities, local autonomy, rank-and-file decision making, internal opposition, equality between members and officials, and free communication, but these absences were expressed in different ways in each organization. Comparing a prominent US union with a prominent Australian union allows for assessment of the extent to which oligarchy was the result of national context. I argue that the experience of trade union oligarchy in the United States and Australia was more similar than different. National differences between the two countries were important, but they manifested primarily as different methods to achieve similar outcomes.
Hannah Smith
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- October 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780198851998
- eISBN:
- 9780191886614
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198851998.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, Military History
The interactions between the Crown, its ministers, the army, and parliament during the years of the Whig Oligarchy are the focus of this chapter. Parliament remained concerned about standing armies ...
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The interactions between the Crown, its ministers, the army, and parliament during the years of the Whig Oligarchy are the focus of this chapter. Parliament remained concerned about standing armies for many of the same reasons as its forebears. But the British army’s victories during the War of the Spanish Succession had transformed the army’s political as well as military reputation and army veterans could convincingly pose as patriotic defenders of the nation’s liberties. Nevertheless, fears over the abuse of military power arose again in the late 1740s and early 1750s. George II’s son and captain-general, the duke of Cumberland, had crushed the ’45 Rebellion and the Jacobite cause at the battle of Culloden. However, Cumberland’s popularity in the aftermath of the ’45 soon waned amidst allegations that he aimed at military government.Less
The interactions between the Crown, its ministers, the army, and parliament during the years of the Whig Oligarchy are the focus of this chapter. Parliament remained concerned about standing armies for many of the same reasons as its forebears. But the British army’s victories during the War of the Spanish Succession had transformed the army’s political as well as military reputation and army veterans could convincingly pose as patriotic defenders of the nation’s liberties. Nevertheless, fears over the abuse of military power arose again in the late 1740s and early 1750s. George II’s son and captain-general, the duke of Cumberland, had crushed the ’45 Rebellion and the Jacobite cause at the battle of Culloden. However, Cumberland’s popularity in the aftermath of the ’45 soon waned amidst allegations that he aimed at military government.
