Search Results

Compared to more familiar varieties of Swedish, the dialects spoken in Finland have rather diverse syllable structures. The distribution of distinctive syllable weight is determined by grammatical factors, and by varying effects of final consonant weightlessness. In turn it constrains several gemination processes which create derived superheavy syllables, in an unexpected way which provides evidence for an anti-neutralization constraint. Stratal OT, which integrates OT with Lexical Phonology, sheds light on these complex quantity systems.

Occupational therapy (OT) assessment of an ALS patient requires consideration of the domains of occupational performance. Occupational performance is the ability of an individual to perform tasks and activities of daily living, influenced by their environments, within a satisfactory time frame and at an age appropriate level to fulfil life roles. This chapter focuses on occupational therapy and the different factors affecting the daily tasks performance of ALS patients. Among these factors or domains of concern which create an impact on the patient's ability to fulfil desired roles are age, environment, and time. The uniqueness of disease experience is important to OT as these give a better assessment of the patient's abilities and needs. Common strategies and equipments that allow patients to perform desired roles are also introduced.

Chapter 4 examines the roles of oxytocin (OT) and olfaction in the maternal behavior of nonhuman mammals. It also presents an overview of brain anatomy. In concert with pregnancy hormones, the release of OT into the brain, derived from the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, stimulates the onset of maternal behavior. Although OT is not required for the maintenance of maternal behavior, it does enhance maternal behavior during the postpartum period in challenging environments by decreasing anxiety and increasing maternal motivation. OT, in the absence of pregnancy hormones, may also enhance maternal responsiveness in alloparents. For many postpartum mammals, maternal motivation is under multisensory control, and olfaction is not required, although it is necessary for maternal selectivity in sheep. In contrast, for laboratory mice, olfaction is essential for maternal motivation. For virgin female rats and rabbits, olfactory input from pups inhibits maternal behavior, but this inhibition is eliminated at parturition.

Chapter 6 explores the neural mechanisms that regulate the decrease in anxiety and increase in maternal aggression that co-occur in postpartum mammals. Too much anxiety antagonizes maternal aggression. Therefore, postpartum anxiety reduction promotes maternal aggression. The neural circuitry of maternal aggression includes projections from the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus to the periaqueductal gray and to other brainstem sites. Anxiety-related behaviors are mediated by corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) neurons, and the projection of central nucleus of amygdala (CeA) CRF neurons to the dorsal bed nucleus of the stria terminalis is involved. Neural circuits are described to show how enhanced CRF release can depress maternal aggression. These circuits are typically downregulated in postpartum females, and oxytocin (OT) is involved. OT exerts anxiolytic effects and one mechanism of OT action is to depress the output of CeA.

Although the different ways in which yes and no can be used have received some attention in recent years, most literature is limited to English. This chapter examines the uses of ja ‘yes’ and nee ‘no’ in Dutch. By analyzing the ways in which ja and nee are used in the Corpus Gesproken Nederlands (Spoken Dutch Corpus), different categories can be established. The uses of ja and nee, though different, have certain common features. The interpretation of ja or nee by hearers is explained by means of an Optimality Theory analysis of word interpretation, along the lines of Hogeweg (2009). Through two possibly conflicting constraints, it is determined which possible interpretation of ja or nee is arrived at by the hearer. Finally, a bidirectional OT account of the Dutch positive–negative answering system is proposed and compared to the English answering system to demonstrate the generalizability of the model.

This chapter surveys the founding and early years of the Church of Scientology’s religious order, the Sea Organization, from 1967 to 1975. During this period, Hubbard’s most dedicated adherents sailed the Atlantic, Mediterranean, and Caribbean, which provided him the opportunity to write policies for the church and codify many of the confidential Operating Thetan (OT) levels beyond the state of Clear. This historical overview culminates with the establishment of a spiritual headquarters that exists to this day in Clearwater, Florida. Qualitative and quantitative data about the contemporary Sea Organization is analyzed, based on interviews with current Sea Org members who represent first- and second-generation perspectives. The process of leaving the Sea Org is also examined.