Laura Wright
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780197266557
- eISBN:
- 9780191905377
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197266557.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This book traces developments in the history of British house-names from the tenth century, beginning with medieval house-naming practices referencing the householder’s name, the householder’s ...
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This book traces developments in the history of British house-names from the tenth century, beginning with medieval house-naming practices referencing the householder’s name, the householder’s occupation, and the appearance of the house. In the early fourteenth century heraldic names appeared on commercial premises: tavern names such as la Worm on the Hope, and shop names such as the Golden Tea Kettle & Speaking Trumpet. From the eighteenth century five main categories are identified: the transferred place-name, the nostalgically rural, the commemorative, names associated with the nobility, and the latest fashion or fad. From the nineteenth century new developments are ‘pick & mix’ names consisting of uncoupled elements from British place-names joined together in new combinations, and jocular house-names. Historically, the house-name Sunnyside predominates in Scotland, and is traced through Middle English, Medieval Latin, Anglo-Norman French Scottish Gaelic, and the influence of Old Norse, recording a prehistoric Nordic land-division practice known as solskifte. It was spread southwards in the eighteenth century by Nonconformists, and became a Quaker shibboleth. Quakers took the name to North America where it remains in use as a church name. A specific historic Sunnyside in the Scottish Borders influenced author Washington Irving to name his famous New York Sunnyside, which boosted the name’s popularity. London Sunnysides of the 1870s were grand suburban residences owned by rich industrialist Nonconformists with Scottish family ties, confirming the trend.Less
This book traces developments in the history of British house-names from the tenth century, beginning with medieval house-naming practices referencing the householder’s name, the householder’s occupation, and the appearance of the house. In the early fourteenth century heraldic names appeared on commercial premises: tavern names such as la Worm on the Hope, and shop names such as the Golden Tea Kettle & Speaking Trumpet. From the eighteenth century five main categories are identified: the transferred place-name, the nostalgically rural, the commemorative, names associated with the nobility, and the latest fashion or fad. From the nineteenth century new developments are ‘pick & mix’ names consisting of uncoupled elements from British place-names joined together in new combinations, and jocular house-names. Historically, the house-name Sunnyside predominates in Scotland, and is traced through Middle English, Medieval Latin, Anglo-Norman French Scottish Gaelic, and the influence of Old Norse, recording a prehistoric Nordic land-division practice known as solskifte. It was spread southwards in the eighteenth century by Nonconformists, and became a Quaker shibboleth. Quakers took the name to North America where it remains in use as a church name. A specific historic Sunnyside in the Scottish Borders influenced author Washington Irving to name his famous New York Sunnyside, which boosted the name’s popularity. London Sunnysides of the 1870s were grand suburban residences owned by rich industrialist Nonconformists with Scottish family ties, confirming the trend.
R. R. Davies
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198208785
- eISBN:
- 9780191678141
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208785.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
The period from 1172 to 1277 witnessed momentous changes in Wales. Some of those changes within society, economic life, and the church have already been outlined. They were equally momentous in the ...
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The period from 1172 to 1277 witnessed momentous changes in Wales. Some of those changes within society, economic life, and the church have already been outlined. They were equally momentous in the political life of the country. By the late twelfth century, the map of political power in Wales had largely assumed the shape it was to retain until the Edwardian Conquest. The age of rapid advance by the Anglo-Normans had come to an end; it was followed by an age of consolidation. During the same period, the structure of political authority within Wales was being transformed, particularly within native Wales. There were continuities with the past, of course, in the principles and practice of power, both within and between the ruling dynasties.Less
The period from 1172 to 1277 witnessed momentous changes in Wales. Some of those changes within society, economic life, and the church have already been outlined. They were equally momentous in the political life of the country. By the late twelfth century, the map of political power in Wales had largely assumed the shape it was to retain until the Edwardian Conquest. The age of rapid advance by the Anglo-Normans had come to an end; it was followed by an age of consolidation. During the same period, the structure of political authority within Wales was being transformed, particularly within native Wales. There were continuities with the past, of course, in the principles and practice of power, both within and between the ruling dynasties.
Cicely Saunders
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198570530
- eISBN:
- 9780191730412
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198570530.003.0031
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Palliative Medicine Research
In her later years, Cicely Saunders produced many forewords to the books of other writers. The first of these to be reproduced here was written for Norman Autton's Pain: An Exploration, first ...
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In her later years, Cicely Saunders produced many forewords to the books of other writers. The first of these to be reproduced here was written for Norman Autton's Pain: An Exploration, first published in 1986. She declares the book an admirable description of the search for an understanding of pain that draws on the author's long experience as a hospital chaplain. It is a book that has much to teach both professionals and those who are themselves experiencing pain.Less
In her later years, Cicely Saunders produced many forewords to the books of other writers. The first of these to be reproduced here was written for Norman Autton's Pain: An Exploration, first published in 1986. She declares the book an admirable description of the search for an understanding of pain that draws on the author's long experience as a hospital chaplain. It is a book that has much to teach both professionals and those who are themselves experiencing pain.
Ian Carter
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198294535
- eISBN:
- 9780191598951
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198294530.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
Most of those political philosophers who have tried to make sense of claims about degrees of freedom have proposed that the individual options available to the agent be weighted in terms of their ...
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Most of those political philosophers who have tried to make sense of claims about degrees of freedom have proposed that the individual options available to the agent be weighted in terms of their values (whether the subjective values of the agent, objective values or the values of the agent’s society). Most prominent among these authors are Charles Taylor, Amartya Sen, Richard Arneson and Richard Norman. This value-based approach to measuring freedom can be shown to conflict with the view that we are interested in measuring freedom only because freedom has non-specific value. It therefore renders degree-of-freedom statements normatively superfluous. Moreover, even if interpreted as a way of making purely rhetorical sense of such statements, the approach has counterintuitive implications.Less
Most of those political philosophers who have tried to make sense of claims about degrees of freedom have proposed that the individual options available to the agent be weighted in terms of their values (whether the subjective values of the agent, objective values or the values of the agent’s society). Most prominent among these authors are Charles Taylor, Amartya Sen, Richard Arneson and Richard Norman. This value-based approach to measuring freedom can be shown to conflict with the view that we are interested in measuring freedom only because freedom has non-specific value. It therefore renders degree-of-freedom statements normatively superfluous. Moreover, even if interpreted as a way of making purely rhetorical sense of such statements, the approach has counterintuitive implications.
Kenneth Dyson and Kevin Featherstone
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198296386
- eISBN:
- 9780191599125
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019829638X.003.0016
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
With the failure to delay or block the EMU initiative, Major was left to bridge the unbridgeable, caught between a divided party and European credibility. Party divisions prevented any radical shift ...
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With the failure to delay or block the EMU initiative, Major was left to bridge the unbridgeable, caught between a divided party and European credibility. Party divisions prevented any radical shift of policy. More constructive rhetoric did not disguise essential policy continuity. Major's instincts were for pragmatism, but any scope for building alternative coalitions (e.g. with the German–Dutch bloc) were not exploited, despite compatibilities in policy belief (on monetary policy and on free markets). Thus, the end game became dominated by the technical design of an opt‐out from EMU and a weakening stage 2. The ‘victory’ on the opt‐out was somewhat hollow: not least because Britain's partners had all but given up on her. The problems of reconciling Britain's interests were graphically portrayed by its exit from the ERM in September 1992. The irony of Major's leadership was that, despite him giving priority to party unity, the Conservative Party was left in almost terminable decline and he failed to ease the constraints on his successor.Less
With the failure to delay or block the EMU initiative, Major was left to bridge the unbridgeable, caught between a divided party and European credibility. Party divisions prevented any radical shift of policy. More constructive rhetoric did not disguise essential policy continuity. Major's instincts were for pragmatism, but any scope for building alternative coalitions (e.g. with the German–Dutch bloc) were not exploited, despite compatibilities in policy belief (on monetary policy and on free markets). Thus, the end game became dominated by the technical design of an opt‐out from EMU and a weakening stage 2. The ‘victory’ on the opt‐out was somewhat hollow: not least because Britain's partners had all but given up on her. The problems of reconciling Britain's interests were graphically portrayed by its exit from the ERM in September 1992. The irony of Major's leadership was that, despite him giving priority to party unity, the Conservative Party was left in almost terminable decline and he failed to ease the constraints on his successor.
Hugh M. Thomas
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199251230
- eISBN:
- 9780191719134
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199251230.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
Since the Anglo-Norman period itself, the relations between the English and the Normans have formed a subject of lively debate. For most of that time, however, complacency about the inevitability of ...
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Since the Anglo-Norman period itself, the relations between the English and the Normans have formed a subject of lively debate. For most of that time, however, complacency about the inevitability of assimilation and of the Anglicisation of Normans after 1066 has ruled. This book first challenges that complacency, then goes on to explain why the two peoples merged and the Normans became English following years of ethnic hostility. Drawing on anthropological theory, the latest scholarship on Anglo-Norman England, and sources ranging from charters and legal documents to saints' lives and romances, it provides an exploration of ethnic relations on the levels of personal interaction, cultural assimilation, and the construction of identity, investigating the notion of ‘Englishness’ in the Middle Ages. As a result, the work provides a case study in pre-modern ethnic relations that combines both old and new approaches, and sheds new light on some of the most important developments in English history.Less
Since the Anglo-Norman period itself, the relations between the English and the Normans have formed a subject of lively debate. For most of that time, however, complacency about the inevitability of assimilation and of the Anglicisation of Normans after 1066 has ruled. This book first challenges that complacency, then goes on to explain why the two peoples merged and the Normans became English following years of ethnic hostility. Drawing on anthropological theory, the latest scholarship on Anglo-Norman England, and sources ranging from charters and legal documents to saints' lives and romances, it provides an exploration of ethnic relations on the levels of personal interaction, cultural assimilation, and the construction of identity, investigating the notion of ‘Englishness’ in the Middle Ages. As a result, the work provides a case study in pre-modern ethnic relations that combines both old and new approaches, and sheds new light on some of the most important developments in English history.
Martin Ceadel
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199571161
- eISBN:
- 9780191721762
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199571161.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory, International Relations and Politics
Sir Norman Angell, pioneer both of international relations as a distinct discipline and of the theory of globalization, winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, and one of the 20th century's leading ...
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Sir Norman Angell, pioneer both of international relations as a distinct discipline and of the theory of globalization, winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, and one of the 20th century's leading internationalist campaigners on both sides of the Atlantic, lived the great illusion in three senses. First, his ‘life job’, as he came to call it, was founded upon and defined by The Great Illusion, a best-seller whose original version appeared in 1909: it perceptively showed how economic interdependence would prevent great powers profiting from war; yet it made other, less felicitous, claims from whose implications he spent decades trying to extricate himself. Second, his magnum opus and all his best work derived, to an extent unusual for a public intellectual, not from abstract thinking but from an eventful and varied life as a jobbing journalist in four countries, a cowboy, land-speculator, and gold-prospector in California, production manager of the continental edition of the Daily Mail, author, lecturer, pig farmer, Labour MP, entrepreneur, and campaigner for collective security. Third, he fostered many an enduring illusion about himself by at various times giving wrongly his age, name, nationality, marital status, key career dates, and core beliefs. By dint of careful detective work, this first biography of Angell reveals the truth about a remarkable life that has hitherto been much misrepresented and misinterpreted.Less
Sir Norman Angell, pioneer both of international relations as a distinct discipline and of the theory of globalization, winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, and one of the 20th century's leading internationalist campaigners on both sides of the Atlantic, lived the great illusion in three senses. First, his ‘life job’, as he came to call it, was founded upon and defined by The Great Illusion, a best-seller whose original version appeared in 1909: it perceptively showed how economic interdependence would prevent great powers profiting from war; yet it made other, less felicitous, claims from whose implications he spent decades trying to extricate himself. Second, his magnum opus and all his best work derived, to an extent unusual for a public intellectual, not from abstract thinking but from an eventful and varied life as a jobbing journalist in four countries, a cowboy, land-speculator, and gold-prospector in California, production manager of the continental edition of the Daily Mail, author, lecturer, pig farmer, Labour MP, entrepreneur, and campaigner for collective security. Third, he fostered many an enduring illusion about himself by at various times giving wrongly his age, name, nationality, marital status, key career dates, and core beliefs. By dint of careful detective work, this first biography of Angell reveals the truth about a remarkable life that has hitherto been much misrepresented and misinterpreted.
Diana G. Tumminia
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195176759
- eISBN:
- 9780199835720
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195176758.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
The discussion takes issue with Leon Festinger’s When Prophecy Fails and cognitive dissonance theory by providing alternative explanations of disconfirmed prophecy. Ernest Norman lays the groundwork ...
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The discussion takes issue with Leon Festinger’s When Prophecy Fails and cognitive dissonance theory by providing alternative explanations of disconfirmed prophecy. Ernest Norman lays the groundwork for Ruth Norman with visions and channeled messages from outer space. The evolution of Unarian prophecies and their failures shows how members come to view the phenomenon as a reliving of past lives and a healing process. Melvin Pollner’s theory of mundane reason indicates that believers find errors in the interpretations of others rather than seeing the flaws in their own logic.Less
The discussion takes issue with Leon Festinger’s When Prophecy Fails and cognitive dissonance theory by providing alternative explanations of disconfirmed prophecy. Ernest Norman lays the groundwork for Ruth Norman with visions and channeled messages from outer space. The evolution of Unarian prophecies and their failures shows how members come to view the phenomenon as a reliving of past lives and a healing process. Melvin Pollner’s theory of mundane reason indicates that believers find errors in the interpretations of others rather than seeing the flaws in their own logic.
KEITH W. WHITELAM
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264010
- eISBN:
- 9780191734946
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264010.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
John Rogerson's review of works on the history of ancient Israel from Humphrey Prideaux to Martin Noth is a fine illustration of Ecclesiastes' observation (1.9): ‘What has been is what will be, and ...
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John Rogerson's review of works on the history of ancient Israel from Humphrey Prideaux to Martin Noth is a fine illustration of Ecclesiastes' observation (1.9): ‘What has been is what will be, and what has been done is what will be done; and there is nothing new under the sun’. The current debates on the history of Israel are often presented as part of some paradigm shift or, at the very least, a new and savage phase in the study of Israelite history. The publication of recent works such as A Biblical History of Israel by Provan et al. and Kenneth Kitchen's On the Reliability of the Old Testament take us back to the starting point of Rogerson's paper and the work of Prideaux before the development of biblical studies as a critical discipline in the nineteenth century. Norman Cantor's observations on the invention of the Middle Ages by twentieth-century scholarship are just as applicable to biblical scholarship and its pursuit of ancient Israel.Less
John Rogerson's review of works on the history of ancient Israel from Humphrey Prideaux to Martin Noth is a fine illustration of Ecclesiastes' observation (1.9): ‘What has been is what will be, and what has been done is what will be done; and there is nothing new under the sun’. The current debates on the history of Israel are often presented as part of some paradigm shift or, at the very least, a new and savage phase in the study of Israelite history. The publication of recent works such as A Biblical History of Israel by Provan et al. and Kenneth Kitchen's On the Reliability of the Old Testament take us back to the starting point of Rogerson's paper and the work of Prideaux before the development of biblical studies as a critical discipline in the nineteenth century. Norman Cantor's observations on the invention of the Middle Ages by twentieth-century scholarship are just as applicable to biblical scholarship and its pursuit of ancient Israel.
Stephen Baxter
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199230983
- eISBN:
- 9780191710940
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199230983.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This book constitutes a major reappraisal of the late Anglo-Saxon state on the eve of its demise. Its principal focus is the family of Ealdorman Leofwine, which obtained power in Mercia and retained ...
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This book constitutes a major reappraisal of the late Anglo-Saxon state on the eve of its demise. Its principal focus is the family of Ealdorman Leofwine, which obtained power in Mercia and retained it throughout an extraordinary period of political upheaval between 994 and 1071. In doing so it explores a paradox: that earls were extraordinarily wealthy and powerful yet distinctly insecure. The book contains the first extended treatment of earls' powers in late Anglo-Saxon England and shows that although they wielded considerable military, administrative and political powers, they remained vulnerable to exile and other forms of political punishment including loss of territory. The book also offers a path-breaking analysis of land tenure and the mechanics of royal patronage, and argues that the majority of earls' estates were held from the king on a revocable basis for the duration of their period in office. In order to compensate for such insecurities, earls used lordship and religious patronage to construct local networks of power. The book uses innovative methods for interpreting the representation of lordship in Domesday Book to reconstruct the affinity of the earls of Mercia. It also examines how the house of Leofwine made strategic use of religious patronage to cement local power structures. All this created intense competition between the earls of Mercia and their rivals for power, both at court and in the localities, and the book explores how factional rivalry determined the course of politics, and ultimately the fate of the late Anglo-Saxon state.Less
This book constitutes a major reappraisal of the late Anglo-Saxon state on the eve of its demise. Its principal focus is the family of Ealdorman Leofwine, which obtained power in Mercia and retained it throughout an extraordinary period of political upheaval between 994 and 1071. In doing so it explores a paradox: that earls were extraordinarily wealthy and powerful yet distinctly insecure. The book contains the first extended treatment of earls' powers in late Anglo-Saxon England and shows that although they wielded considerable military, administrative and political powers, they remained vulnerable to exile and other forms of political punishment including loss of territory. The book also offers a path-breaking analysis of land tenure and the mechanics of royal patronage, and argues that the majority of earls' estates were held from the king on a revocable basis for the duration of their period in office. In order to compensate for such insecurities, earls used lordship and religious patronage to construct local networks of power. The book uses innovative methods for interpreting the representation of lordship in Domesday Book to reconstruct the affinity of the earls of Mercia. It also examines how the house of Leofwine made strategic use of religious patronage to cement local power structures. All this created intense competition between the earls of Mercia and their rivals for power, both at court and in the localities, and the book explores how factional rivalry determined the course of politics, and ultimately the fate of the late Anglo-Saxon state.
R. R. Davies
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198208785
- eISBN:
- 9780191678141
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208785.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
By the end of the twelfth century, the Normans had left their imprint deeply on Wales. Their conquest of the country, it is true, was neither as rapid nor as complete as early promise had suggested, ...
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By the end of the twelfth century, the Normans had left their imprint deeply on Wales. Their conquest of the country, it is true, was neither as rapid nor as complete as early promise had suggested, and the mid-twelfth century in particular had witnessed a major rebuff to their advance. By the end of the century, however, they had transformed Wales — in terms of political mastery, social configuration, and cultural influence — more profoundly than any other group or movement was to do so until the Industrial Revolution. The Norman barons, at whose instigation and under whose direction the conquest of Wales was undertaken, were a small group of men, rarely exceeding twenty in number at any given time. Many of the major Norman lordships in Wales passed through marriage or gift into new hands, yet by 1200 all these families (except the Fitzalans, descendants of Alan fitz Flaad) had failed in the direct male line and yet another ‘new’ Marcher aristocracy was, as in each generation, in the making.Less
By the end of the twelfth century, the Normans had left their imprint deeply on Wales. Their conquest of the country, it is true, was neither as rapid nor as complete as early promise had suggested, and the mid-twelfth century in particular had witnessed a major rebuff to their advance. By the end of the century, however, they had transformed Wales — in terms of political mastery, social configuration, and cultural influence — more profoundly than any other group or movement was to do so until the Industrial Revolution. The Norman barons, at whose instigation and under whose direction the conquest of Wales was undertaken, were a small group of men, rarely exceeding twenty in number at any given time. Many of the major Norman lordships in Wales passed through marriage or gift into new hands, yet by 1200 all these families (except the Fitzalans, descendants of Alan fitz Flaad) had failed in the direct male line and yet another ‘new’ Marcher aristocracy was, as in each generation, in the making.
H. E. J. Cowdrey
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199259601
- eISBN:
- 9780191717406
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199259601.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
Lanfranc of Pavia was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1070 to 1089, and so for nineteen critical years in the history of the Anglo-Norman church and kingdom after the Norman conquest of 1066. He came ...
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Lanfranc of Pavia was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1070 to 1089, and so for nineteen critical years in the history of the Anglo-Norman church and kingdom after the Norman conquest of 1066. He came to Canterbury with long experience of intellectual and ecclesiastical currents in mid-11th-century western Europe. At first concerned with the liberal arts, after migrating to Normandy he turned to sacred study; he commented upon the Pauline Epistles and engaged Berengar of Tours in eucharistic controversy. He became prominent in the flourishing monastic life of Normandy at Bec and as abbot of Duke William's foundation of Saint-Étienne at Caen. At Canterbury, he was King William's loyal and effective collaborator in renewing and reordering church life, using councils as a principal means. By no means a ‘court-prelate’, Lanfranc may be best characterized as a monk-archbishop, a role in which he was reinforced by being ex-officio abbot of a cathedral monastery at Canterbury. Canterbury's prestige and interests were a major concern; Lanfranc claimed for the see a primacy over the whole British Isles. Towards the great pope of his day, Gregory VII (1073-85), he was surprisingly cool. This is a full scholarly study of Lanfranc. It reconsiders his career and outstanding achievements in all major aspects, focusing on his qualities of wisdom, diligence, and statesmanship.Less
Lanfranc of Pavia was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1070 to 1089, and so for nineteen critical years in the history of the Anglo-Norman church and kingdom after the Norman conquest of 1066. He came to Canterbury with long experience of intellectual and ecclesiastical currents in mid-11th-century western Europe. At first concerned with the liberal arts, after migrating to Normandy he turned to sacred study; he commented upon the Pauline Epistles and engaged Berengar of Tours in eucharistic controversy. He became prominent in the flourishing monastic life of Normandy at Bec and as abbot of Duke William's foundation of Saint-Étienne at Caen. At Canterbury, he was King William's loyal and effective collaborator in renewing and reordering church life, using councils as a principal means. By no means a ‘court-prelate’, Lanfranc may be best characterized as a monk-archbishop, a role in which he was reinforced by being ex-officio abbot of a cathedral monastery at Canterbury. Canterbury's prestige and interests were a major concern; Lanfranc claimed for the see a primacy over the whole British Isles. Towards the great pope of his day, Gregory VII (1073-85), he was surprisingly cool. This is a full scholarly study of Lanfranc. It reconsiders his career and outstanding achievements in all major aspects, focusing on his qualities of wisdom, diligence, and statesmanship.
Paul Laity
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199248353
- eISBN:
- 9780191714672
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199248353.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This book covers the late Victorian and Edwardian peace movement, the campaigns of which made a significant impact on political debate, especially during the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871), the ...
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This book covers the late Victorian and Edwardian peace movement, the campaigns of which made a significant impact on political debate, especially during the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871), the Bulgarian Atrocities campaign (1876–1878), Britain's conflict with Egypt (1882), the South African War (1899–1902), and the intensifying international crisis before 1914. The movement's activists included Richard Cobden, Herbert Spencer, Keir Hardie, J. A. Hobson, and Norman Angell. Among the first to benefit from the opening of the Peace Society Archive, the book focuses on the specialised associations at the heart of the peace movement. It identifies the existence of different programmes for the achievement of a just, permanent peace, and offers a new interpretation of the reaction of peace campaigners to war in 1914.Less
This book covers the late Victorian and Edwardian peace movement, the campaigns of which made a significant impact on political debate, especially during the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871), the Bulgarian Atrocities campaign (1876–1878), Britain's conflict with Egypt (1882), the South African War (1899–1902), and the intensifying international crisis before 1914. The movement's activists included Richard Cobden, Herbert Spencer, Keir Hardie, J. A. Hobson, and Norman Angell. Among the first to benefit from the opening of the Peace Society Archive, the book focuses on the specialised associations at the heart of the peace movement. It identifies the existence of different programmes for the achievement of a just, permanent peace, and offers a new interpretation of the reaction of peace campaigners to war in 1914.
Stephen Baxter
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199230983
- eISBN:
- 9780191710940
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199230983.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This chapter describes the events which led to the fall of the house of Leofwine. It also concludes the book's treatment of the power of earls by showing how Eadwine and Morcar were deprived of it ...
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This chapter describes the events which led to the fall of the house of Leofwine. It also concludes the book's treatment of the power of earls by showing how Eadwine and Morcar were deprived of it between 1066 and 1071. They lacked influence at the Conqueror's court; their political alliances were smashed; they gradually lost their ability to exercise meaningful power in the shires and towns which lay within their earldoms; they were forced to cede territory and property to the Conqueror's followers; their family's network of religious patronage fell apart; and they proved unable to provide good lordship to their men. In short, all of the power structures which had supported the house of Leofwine between 994 and 1066 buckled and collapsed during the first five years of the Conqueror's reign, and this explains why the house itself eventually fell.Less
This chapter describes the events which led to the fall of the house of Leofwine. It also concludes the book's treatment of the power of earls by showing how Eadwine and Morcar were deprived of it between 1066 and 1071. They lacked influence at the Conqueror's court; their political alliances were smashed; they gradually lost their ability to exercise meaningful power in the shires and towns which lay within their earldoms; they were forced to cede territory and property to the Conqueror's followers; their family's network of religious patronage fell apart; and they proved unable to provide good lordship to their men. In short, all of the power structures which had supported the house of Leofwine between 994 and 1066 buckled and collapsed during the first five years of the Conqueror's reign, and this explains why the house itself eventually fell.
Richard Ashdowne and Carolinne White (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780197266083
- eISBN:
- 9780191851476
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197266083.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This collection considers key issues arising from the use of Medieval Latin in Britain from the 6th to 16th centuries. Although in this period Anglo-Latin was not the native language of its users, it ...
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This collection considers key issues arising from the use of Medieval Latin in Britain from the 6th to 16th centuries. Although in this period Anglo-Latin was not the native language of its users, it was nevertheless used extensively for a wide variety of functions from religion, literature, and philosophy to record-keeping and correspondence. It existed alongside a number of everyday native spoken languages, including English, Anglo-Norman French, and Welsh. The chapters examine Latin with regard to the many multilingual contexts in which it was used, looking beyond narrow comparisons with its Roman ancestor to see what medieval users did with Latin and the diverse effects this had on the language. The fifteen chapters are divided into three parts. The first part considers important examples of Latin usage in Britain during four successive periods, pre-Conquest, the 12th, long-14th, and 15th and 16th centuries. In the second part, examples of different spheres of use are examined, including the law, the church, music, and science (and its assimilation of Arabic). In the final part the use of Latin is considered alongside the many native languages of medieval Britain, looking at how the languages had different roles and how they influenced each other. In all the many contexts in which Latin was used, its use reveals continuity matched with adaptation to circumstance, not least in the development of new vocabulary for the language. Between these two poles users of Latin steered a course that suited their own needs and those of their intended audience.Less
This collection considers key issues arising from the use of Medieval Latin in Britain from the 6th to 16th centuries. Although in this period Anglo-Latin was not the native language of its users, it was nevertheless used extensively for a wide variety of functions from religion, literature, and philosophy to record-keeping and correspondence. It existed alongside a number of everyday native spoken languages, including English, Anglo-Norman French, and Welsh. The chapters examine Latin with regard to the many multilingual contexts in which it was used, looking beyond narrow comparisons with its Roman ancestor to see what medieval users did with Latin and the diverse effects this had on the language. The fifteen chapters are divided into three parts. The first part considers important examples of Latin usage in Britain during four successive periods, pre-Conquest, the 12th, long-14th, and 15th and 16th centuries. In the second part, examples of different spheres of use are examined, including the law, the church, music, and science (and its assimilation of Arabic). In the final part the use of Latin is considered alongside the many native languages of medieval Britain, looking at how the languages had different roles and how they influenced each other. In all the many contexts in which Latin was used, its use reveals continuity matched with adaptation to circumstance, not least in the development of new vocabulary for the language. Between these two poles users of Latin steered a course that suited their own needs and those of their intended audience.
Stephen Rippon
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199203826
- eISBN:
- 9780191708282
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199203826.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This chapter examines two case ‐studies in South Wales, where landscapes characterized by villages and common fields were created following the Anglo‐Norman conquest. In south‐east Monmouthshire, an ...
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This chapter examines two case ‐studies in South Wales, where landscapes characterized by villages and common fields were created following the Anglo‐Norman conquest. In south‐east Monmouthshire, an extensive area of coastal marshland was reclaimed and that part which fell within English lordships saw the creation of villages and common fields, while that part which lay within the Welsh lordship of Caerleon had dispersed settlement and enclosed fields. The same is seen on the adjacent dryland areas. In Pembrokeshire, there was a marked north–‐south division in landscape character either side of a twelfth‐century frontier zone—‐the Landsker—‐once again with villages and common fields restricted to the Englishry to the south. Even the architecture of churches, and their position in the landscape, is very different. Flemish settlement may have been significant in some areas.Less
This chapter examines two case ‐studies in South Wales, where landscapes characterized by villages and common fields were created following the Anglo‐Norman conquest. In south‐east Monmouthshire, an extensive area of coastal marshland was reclaimed and that part which fell within English lordships saw the creation of villages and common fields, while that part which lay within the Welsh lordship of Caerleon had dispersed settlement and enclosed fields. The same is seen on the adjacent dryland areas. In Pembrokeshire, there was a marked north–‐south division in landscape character either side of a twelfth‐century frontier zone—‐the Landsker—‐once again with villages and common fields restricted to the Englishry to the south. Even the architecture of churches, and their position in the landscape, is very different. Flemish settlement may have been significant in some areas.
Richard Crouter
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195379679
- eISBN:
- 9780199869169
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195379679.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Chapter 6 treats Niebuhr’s mixed reception among Protestant Christians during his lifetime and today, in popular as well as academic circles. The “positive thinking” and naïve optimism of Norman ...
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Chapter 6 treats Niebuhr’s mixed reception among Protestant Christians during his lifetime and today, in popular as well as academic circles. The “positive thinking” and naïve optimism of Norman Vincent Peale and his contemporary followers are anathema to Niebuhr. Treated with indifference in the “Sojourners movement” around Jim Wallis, Niebuhr’s perspective is honored in the publication First Things. Niebuhr’s most vociferous academic critic, Duke Divinity School’s theological ethicist, Stanley Hauerwas, writes from the perspective of pacifism. This chapter responds to Hauerwas’s critique that Niebuhr’s theology is more pragmatic and naturalistic than theistic, lacks a proper sense of the church, and compromises the radicality of Jesus’s self-giving love. Chapter 6 maintains that Niebuhr is fully within the trajectory of mainstream Christian thinking and argues that Hauerwas, and similar critics, could benefit from Niebuhr’s teaching on sin, humility, and self-awareness of the Christian life. Far from capitulating to a political agenda, Niebuhr’s stress on a radically transcendent deity challenges fundamentalism and the politicized use of religion in our day.Less
Chapter 6 treats Niebuhr’s mixed reception among Protestant Christians during his lifetime and today, in popular as well as academic circles. The “positive thinking” and naïve optimism of Norman Vincent Peale and his contemporary followers are anathema to Niebuhr. Treated with indifference in the “Sojourners movement” around Jim Wallis, Niebuhr’s perspective is honored in the publication First Things. Niebuhr’s most vociferous academic critic, Duke Divinity School’s theological ethicist, Stanley Hauerwas, writes from the perspective of pacifism. This chapter responds to Hauerwas’s critique that Niebuhr’s theology is more pragmatic and naturalistic than theistic, lacks a proper sense of the church, and compromises the radicality of Jesus’s self-giving love. Chapter 6 maintains that Niebuhr is fully within the trajectory of mainstream Christian thinking and argues that Hauerwas, and similar critics, could benefit from Niebuhr’s teaching on sin, humility, and self-awareness of the Christian life. Far from capitulating to a political agenda, Niebuhr’s stress on a radically transcendent deity challenges fundamentalism and the politicized use of religion in our day.
H. E. J. COWDREY
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199259601
- eISBN:
- 9780191717406
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199259601.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
Lanfranc's birthplace, Pavia, had its origin in the Roman municipium of Ticinum which was established before the Christian era on the River Ticino, just north of its confluence with the River Po. ...
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Lanfranc's birthplace, Pavia, had its origin in the Roman municipium of Ticinum which was established before the Christian era on the River Ticino, just north of its confluence with the River Po. Neither Lanfranc's own writings nor anything written about him gives any positive evidence for the impact upon his mind of Pavia's long history or of the events there in his childhood and youth. Yet the environment in which he grew up should be remembered when his later career is studied, most of all in the years during which he was actively engaged in the religious and secular affairs of the Anglo-Norman kingdom. Except for the assured fact of his progress from Pavia to the border of Normandy at Bec, the 1030s are the most obscure decade of Lanfranc's life. This chapter offers a glimpse into Lanfranc's early life, including his family, education, and career.Less
Lanfranc's birthplace, Pavia, had its origin in the Roman municipium of Ticinum which was established before the Christian era on the River Ticino, just north of its confluence with the River Po. Neither Lanfranc's own writings nor anything written about him gives any positive evidence for the impact upon his mind of Pavia's long history or of the events there in his childhood and youth. Yet the environment in which he grew up should be remembered when his later career is studied, most of all in the years during which he was actively engaged in the religious and secular affairs of the Anglo-Norman kingdom. Except for the assured fact of his progress from Pavia to the border of Normandy at Bec, the 1030s are the most obscure decade of Lanfranc's life. This chapter offers a glimpse into Lanfranc's early life, including his family, education, and career.
H. E. J. COWDREY
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199259601
- eISBN:
- 9780191717406
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199259601.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
William II, Duke of Normandy, succeeded to the Duchy of Normandy in 1035 as a boy aged only some 7 years. Some features of the Norman church under Duke William are particularly relevant when ...
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William II, Duke of Normandy, succeeded to the Duchy of Normandy in 1035 as a boy aged only some 7 years. Some features of the Norman church under Duke William are particularly relevant when considering the position of Lanfranc. One was the series of church councils which were held in the Duchy, perhaps beginning in 1042. There can be no doubt that both contemporary and later sources understate Lanfranc's contacts and association during his monastic years with the reform papacy which was ushered in by the Emperor Henry III's intervention at Rome in 1046 and especially by the energetic pontificate of Leo IX (1049-1054). All the evidence suggests that Lanfranc was to the core a man of the early reform papacy from Pope Leo IX to Pope Alexander II. He knew and was known by its leading Roman personalities, sharing their principles and purposes.Less
William II, Duke of Normandy, succeeded to the Duchy of Normandy in 1035 as a boy aged only some 7 years. Some features of the Norman church under Duke William are particularly relevant when considering the position of Lanfranc. One was the series of church councils which were held in the Duchy, perhaps beginning in 1042. There can be no doubt that both contemporary and later sources understate Lanfranc's contacts and association during his monastic years with the reform papacy which was ushered in by the Emperor Henry III's intervention at Rome in 1046 and especially by the energetic pontificate of Leo IX (1049-1054). All the evidence suggests that Lanfranc was to the core a man of the early reform papacy from Pope Leo IX to Pope Alexander II. He knew and was known by its leading Roman personalities, sharing their principles and purposes.
John Gillingham
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199285464
- eISBN:
- 9780191700330
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199285464.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
In the contemporary Annals of Tigernach and in The Song of Dermot and the Earl, it was the English who were singled out for their group identity in the invasion of Ireland; and it was as ‘the ...
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In the contemporary Annals of Tigernach and in The Song of Dermot and the Earl, it was the English who were singled out for their group identity in the invasion of Ireland; and it was as ‘the conquest of the English’ that the settlement came to be remembered. For many centuries this remained the dominant usage. Only in the late 19th century, by analogy with the Norman conquest of England, did the ‘Norman invasion’ of Ireland become the preferred term. In the 20th century this usage became firmly established among Irish historians and archaeologists, though some prefer hybrids, unknown to contemporaries, such as ‘Anglo-Norman’ or ‘Anglo-French’. Both the general reader and the student of modern history could be forgiven for assuming that the Norman turn followed the advance of modern scholarship, and that ‘Norman’ was more accurate, better corresponding to 12th-century reality. This chapter argues that in fact precisely the opposite was the case.Less
In the contemporary Annals of Tigernach and in The Song of Dermot and the Earl, it was the English who were singled out for their group identity in the invasion of Ireland; and it was as ‘the conquest of the English’ that the settlement came to be remembered. For many centuries this remained the dominant usage. Only in the late 19th century, by analogy with the Norman conquest of England, did the ‘Norman invasion’ of Ireland become the preferred term. In the 20th century this usage became firmly established among Irish historians and archaeologists, though some prefer hybrids, unknown to contemporaries, such as ‘Anglo-Norman’ or ‘Anglo-French’. Both the general reader and the student of modern history could be forgiven for assuming that the Norman turn followed the advance of modern scholarship, and that ‘Norman’ was more accurate, better corresponding to 12th-century reality. This chapter argues that in fact precisely the opposite was the case.
