Elizabeth Rose
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195395075
- eISBN:
- 9780199775767
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195395075.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
How did the United States move from seeing preschool as a way to give the nation's poorest children a “head start” to seeing preschool as the beginning of public education for all children? Advocates ...
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How did the United States move from seeing preschool as a way to give the nation's poorest children a “head start” to seeing preschool as the beginning of public education for all children? Advocates and policymakers have recently had remarkable success at expanding preschool in many parts of the country, and are gaining support for federal action as well. Yet questions still remain about the best ways to shape policy that will fulfill the promise of preschool. The Promise of Preschool investigates how policy choices in the past forty‐five years—such as the creation of Head Start in the 1960s, efforts to craft a child care system in the 1970s, and the campaign to reform K‐12 schooling in the 1980s—helped shape the decisions that policymakers are now making about early education. In addition to exploring the sources of today's preschool movement, the book also examines policy questions such as, should preschool be provided to all children, or just to the neediest? Should it be run by public schools, or incorporate private child care providers? What are the most important ways to ensure educational quality? By looking at these policy issues through the lens of history, the book offers a unique perspective on this important area of education reform, and explores how an understanding of the past can help spur debate about today's decisions.Less
How did the United States move from seeing preschool as a way to give the nation's poorest children a “head start” to seeing preschool as the beginning of public education for all children? Advocates and policymakers have recently had remarkable success at expanding preschool in many parts of the country, and are gaining support for federal action as well. Yet questions still remain about the best ways to shape policy that will fulfill the promise of preschool. The Promise of Preschool investigates how policy choices in the past forty‐five years—such as the creation of Head Start in the 1960s, efforts to craft a child care system in the 1970s, and the campaign to reform K‐12 schooling in the 1980s—helped shape the decisions that policymakers are now making about early education. In addition to exploring the sources of today's preschool movement, the book also examines policy questions such as, should preschool be provided to all children, or just to the neediest? Should it be run by public schools, or incorporate private child care providers? What are the most important ways to ensure educational quality? By looking at these policy issues through the lens of history, the book offers a unique perspective on this important area of education reform, and explores how an understanding of the past can help spur debate about today's decisions.
Jamie Peck
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199580576
- eISBN:
- 9780191595240
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199580576.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
This chapter examines the project of the ‘new urban right’, highlighting the role of neoliberal think tanks and their ‘organic intellectuals’ in the development of new policy frames and strategies. ...
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This chapter examines the project of the ‘new urban right’, highlighting the role of neoliberal think tanks and their ‘organic intellectuals’ in the development of new policy frames and strategies. It begins with the right's narration of urban crises in post-1975 New York City before examining the neoliberal makeover of New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina. During this time, welfarist modes of urban governance have been displaced by a dogmatic (but at the same time inventive) form of neoliberal urbanism, based on the moral reregulation of the poor, together with state-assisted efforts to reclaim the city for business, the middle classes, and the market. Yet neoliberal urbanism has also been an adaptive project, evolving over time and space: if the shift in the ideational climate was a slow, incremental, and largely endogenous one in New York, it roared in from out of town, with violent intensity, in New Orleans.Less
This chapter examines the project of the ‘new urban right’, highlighting the role of neoliberal think tanks and their ‘organic intellectuals’ in the development of new policy frames and strategies. It begins with the right's narration of urban crises in post-1975 New York City before examining the neoliberal makeover of New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina. During this time, welfarist modes of urban governance have been displaced by a dogmatic (but at the same time inventive) form of neoliberal urbanism, based on the moral reregulation of the poor, together with state-assisted efforts to reclaim the city for business, the middle classes, and the market. Yet neoliberal urbanism has also been an adaptive project, evolving over time and space: if the shift in the ideational climate was a slow, incremental, and largely endogenous one in New York, it roared in from out of town, with violent intensity, in New Orleans.
Chris Beneke
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195305555
- eISBN:
- 9780199784899
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195305558.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter examines religious discourse in mid-century America, which was characterized by unprecedented ecumenism and surprisingly widespread praise for integration. Beginning in the mid-1740s, ...
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This chapter examines religious discourse in mid-century America, which was characterized by unprecedented ecumenism and surprisingly widespread praise for integration. Beginning in the mid-1740s, religious writers stressed the common principles that Protestants of all denominations shared. During the same period, colonial institutions of many types declared themselves “open to all parties” — by which they usually meant all religious parties. Extended accounts of the Free Mason movement, the legislative assemblies of New York and Philadelphia, and the fight for control of King’s College (Columbia University), demonstrate a growing consciousness of religious diversity and the increasing priority accorded to interdenominational cooperation.Less
This chapter examines religious discourse in mid-century America, which was characterized by unprecedented ecumenism and surprisingly widespread praise for integration. Beginning in the mid-1740s, religious writers stressed the common principles that Protestants of all denominations shared. During the same period, colonial institutions of many types declared themselves “open to all parties” — by which they usually meant all religious parties. Extended accounts of the Free Mason movement, the legislative assemblies of New York and Philadelphia, and the fight for control of King’s College (Columbia University), demonstrate a growing consciousness of religious diversity and the increasing priority accorded to interdenominational cooperation.
THELMA WILLS FOOTE
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195165371
- eISBN:
- 9780199871735
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195165371.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter shows that the disciplinary mechanism of antiblack racism became a key instrument of governance in colonial New York City. It notes that New York City's Slave Revolt of 1712 was the act ...
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This chapter shows that the disciplinary mechanism of antiblack racism became a key instrument of governance in colonial New York City. It notes that New York City's Slave Revolt of 1712 was the act of unculturated native Africans and other slaves, who from their own distinctive worldviews, regarded colonial New York's institution of slavery as an unjust social relation. It demonstrates the specter of interracial sexual desire, especially in households where slave owners and their families lived under the same roof with black Africans.Less
This chapter shows that the disciplinary mechanism of antiblack racism became a key instrument of governance in colonial New York City. It notes that New York City's Slave Revolt of 1712 was the act of unculturated native Africans and other slaves, who from their own distinctive worldviews, regarded colonial New York's institution of slavery as an unjust social relation. It demonstrates the specter of interracial sexual desire, especially in households where slave owners and their families lived under the same roof with black Africans.
Franklin E. Zimring
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195181159
- eISBN:
- 9780199944132
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195181159.003.0071
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
This chapter examines crime in New York City, but uses New York as a laboratory for new theories about the linkage between crime and social structure in urban American life. New York City received a ...
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This chapter examines crime in New York City, but uses New York as a laboratory for new theories about the linkage between crime and social structure in urban American life. New York City received a double dose of crime decline in the 1990s, with serious crimes such as murder, robbery, and auto theft dropping by more than 70%. The chapter first explores the size and character of the city's crime decline, comparing what happened in New York City with the national pattern. Second, it estimates the incremental portion of the city's total crime decline that might be the subject of a separate evaluation. Third, it probes the particular history of the city during the 1990s, searching for atypical social or policy shifts that might qualify as the explanation of the city's incremental crime decline. Fourth, it addresses the lessons to be learned from the city's adventures in the 1990s. The city stands as an example of dramatic changes in the rate and risk of violent crime without major social, economic, or ecological changes.Less
This chapter examines crime in New York City, but uses New York as a laboratory for new theories about the linkage between crime and social structure in urban American life. New York City received a double dose of crime decline in the 1990s, with serious crimes such as murder, robbery, and auto theft dropping by more than 70%. The chapter first explores the size and character of the city's crime decline, comparing what happened in New York City with the national pattern. Second, it estimates the incremental portion of the city's total crime decline that might be the subject of a separate evaluation. Third, it probes the particular history of the city during the 1990s, searching for atypical social or policy shifts that might qualify as the explanation of the city's incremental crime decline. Fourth, it addresses the lessons to be learned from the city's adventures in the 1990s. The city stands as an example of dramatic changes in the rate and risk of violent crime without major social, economic, or ecological changes.
THELMA WILLS FOOTE
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195165371
- eISBN:
- 9780199871735
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195165371.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter tracks the project of colony building on Manhattan Island following the English takeover of the North American territory previously called New Netherland and renamed New York. It shows ...
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This chapter tracks the project of colony building on Manhattan Island following the English takeover of the North American territory previously called New Netherland and renamed New York. It shows that the labor imperatives of colony building produced a pattern of widespread slave ownership. It adds that the colonization project on Manhattan Island, in town and in the surrounding countryside, resulted in a mixed system of labor that combined slavery indentured servitude, and wage labor and brought a diverse population from various birth places, religions, and languages to the island-peninsula.Less
This chapter tracks the project of colony building on Manhattan Island following the English takeover of the North American territory previously called New Netherland and renamed New York. It shows that the labor imperatives of colony building produced a pattern of widespread slave ownership. It adds that the colonization project on Manhattan Island, in town and in the surrounding countryside, resulted in a mixed system of labor that combined slavery indentured servitude, and wage labor and brought a diverse population from various birth places, religions, and languages to the island-peninsula.
Janet L. Abu-Lughod
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195328752
- eISBN:
- 9780199944057
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195328752.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
Racial tensions have been recurring phenomena deeply embedded in New York City's past, as they have been in American history in general. Among others, there were significant protests in Harlem in ...
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Racial tensions have been recurring phenomena deeply embedded in New York City's past, as they have been in American history in general. Among others, there were significant protests in Harlem in 1935 and again in 1943 that prefigured the types of ghetto revolts that would come to be characteristic in other cities in the late 1960s. These culminated in the 1964 Harlem riot that spread almost instantaneously to the city's “Second Ghetto” in Brooklyn, Bedford-Stuyvesant. The immediate casus belli of the 1935 Harlem riot was when a sixteen-year-old boy was apprehended and accused of stealing a penknife from Kress's variety store on the busy commercial thoroughfare of 125th Street in Harlem. The immediate casus belli of the 1943 Harlem revolt was an altercation between a white policeman and a female black client at a local hotel.Less
Racial tensions have been recurring phenomena deeply embedded in New York City's past, as they have been in American history in general. Among others, there were significant protests in Harlem in 1935 and again in 1943 that prefigured the types of ghetto revolts that would come to be characteristic in other cities in the late 1960s. These culminated in the 1964 Harlem riot that spread almost instantaneously to the city's “Second Ghetto” in Brooklyn, Bedford-Stuyvesant. The immediate casus belli of the 1935 Harlem riot was when a sixteen-year-old boy was apprehended and accused of stealing a penknife from Kress's variety store on the busy commercial thoroughfare of 125th Street in Harlem. The immediate casus belli of the 1943 Harlem revolt was an altercation between a white policeman and a female black client at a local hotel.
Janet L. Abu-Lughod
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195328752
- eISBN:
- 9780199944057
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195328752.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
Despite the construction of massive amounts of subsidized housing assigned on a nondiscriminatory basis, the existence of a longstanding and vigorous set of social and political institutions in the ...
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Despite the construction of massive amounts of subsidized housing assigned on a nondiscriminatory basis, the existence of a longstanding and vigorous set of social and political institutions in the black community, as well as a mayor's office dedicated to defusing racial tensions and “empowering” minority leaders by appointing blacks to higher offices and to civil service positions, the city of New York did not remain immune to the rising national racial tensions of the 1960s. Significantly, the rallying cry was once again police brutality, although the incident that triggered the prolonged and better organized protests was hardly as “minor” as a fruit riot, nor did it begin within the confines of Harlem.Less
Despite the construction of massive amounts of subsidized housing assigned on a nondiscriminatory basis, the existence of a longstanding and vigorous set of social and political institutions in the black community, as well as a mayor's office dedicated to defusing racial tensions and “empowering” minority leaders by appointing blacks to higher offices and to civil service positions, the city of New York did not remain immune to the rising national racial tensions of the 1960s. Significantly, the rallying cry was once again police brutality, although the incident that triggered the prolonged and better organized protests was hardly as “minor” as a fruit riot, nor did it begin within the confines of Harlem.
Chris Beneke
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195305555
- eISBN:
- 9780199784899
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195305558.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
The conclusion delineates the 19th-century boundaries of American religious pluralism. Those limits emerged most clearly in the persistence of anti-Semitism, the violence inflicted upon Mormons in ...
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The conclusion delineates the 19th-century boundaries of American religious pluralism. Those limits emerged most clearly in the persistence of anti-Semitism, the violence inflicted upon Mormons in western New York, Illinois, and Missouri, and the vitriolic common school debates of 1840 and 1841, which pitted New York’s Roman Catholic leaders against the Protestant-dominated Public School Society. In the case of the Mormons and the Catholics, especially, the 18th-century formula of equal rights for private worship and public inclusion failed. Anonymous living in the increasingly populous cities and the vast expanses of cheap land in the west allowed religious groups to avoid integration. Meanwhile, the continued dominance of Calvinist Protestantism made such isolation attractive. Yet, an important precedent had already been set. The success that early Americans had in maintaining civil peace and encouraging cooperative endeavors between different religious groups provided a reassuring template for future encounters with diversity.Less
The conclusion delineates the 19th-century boundaries of American religious pluralism. Those limits emerged most clearly in the persistence of anti-Semitism, the violence inflicted upon Mormons in western New York, Illinois, and Missouri, and the vitriolic common school debates of 1840 and 1841, which pitted New York’s Roman Catholic leaders against the Protestant-dominated Public School Society. In the case of the Mormons and the Catholics, especially, the 18th-century formula of equal rights for private worship and public inclusion failed. Anonymous living in the increasingly populous cities and the vast expanses of cheap land in the west allowed religious groups to avoid integration. Meanwhile, the continued dominance of Calvinist Protestantism made such isolation attractive. Yet, an important precedent had already been set. The success that early Americans had in maintaining civil peace and encouraging cooperative endeavors between different religious groups provided a reassuring template for future encounters with diversity.
charles Dellheim
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199251902
- eISBN:
- 9780191719059
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199251902.003.0009
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
This chapter focuses on the economic culture of Jews with particular emphasis on myths and practices. While steering clear of essentialist assumptions about intrinsic ‘racial traits’, it asks whether ...
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This chapter focuses on the economic culture of Jews with particular emphasis on myths and practices. While steering clear of essentialist assumptions about intrinsic ‘racial traits’, it asks whether there was, in fact, anything distinctive about the attitudes and activities of Jewish entrepreneurs. It examines ‘Shylock's shadow’, the scurrilous stereotypes that pictured Jews as greedy, materialistic, and acquisitive; the historical and sociological literature regarding Jewish economic behaviour; and the role of Jews in specific sectors of the American economy, notably in book publishing. It is argued that the Jewish experience in American business underlines the role of social marginality as an important source of innovation.Less
This chapter focuses on the economic culture of Jews with particular emphasis on myths and practices. While steering clear of essentialist assumptions about intrinsic ‘racial traits’, it asks whether there was, in fact, anything distinctive about the attitudes and activities of Jewish entrepreneurs. It examines ‘Shylock's shadow’, the scurrilous stereotypes that pictured Jews as greedy, materialistic, and acquisitive; the historical and sociological literature regarding Jewish economic behaviour; and the role of Jews in specific sectors of the American economy, notably in book publishing. It is argued that the Jewish experience in American business underlines the role of social marginality as an important source of innovation.
Maurice Peress
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195098228
- eISBN:
- 9780199869817
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195098228.003.0010
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
This chapter details how the author of this book meets Leonard Bernstein and starts working with him as an assistant conductor with the New York Philharmonic 1961-2. He then takes part in the less ...
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This chapter details how the author of this book meets Leonard Bernstein and starts working with him as an assistant conductor with the New York Philharmonic 1961-2. He then takes part in the less than successful move to Lincoln Center, starts a professional conducting career that will lead to major orchestra and opera engagements including the premier of Bernstein's Mass, and his later reconstructions of American landmark concerts.Less
This chapter details how the author of this book meets Leonard Bernstein and starts working with him as an assistant conductor with the New York Philharmonic 1961-2. He then takes part in the less than successful move to Lincoln Center, starts a professional conducting career that will lead to major orchestra and opera engagements including the premier of Bernstein's Mass, and his later reconstructions of American landmark concerts.
Janet L. Abu-Lughod
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195328752
- eISBN:
- 9780199944057
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195328752.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
Almost half a century has now elapsed since the 1960s when African American neighborhoods in more than 300 cities experienced civil disorders or ghetto uprisings. The book looks in detail at six ...
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Almost half a century has now elapsed since the 1960s when African American neighborhoods in more than 300 cities experienced civil disorders or ghetto uprisings. The book looks in detail at six major race-related riots/revolts, which represent distinctive types and took place within different spatially organized patterns of segregation. If space is one key to understanding such changes, time is of course the second. No city's experiences are independent of larger historical trends, even though they may be played out in ways that are relatively unique to place. This chapter reviews the temporal cycles of population movements and interracial relations, chiefly as they have affected coexistence and conflict in three cities—Chicago, New York, and Los Angeles.Less
Almost half a century has now elapsed since the 1960s when African American neighborhoods in more than 300 cities experienced civil disorders or ghetto uprisings. The book looks in detail at six major race-related riots/revolts, which represent distinctive types and took place within different spatially organized patterns of segregation. If space is one key to understanding such changes, time is of course the second. No city's experiences are independent of larger historical trends, even though they may be played out in ways that are relatively unique to place. This chapter reviews the temporal cycles of population movements and interracial relations, chiefly as they have affected coexistence and conflict in three cities—Chicago, New York, and Los Angeles.
Janet L. Abu-Lughod
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195328752
- eISBN:
- 9780199944057
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195328752.003.0008
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
This chapter draws the different themes together, comparing the relative success each city—Los Angeles, New York, and Chicago—has had in resolving the tensions that lead to riots. These differences ...
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This chapter draws the different themes together, comparing the relative success each city—Los Angeles, New York, and Chicago—has had in resolving the tensions that lead to riots. These differences are related to each place's unique history and governmental structure and the political culture it has evolved through social learning. It also examines recent trends in the three cities, focusing especially on policies designed to achieve greater control over offensive/provocative police behavior. Finally, the chapter looks at prospects for achieving social justice in the face of current trends in mass incarceration and the displacement of minorities, and the potential conflicts between blacks and Latinos in declining economies. Within each group, as in American society in general, class cleavages are becoming greater.Less
This chapter draws the different themes together, comparing the relative success each city—Los Angeles, New York, and Chicago—has had in resolving the tensions that lead to riots. These differences are related to each place's unique history and governmental structure and the political culture it has evolved through social learning. It also examines recent trends in the three cities, focusing especially on policies designed to achieve greater control over offensive/provocative police behavior. Finally, the chapter looks at prospects for achieving social justice in the face of current trends in mass incarceration and the displacement of minorities, and the potential conflicts between blacks and Latinos in declining economies. Within each group, as in American society in general, class cleavages are becoming greater.
Federico Varese
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691128559
- eISBN:
- 9781400836727
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691128559.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
From the mid-nineteenth century, many Sicilians, including members of the mafia, were on the move. After sketching the contours of the mafia in Sicily in the nineteenth century, this chapter outlines ...
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From the mid-nineteenth century, many Sicilians, including members of the mafia, were on the move. After sketching the contours of the mafia in Sicily in the nineteenth century, this chapter outlines the parallel history of Italian migration and mafia activities in New York City and Rosario, Argentina, and offers an analytic account of the diverging outcomes. Only in the North American city did a mafia that resembled the Sicilian one emerge. The Prohibition provided an enormous boost to both the personnel and power of Italian organized crime. The risk of punishment was low, the gains to be made were enormous, and there was no social stigma attached to this trade.Less
From the mid-nineteenth century, many Sicilians, including members of the mafia, were on the move. After sketching the contours of the mafia in Sicily in the nineteenth century, this chapter outlines the parallel history of Italian migration and mafia activities in New York City and Rosario, Argentina, and offers an analytic account of the diverging outcomes. Only in the North American city did a mafia that resembled the Sicilian one emerge. The Prohibition provided an enormous boost to both the personnel and power of Italian organized crime. The risk of punishment was low, the gains to be made were enormous, and there was no social stigma attached to this trade.
Jorunn Jacobsen Buckley
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195153859
- eISBN:
- 9780199834051
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195153855.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion in the Ancient World
The Mandaeans are a Gnostic sect that arose in the Middle East around the same time as Christianity. Although it is one of the few religious traditions that can legitimately claim a 2000‐year ...
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The Mandaeans are a Gnostic sect that arose in the Middle East around the same time as Christianity. Although it is one of the few religious traditions that can legitimately claim a 2000‐year literary history, there has been very little written about them in English. What little study of the religion there has been has focused on the ancient Mandaeans and their relationship to early Christianity. This book examines the lives and religion of contemporary Mandaeans, who live mainly in Iran and Iraq but also in diaspora communities throughout the world, including New York and San Diego (USA). The author seeks to cross the boundaries between the traditional history‐of‐religions study of the Mandaean religion (which ignores the existence of living Mandaeans) and the beliefs and practices of contemporary Mandaeans. She provides a comprehensive introduction to the religion, examining some of its central texts, mythological figures, and rituals, and looking at surviving Mandaean communities – showing how their ancient texts inform the living religion, and vice versa. The book is arranged in three parts: Beginnings; Rituals; and Native hermeneutics. A glossary and extensive endnotes are included.Less
The Mandaeans are a Gnostic sect that arose in the Middle East around the same time as Christianity. Although it is one of the few religious traditions that can legitimately claim a 2000‐year literary history, there has been very little written about them in English. What little study of the religion there has been has focused on the ancient Mandaeans and their relationship to early Christianity. This book examines the lives and religion of contemporary Mandaeans, who live mainly in Iran and Iraq but also in diaspora communities throughout the world, including New York and San Diego (USA). The author seeks to cross the boundaries between the traditional history‐of‐religions study of the Mandaean religion (which ignores the existence of living Mandaeans) and the beliefs and practices of contemporary Mandaeans. She provides a comprehensive introduction to the religion, examining some of its central texts, mythological figures, and rituals, and looking at surviving Mandaean communities – showing how their ancient texts inform the living religion, and vice versa. The book is arranged in three parts: Beginnings; Rituals; and Native hermeneutics. A glossary and extensive endnotes are included.
Mark Valeri
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195390971
- eISBN:
- 9780199777099
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195390971.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity, Church History
This chapter explores the mixed history of Calvin’s influence on economic mores and practices in early America. It retraces Calvin’s ideal for economic discipline over the emergent market in Geneva. ...
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This chapter explores the mixed history of Calvin’s influence on economic mores and practices in early America. It retraces Calvin’s ideal for economic discipline over the emergent market in Geneva. It shows how three different communities in colonial America transposed Calvinist ideals: Puritans in Boston, with their localized conceptions of social order; Dutch Reformed leaders in New York, with their urbane mercantile associations; and Huguenots in Charleston, with their dispersed social networks. Calvin promulgated a flexible and pragmatic approach to scripture that allowed his adherents to adapt economic instruction to the needs of their religious communities. Early American Calvinists followed this method when they transformed their teaching about commerce and the nascent market economy in the context of colonization. Throughout, this chapter challenges how the Weber thesis has been misapplied to the American context.Less
This chapter explores the mixed history of Calvin’s influence on economic mores and practices in early America. It retraces Calvin’s ideal for economic discipline over the emergent market in Geneva. It shows how three different communities in colonial America transposed Calvinist ideals: Puritans in Boston, with their localized conceptions of social order; Dutch Reformed leaders in New York, with their urbane mercantile associations; and Huguenots in Charleston, with their dispersed social networks. Calvin promulgated a flexible and pragmatic approach to scripture that allowed his adherents to adapt economic instruction to the needs of their religious communities. Early American Calvinists followed this method when they transformed their teaching about commerce and the nascent market economy in the context of colonization. Throughout, this chapter challenges how the Weber thesis has been misapplied to the American context.
THELMA WILLS FOOTE
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195165371
- eISBN:
- 9780199871735
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195165371.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter reveals that, by the 1740s, interracial socializing among colonial New York City's subaltern population of enslaved blacks, propertyless white servants, and transients troubled ruling ...
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This chapter reveals that, by the 1740s, interracial socializing among colonial New York City's subaltern population of enslaved blacks, propertyless white servants, and transients troubled ruling elite and its binary racial division of society. It explains that with the additional threat of an impending Spanish invasion, the aggravation of an unsolved crime wave, and the outbreak of a mysterious rash of fire during the winter of 1741-42, fear of the city's dangerous classes crystallized in the discovery of the “plot of 1741-42,” an alleged conspiracy among enslaved blacks and several white outsiders accused of plotting together in secret to overthrow English rule, murder the city's white male settler population, enslave white females in harems, and establish a “Negro regime” under the protection of Catholic Spain.Less
This chapter reveals that, by the 1740s, interracial socializing among colonial New York City's subaltern population of enslaved blacks, propertyless white servants, and transients troubled ruling elite and its binary racial division of society. It explains that with the additional threat of an impending Spanish invasion, the aggravation of an unsolved crime wave, and the outbreak of a mysterious rash of fire during the winter of 1741-42, fear of the city's dangerous classes crystallized in the discovery of the “plot of 1741-42,” an alleged conspiracy among enslaved blacks and several white outsiders accused of plotting together in secret to overthrow English rule, murder the city's white male settler population, enslave white females in harems, and establish a “Negro regime” under the protection of Catholic Spain.
Ranald C. Michie
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199280612
- eISBN:
- 9780191712784
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199280612.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
This chapter discusses developments in the global securities market from 1970 to 1990. It shows that growth and development in the global securities market in the 1970s and 1980s were marked by two ...
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This chapter discusses developments in the global securities market from 1970 to 1990. It shows that growth and development in the global securities market in the 1970s and 1980s were marked by two major turning points: the abolition of fixed commissions on the New York Stock Exchange in May 1975, which put pressure on stock exchanges in the US and around the world; and the Big Bang in London in October 1986, which not only transformed the British securities market but also intensified the pressure for change which had already been experienced by other stock exchanges, especially in Europe. By 1990, the effects of these twin developments were visible worldwide. The securities markets re-emerged as essential components of national financial systems whilst the global securities market once again became a key element in the financial flows that brought stability to the international monetary system.Less
This chapter discusses developments in the global securities market from 1970 to 1990. It shows that growth and development in the global securities market in the 1970s and 1980s were marked by two major turning points: the abolition of fixed commissions on the New York Stock Exchange in May 1975, which put pressure on stock exchanges in the US and around the world; and the Big Bang in London in October 1986, which not only transformed the British securities market but also intensified the pressure for change which had already been experienced by other stock exchanges, especially in Europe. By 1990, the effects of these twin developments were visible worldwide. The securities markets re-emerged as essential components of national financial systems whilst the global securities market once again became a key element in the financial flows that brought stability to the international monetary system.
Benjamin L. Carp
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195304022
- eISBN:
- 9780199788606
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304022.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
City dwellers collected together in taverns to eat and drink, converse, exchange news and information, and debate politics. New York City stood at the pinnacle of alcohol consumption, communication, ...
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City dwellers collected together in taverns to eat and drink, converse, exchange news and information, and debate politics. New York City stood at the pinnacle of alcohol consumption, communication, and sociability in the American colonies. New York's taverns and grogshops frequently played host to British officers, troops, and sailors, bringing the Sons of Liberty and friends of government face to face. Clubs and associations, laws and polite hierarchies were in place to maintain an orderly tavern setting. Yet rebels and other dissenters often capitalized on the entropic, drunken atmosphere of taverns to create societal disorder and political upheaval. In the complex world of New York politics, whichever faction could organize and rally tavern companies would have the greatest success at mobilizing the populace. During the imperial crisis, taverns or public houses brought together a cross‐class political network that was necessary for the coherence of a revolutionary alliance.Less
City dwellers collected together in taverns to eat and drink, converse, exchange news and information, and debate politics. New York City stood at the pinnacle of alcohol consumption, communication, and sociability in the American colonies. New York's taverns and grogshops frequently played host to British officers, troops, and sailors, bringing the Sons of Liberty and friends of government face to face. Clubs and associations, laws and polite hierarchies were in place to maintain an orderly tavern setting. Yet rebels and other dissenters often capitalized on the entropic, drunken atmosphere of taverns to create societal disorder and political upheaval. In the complex world of New York politics, whichever faction could organize and rally tavern companies would have the greatest success at mobilizing the populace. During the imperial crisis, taverns or public houses brought together a cross‐class political network that was necessary for the coherence of a revolutionary alliance.
Franklin E. Zimring
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199844425
- eISBN:
- 9780199943357
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199844425.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
The lesson of Chapter 1 is that New York City has experienced a decline in rates of serious crime that is unprecedented in modern American history. This chapter focuses on the current circumstances ...
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The lesson of Chapter 1 is that New York City has experienced a decline in rates of serious crime that is unprecedented in modern American history. This chapter focuses on the current circumstances of this largest of American cities. Is the city safe? And if so, compared to what? The method of analysis here is to present three different layers of comparison for the current circumstances of New York City. The first analysis looks at crime rates and risks in New York in 2009 in comparison with its 1990 circumstances—to compare the city with its former conditions and to repeat this comparison for the four major boroughs of the city. A second series of comparisons involves the current circumstances of the other major cities in the United States, not simply as a matter of statistical ranking but of the relative risk run by individuals for “fear crimes.” A third layer of comparison measures New York's current circumstances against other major cities in the developed world. How does New York City in its current condition measure up against London, Paris, Tokyo, and Sydney?Less
The lesson of Chapter 1 is that New York City has experienced a decline in rates of serious crime that is unprecedented in modern American history. This chapter focuses on the current circumstances of this largest of American cities. Is the city safe? And if so, compared to what? The method of analysis here is to present three different layers of comparison for the current circumstances of New York City. The first analysis looks at crime rates and risks in New York in 2009 in comparison with its 1990 circumstances—to compare the city with its former conditions and to repeat this comparison for the four major boroughs of the city. A second series of comparisons involves the current circumstances of the other major cities in the United States, not simply as a matter of statistical ranking but of the relative risk run by individuals for “fear crimes.” A third layer of comparison measures New York's current circumstances against other major cities in the developed world. How does New York City in its current condition measure up against London, Paris, Tokyo, and Sydney?
