Search Results

“Todos me llaman El Gringo”: Place, Identity, and Erasure within the New Mexico Hispano Music Scene

Lillian Gorman

in Transnational Encounters: Music and Performance at the U.S.-Mexico Border

This chapter explores the difficult relationship between the ideas of appropriation, dispossession, authenticity, and sincerity behind any trans-ethnic musical borrowing. Through a critique of El ... More

This chapter explores the difficult relationship between the ideas of appropriation, dispossession, authenticity, and sincerity behind any trans-ethnic musical borrowing. Through a critique of El Gringo, an Anglo musician who has developed a musical persona through the adoption of Nuevomexicana music, the author problematizes Madrid's notion of “dialectical soundings” suggesting that music and its performance might not only make visible hidden social stories and experiences, but in fact could also work as an active force in some processes of cultural and ethnic erasure.Less

“The Slavery Excitement Seems Likely to Obliterate Party Lines”

Michael F. Holt

in The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War

The intensification of sectional squabbling over slavery extension proved an even more formidable obstacle to Zachary Taylor's hope of winning immediate statehood for California and New Mexico and ... More

The intensification of sectional squabbling over slavery extension proved an even more formidable obstacle to Zachary Taylor's hope of winning immediate statehood for California and New Mexico and thereby finessing the explosive Wilmot Proviso. This situation—a crippled president, a fractious and angry congressional party, a grave sectional crisis over the territories—thus presented an opportunity for Henry Clay to pursue a course that many had predicted from the day of his election to the Senate. As intraparty rivalries intensified, moreover, interparty conflict with Democrats, which had always counteracted those centrifugal forces in the past, weakened perceptibly. Whigs of all varieties—Northerners and Southerners, pro- and anti-administration men, compromisers and anticompromisers—found themselves compelled to cooperate with Democrats of some kind. Sectional divisions over slavery helped blur Whig party differences.Less

New Mexico and ‘Manitos at the Borderlands of Popular Music in Greater Mexico

Brenda M. Romero

in Transnational Encounters: Music and Performance at the U.S.-Mexico Border

In this chapter the author guides the reader through a journey through the complex ways in which music has facilitated the consolidation of a ‘Manito identity within the ethnically contested ... More

In this chapter the author guides the reader through a journey through the complex ways in which music has facilitated the consolidation of a ‘Manito identity within the ethnically contested discourses of belonging that have been historically developed by Nuevomexicanos to negotiate their heritage at the margins of the American nation. Such ‘Manito identity takes language and its expression through song as a space where cultural, ethnic, regional, and transnational alliances are possibleLess

Mission Architecture and Colonial Civility, 1904–1920

Charles Montgomery

in The Spanish Redemption: Heritage, Power, and Loss on New Mexico's Upper Rio Grande

This chapter reviews the rise of Spanish colonial imagery in architectural design. Indians in the 1880s were ready to be observed, studied, and even glorified. Supported by the railroad, tourism in ... More

This chapter reviews the rise of Spanish colonial imagery in architectural design. Indians in the 1880s were ready to be observed, studied, and even glorified. Supported by the railroad, tourism in turn-of-the-century New Mexico was transformed from a haphazard excursion among curio shops into a well-orchestrated encounter with Native American cultures. The connection between the railroad and a Spanish heritage was indirect: the line of influence ran first to southern California. The source of New Mexico's architectural inspiration was the railroad. Amid the claims and counterclaims, New Mexicans dedicated the Museum of Fine Arts. The Museum of New Mexico was devoted principally to the study of Native American archaeology and culture. The rejection presented indicated the racial inequality lurking behind perorations on a Spanish colonial civilization.Less

The Race Issue and the “Spanish-American” in Party Politics, 1900–1920

Charles Montgomery

in The Spanish Redemption: Heritage, Power, and Loss on New Mexico's Upper Rio Grande

This chapter addresses the rise of Spanish colonial imagery in party politics. The relatively low incidence of racial violence and the tendency to change the subject were both characteristic of New ... More

This chapter addresses the rise of Spanish colonial imagery in party politics. The relatively low incidence of racial violence and the tendency to change the subject were both characteristic of New Mexico's so-called race issue. In a period of heightening racial tension, “Spanish-American” and Hispano-Americano offered both groups the rhetorical means to express their separate interests, yet only in a social and political context increasingly controlled by Anglos. Shifts in wealth and political power explain why Anglos drew racial distinctions in the first place. New Mexico's modern Spanish heritage arose in a conservative political climate, a climate wholly congenial to the rhetorical transformation of benighted “Mexicans” into the civilized, if still humble, bearers of a distinctive Spanish colonial inheritance.Less

The Revival of Spanish Colonial Arts, 1924–1936

Charles Montgomery

in The Spanish Redemption: Heritage, Power, and Loss on New Mexico's Upper Rio Grande

This chapter investigates how manual arts were seen, rather quixotically, as a means of both preserving the folk from modern America and integrating them into a regional economy. The cachet of ... More

This chapter investigates how manual arts were seen, rather quixotically, as a means of both preserving the folk from modern America and integrating them into a regional economy. The cachet of “Spanish colonial arts” attracted writers, philanthropists, and tourists in numbers that “Mexican crafts” could not have matched. If the Fiesta presented los paisanos as a premodern folk culture, the arts revival demonstrated why that culture had to remain marginal to modern New Mexico. Frank Applegate's notion of Spanish colonial arts was premised on a highly selective and stylized story of efflorescence and decline. The Spanish arts revival was peculiar to northern New Mexico. As Santa Fe reveled in its Fiesta and art enthusiasts paid tribute to melancholy santos, poets and novelists were hard at work recasting the “Mexican” of long-standing literary repute into the salvation of a standardized America.Less

Landscape of Profits: Cultivating Capitalism across the Border

Rachel St. John

in Line in the Sand: A History of the Western U.S.-Mexico Border

This chapter describes how ranchers, miners, investors, laborers, railroad executives, and innumerable economic actors integrated the border into an emerging transnational economy and began to create ... More

This chapter describes how ranchers, miners, investors, laborers, railroad executives, and innumerable economic actors integrated the border into an emerging transnational economy and began to create binational communities on the boundary line. With the completion of the first transborder rail line—brought on by the joining of the Sonora Railway and the Arizona and New Mexico Railroad at the international boundary line—ranchers and miners secured an easy way to move stock and ore to markets. As more people realized this, the borderlands experienced nothing short of a capitalist revolution. The capitalist development of the borderlands would, in turn, spur the creation of an array of new transborder ties. By the early twentieth century, the border has become a point of connection and community in the midst of an emerging capitalist economy and the center of a transborder landscape of property and profits.Less

In Pursuit, May 1885–December 1885

Odie B. Faul

in The Geronimo Campaign

The flight of Geronimo and his renegades from San Carlos caused near-panic across southern Arizona and New Mexico. “Apaches on Warpath,” headlined newspapers, while editorial writers criticized the ... More

The flight of Geronimo and his renegades from San Carlos caused near-panic across southern Arizona and New Mexico. “Apaches on Warpath,” headlined newspapers, while editorial writers criticized the soldiers for bungling. But while civilians criticized, the Army acted rapidly to get the renegades back to the reservation. Britton Davis with his Scouts was joined by Lieutenant Gatewood, who brought a dozen White Mountain Scouts from Fort Apache, and by Captain Allen Smith with two companies of the Fourth Cavalry. This chapter describes the pursuit from May 1885 to December 1885, marked by the trail of blood left by the Apaches. With the soldiers hunting in vain, Josanie and his band reached the safety and warmth of Mexico, making Crook's command look ridiculous.Less

Educating in the Vernacular: The Foundations of Sister-Taught Public Schools

Kathleen Holscher

in Religious Lessons: Catholic Sisters and the Captured Schools Crisis in New Mexico

This chapter explains how sister-taught public schools became part of New Mexican culture and why they received support from the local population. It employs a comparative framework—as Catholic ... More

This chapter explains how sister-taught public schools became part of New Mexican culture and why they received support from the local population. It employs a comparative framework—as Catholic leaders elsewhere in the United States in the nineteenth century struggled with the prohibitively Protestant character of “nonsectarian” common schools, the Catholic Church in New Mexico maintained a working relationship with the territory’s developing education system. By the time a formal school code and funding structure appeared near the turn of the century, however, that system had begun to resemble its American counterparts in troubling ways. Its Anglo-Protestant character alienated both the Church hierarchy and many residents. In New Mexico’s rural communities, clergy and laity began cooperating during the early twentieth century. Despite a history of disagreement between them, a Hispano population disadvantaged by state educational policies found common ground with a Church preoccupied by the loss of parochial students to the public system.Less

Introduction

Charles Montgomery

in The Spanish Redemption: Heritage, Power, and Loss on New Mexico's Upper Rio Grande

New Mexico's Anglo businessmen responded an article written by Katharine Fullerton Gerould with typical indignation. They ignored her treatment of Hispanos and took issue instead with her claims of ... More

New Mexico's Anglo businessmen responded an article written by Katharine Fullerton Gerould with typical indignation. They ignored her treatment of Hispanos and took issue instead with her claims of roving outlaws and political graft. Mary Austin's defense of New Mexico's “Spanish colonial” people forms part of a chapter in her fascinating biography. The Spanish impact on New Mexico's Indians was not so beneficial. Spanish-speaking people, especially those of the poorer classes, had to be actively perceived as separate and inferior; they had to be regarded as a people whose natural traits, such as indolence and backwardness, justified the advance of the seemingly industrious and progressive Anglo. Both elite Hispanos and Anglos found it worthwhile to live with the imagined legacy of colonial Spain. An overview of the chapters included in this book is given. They recount how Spanish heritage was fashioned and transformed between 1900 and 1940.Less

Emancipating Peons, Excluding Coolies: Reconstructing Coercion in the American West

Stacey L. Smith

in The World the Civil War Made

This chapter examines some of the questions raised by the abolition of slavery about the boundaries of coercion. Focusing on the American West, it considers visions of the limits and proper exercise ... More

This chapter examines some of the questions raised by the abolition of slavery about the boundaries of coercion. Focusing on the American West, it considers visions of the limits and proper exercise of coercive power in the realm of labor relations after the Civil War. It looks at the Slaughterhouse Cases, in which the Supreme Court emphasized the problem of defining the legitimate bounds of labor coercion in its invocation of Mexican “peonage” and Chinese “coolieism.” It shows that federal rulings about the illegality of peonage in New Mexico fell short not because of ideological contradiction or political betrayal, but because the United States was simply not powerful or present enough to assert itself over a vast, distant, and newly conquered territory. It argues that changing visions of coercion were just as central to the unfolding of the post-Civil War era as changing visions of freedom.Less

Conclusion: The Coronado Cuarto Centennial and the Depletion of Spanish Heritage

Charles Montgomery

in The Spanish Redemption: Heritage, Power, and Loss on New Mexico's Upper Rio Grande

The Cuarto Centennial paid tribute to multiple strands of the upper Rio Grande's modern Spanish heritage. As the summer of 1940 approached, Spanish colonial art and architecture, village folkways, ... More

The Cuarto Centennial paid tribute to multiple strands of the upper Rio Grande's modern Spanish heritage. As the summer of 1940 approached, Spanish colonial art and architecture, village folkways, and the Santa Fe Fiesta were all brought into the promotional spotlight. The image of Coronado as noble civilizer quickly spread beyond the inner circle of exposition organizers. Coronado's memorable quest for gold was incidental to interests of Anglo cattle ranchers, farm, railroad, and mine owners, and real estate developers. As the failure of the Coronado Cuarto Centennial Exposition makes plain, Spanish colonial symbolism may have intrigued the occasional traveler and big city critic, but its potency was limited to the upper Rio Grande. Just as the racial and cultural character of los paisanos has always divided Hispano New Mexico from the modern American nation, it was the Spanish revival that helped to close the gap.Less

Introduction: Bndies on Borders

in Coyote Nation: Sexuality, Race, and Conquest in Modernizing New Mexico, 1880-1920

This book fleshes out various aspects of the imposition of an embodied social order in New Mexico. One of the most familiar images associated with New Mexico is the howling coyote. New Mexico has a ... More

This book fleshes out various aspects of the imposition of an embodied social order in New Mexico. One of the most familiar images associated with New Mexico is the howling coyote. New Mexico has a long history of coyotes who are far rangier and wilier than the reassuring tourist image would suggest. Currently, the term is used to describe the guides who—honorably or not—smuggle clients into the United States from Mexico. The book describes New Mexican Indian schools where Anglo educators sought to train students in the bodily requirements of citizenship and presents an examination of bodily comportment in ceremonies and public events in New Mexico. Thus, this survey of New Mexico offers readers a sense of the dreads and delights lurking in the wind, howling beneath the stars, and clouding the sunsets of the Land of Enchantment.Less

The Northern New Mexico Midwifery Center Model, Taos, New Mexico

Elizabeth Gilmore

in Birth Models That Work

This chapter concerns family-centered care and discusses a “working model” for a midwifery practice adventure. With family-centered care at the hospital, moms would have a hospital experience that ... More

This chapter concerns family-centered care and discusses a “working model” for a midwifery practice adventure. With family-centered care at the hospital, moms would have a hospital experience that would more closely address the reasons they had wanted a home birth in the first place. Family-centered care looks just like whatever the parents wanted it to look like. The model is that students would undertake their own academic tutelage and preparation for the licensing exam. The New Mexico Department of Health provides the tests, written by the nurse-midwife who was the project manager for the Maternal Child Health Program in charge of regulating and licensing nurse and lay midwives. This model was to cement all the variations of normal into apprentices' tools for management and to teach them the cardinal signs for differentiating a condition requiring consult.Less

The Limits of Manifest Destiny

Paul Frymer

in Building an American Empire: The Era of Territorial and Political Expansion

This chapter examines the politics of American expansion into the Southwest, focusing on how some racist politicians promoted manifest destiny while others opposed expansion. The chapter first takes ... More

This chapter examines the politics of American expansion into the Southwest, focusing on how some racist politicians promoted manifest destiny while others opposed expansion. The chapter first takes a look at Mexico's land policy and its attempt to design its settlement policies in a way that copied the United States. It shows how Mexico struggled to assert national authority over its states and territories, promoting a federated structure that empowered the states to control their own land policies. Many of those territories, in turn, committed themselves to land policies that were at odds with those of the central government. The chapter proceeds by discussing U.S. efforts to acquire territory from Latin America, including Cuba and the Dominican Republic, before concluding with an analysis of the politics of the battle to incorporate New Mexico Territory as a state.Less

A Space in Between Walls: Inside the Sister-Taught Public Classrooms of New Mexico

Kathleen Holscher

in Religious Lessons: Catholic Sisters and the Captured Schools Crisis in New Mexico

This chapter deals with how women religious engaged church–state separation at mid-century. Its focus is on the practices and objects that made up sisters’ public schools in New Mexico. It considers ... More

This chapter deals with how women religious engaged church–state separation at mid-century. Its focus is on the practices and objects that made up sisters’ public schools in New Mexico. It considers these as the tactical products that enabled Catholic sisters to survive professionally in between public and Catholic education models. Every day sisters made unscripted decisions aimed at bringing their classrooms and their persons into compliance with the state’s curricular expectations and the religious mandates enforced by the Catholic Church’s 1917 Code of Canon Law. Although they never talked about the challenges this work entailed, many things about the way they taught—from the textbooks they distributed, to the way they scheduled class time, to the images they hung on their walls—were designed to achieve a sustainable relationship between religious and civil influences in their classrooms. This chapter argues that, rather than demonstrating disregard for church–state separation, sisters who taught publicly were caught trying to juggle competing Catholic and civil impulses to keep the church and state apart from one another in their work.Less

Carnal Knowledge: Racializing Hispano Bodies in the Courts

in Coyote Nation: Sexuality, Race, and Conquest in Modernizing New Mexico, 1880-1920

This chapter discusses the trials for sexual assault and the embodied racialization of Hispanos. The chapter introduces a broader discussion of elite Hispanos, who were a critical segment of New ... More

This chapter discusses the trials for sexual assault and the embodied racialization of Hispanos. The chapter introduces a broader discussion of elite Hispanos, who were a critical segment of New Mexico's racial order. Because of the presence and the political and economic power of elite Hispanos, Anglos were hesitant to label all Hispanos as dangerous and sexually violent, lest they offend powerful individuals and families. The chapter demonstrates the alterations that the presence of elite Hispanos demanded were critical factors in the exceptional nature of racialization and colonial order in New Mexico. The racialization of Hispanos—and to an extent Hispanas—was impeded by wealthy Hispanos whose presence and social prominence in New Mexico prevented the widespread condemnation of the supposed sexual voracity of Mexican-origin peoples. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the critical role of elite Hispanos in forcing Anglo attorneys to adopt new arguments regarding Hispano defendants, accusers, and witnesses.Less

Zoogeographic Affinities of Southwestern USA Plecoptera

Steven J. Cary and Gerald Z. Jacobi

in International Advances in the Ecology, Zoogeography, and Systematics of Mayflies and Stoneflies

This chapter examines the zoogeographic affinities of 75 Plecoptera species in New Mexico and Arizona. The findings indicate that in four major physiographic subdivisions of the study area, stonefly ... More

This chapter examines the zoogeographic affinities of 75 Plecoptera species in New Mexico and Arizona. The findings indicate that in four major physiographic subdivisions of the study area, stonefly species arrange themselves in ways that reveal dispersal corridors, dispersal barriers, and refugia which operated during late Pleistocene pluvial and post-pluvial Holocene environments. The results also suggest that the southwestern Plecoptera fauna are distinct in their species composition, taxonomic representation, and level of endemism.Less