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Tehran’s reluctant urban centre: Representing the national capital

Ali Mozaffari and Nigel Westbrook

in Development, Architecture, and the Formation of Heritage in Late Twentieth-Century Iran: A Vital Past

This chapter examines the relationship between development, design, and heritage at an urban scale. It focuses on a large swathe of land north of Tehran within the Abbās Ābād district. Prior to 1979, ... More

This chapter examines the relationship between development, design, and heritage at an urban scale. It focuses on a large swathe of land north of Tehran within the Abbās Ābād district. Prior to 1979, this area was allocated to a new administrative centre for the capital, which was planned to contain iconic buildings, including the National Library and the City Hall. However, after 1979 and following several master plans, the area was earmarked as the country’s cultural centre. As such, it incorporates among other structures, the Iranian Academies, the National Library, the Sacred Defence Museum, the Book Garden, and most importantly, the iconic project of the Grand Mosallā of Imam Khomeini. The first three projects were the subject of significant post-Revolution architectural competitions in the 1990s as was the Mosallā. The chapter closely examines the evolution of this site before and after the Revolution and the competitions for the National Library, the Academies, and the Mosallā. This examination shows that official heritage-making after 1979 is increasingly channelled to sites of religiosity while in most other sites the past is committed to oblivion. This has been concurrent with the waning of public space while the masses are directed to controlled places such as the Mosallā.Less

Revisiting the “Cyclops” Manuscripts, Part 2: The National Library of Ireland Draft and Its Contexts

Michael Groden

in Ulysses in Focus: Genetic, Textual, and Personal Views

Revisiting the manuscripts acquired a new urgency and excitement in 2002 when the National Library of Ireland announced its acquisition of previously unavailable documents, including an early draft ... More

Revisiting the manuscripts acquired a new urgency and excitement in 2002 when the National Library of Ireland announced its acquisition of previously unavailable documents, including an early draft of part of “Cyclops” as well as several new gatherings of notes. Before the National Library acquired its manuscripts, notes for Ulysses were extant mainly in the notesheets at the British Library and in two notebooks at Buffalo, as well as in a few other documents. To these gatherings can be added four more notebooks. The first of these is earlier than the other three. Joyce labeled its pages by topic—Simon, Leopold, Stephen, Jesus, Theosophy, Irish, Jews, Weininger, Words, and others—rather than by Ulysses episode, as was his practice in the other three and also the British Library notesheets and a Buffalo notebook from late in his work on Ulysses.Less

The Archive in Transition: The National Library of Ireland’s New Joyce Manuscripts

Michael Groden

in Ulysses in Focus: Genetic, Textual, and Personal Views

This chapter recounts from a personal viewpoint the scholarly, genetic activity of working with the National Library of Ireland as it acquired its new Joyce manuscripts and also offers three short ... More

This chapter recounts from a personal viewpoint the scholarly, genetic activity of working with the National Library of Ireland as it acquired its new Joyce manuscripts and also offers three short examples from the new manuscripts. The chapter narrates experiences of reconstructing Joyce's writing processes. The task for the National Library was threefold: to report on the documents' authenticity, contents, and value. The new Ulysses manuscripts at the National Library of Ireland are allowing scholars to begin to develop a more detailed and subtler sense of the drumskin on which Joyce tapped out his book. The gap between the known and the unknown will never be fully closed, but in small and large ways, the new manuscripts will help scholars of Joyce's writing processes move a little farther toward the known.Less

1792–1793: Minister of the Republic Grain and Museums

Siân Reynolds

in Marriage and Revolution: Monsieur and Madame Roland

Despite the split between Brissotins (or ‘Girondins’) and Montagnards in the Convention, briefly discussed, divisions do not concern all policy: this chapter considers Roland's daily work as Interior ... More

Despite the split between Brissotins (or ‘Girondins’) and Montagnards in the Convention, briefly discussed, divisions do not concern all policy: this chapter considers Roland's daily work as Interior minister, for the republic in autumn 1792. It takes two case studies in particular : subsistence and food supplies, and the reorganization of the Louvre and the National Library. Exploring the administration involved suggests that ministerial workload and implementation of decrees has been underestimated historically. In particular, the Interior ministry carries huge responsibility for dealings with the provinces on a range of issues.Less

Between Hinterland and Frontier: Ottoman Vidin, Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries

ROSSITSA GRADEVA

in The Frontiers of the Ottoman World

This chapter examines how the frontier and the changing fate of the region influenced the military system as well as the provincial administration and agrarian regime. It focuses on Vidin in the ... More

This chapter examines how the frontier and the changing fate of the region influenced the military system as well as the provincial administration and agrarian regime. It focuses on Vidin in the period of the wars which made it a frontier outpost again, being either directly occupied (by the Holy League) or under immediate threat (in 1715–18). As in many other frontier areas, military activity affected relations between Muslims and Christians in the province and the town of Vidin. This chapter contributes to a better understanding of the complex impact of the wars during the expansion and contraction of the Ottoman state. The discussion is based mainly on documents from the series of kadi sicils, the records of the sharia court in the town, preserved from the last years of the seventeenth century onwards and kept in the Sofia National Library.Less

Traces by the Thousands

Arlette Farge

in The Allure of the Archives

This first chapter outlines what led the author to carry out the research that forms the core of this book. The book deals almost exclusively with archives of the eighteenth century, which are stored ... More

This first chapter outlines what led the author to carry out the research that forms the core of this book. The book deals almost exclusively with archives of the eighteenth century, which are stored in the French National Archives, the Library of the Arsenal, and the National Library. The archival document is a tear in the fabric of time, an unplanned glimpse offered into an unexpected event. In it, everything is focused on a few instances in the lives of ordinary people who would otherwise be ignored. The chapter describes in detail the arduous process of gathering together the research into a presentable format.Less

Anne Hunter's Poetry

in The Life and Poems of Anne Hunter Haydn's Tuneful Voice

The early published poems of Anne Hunter appeared anonymously in anthologies, books of music or as broadsheets; they can be identified as hers because the texts are among her manuscripts. This is ... More

The early published poems of Anne Hunter appeared anonymously in anthologies, books of music or as broadsheets; they can be identified as hers because the texts are among her manuscripts. This is also true of her Nine canzonetts ... and six airs, for which she wrote both words and music. Anne's manuscripts are in several collections, most notably those of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, the University of Aberdeen, the National Library of Scotland and a private collection (the Jobson Papers), with a few in the Wellcome Library and the British Library. The majority are unpublished. Many of Anne's poems appear in several different manuscript volumes with slight variations in wording, punctuation and capitalization. Almost all are fair copies, written out in Anne's own hand in her old age, rather than original working drafts.Less

Library Awareness and Textual Intimacy in Contemporary Jewish Culture

Avriel Bar-Levav (ed.)

in Textual Transmission in Contemporary Jewish Cultures

By the term “library awareness,” I refer to the way in which the library is understood in a given text and, extrapolating from the text, in a given period or place.1 It can also signify the various ... More

By the term “library awareness,” I refer to the way in which the library is understood in a given text and, extrapolating from the text, in a given period or place.1 It can also signify the various answers to a question about the meaning of a library: in other words, the awareness of the principal and practical meanings of libraries, the perception of them as an aggregate, and the understanding that an aggregate of books is equivalent to an aggregate of knowledge and is even connected to other perceptions of holism. This awareness is connected, naturally, to the real-world existence of libraries and collections of books, but the two are not identical. In Jewish culture (as well as in other cultures), library awareness is a diverse and fluid concept that changes with time and place. Differentiating stages or types of library awareness can contribute to an understanding of the historical, cultural, and intellectual trends of various periods. In this essay I will concentrate on the last two centuries, while touching as well on previous stages of Jewish culture....Less

Helene Berg and the Management of Berg’s Legacy, 1936–76

Simms Bryan

in Berg

Following Berg’s death the most pressing problem was the completion of the opera Lulu. Universal Edition contracted with Arnold Schoenberg to complete the work but Schoenberg subsequently declined. ... More

Following Berg’s death the most pressing problem was the completion of the opera Lulu. Universal Edition contracted with Arnold Schoenberg to complete the work but Schoenberg subsequently declined. The opera was premiered in a two-act version in Zurich in 1937. Helene Berg’s involvement with anthroposophy shaped her contention that Berg was still in communication with her and that Lulu’s third act should never be completed. Universal Edition commissioned the completion by Friedrich Cerha, and the premiere of the three-act version was held in Paris in 1979, after Helene Berg’s death. Helene Berg undertook a publication of her husband’s letters to herself, created the Alban Berg Foundation, and donated Berg’s manuscripts and papers to the Austrian National Library. Helene Berg died in 1976. Biographies of Berg were first written by his friends and students, including Willi Reich and Soma Morgernstern, later by those outside of his circle such as Hans F. Redlich.Less

Move to the Metropolis

Deepak Kumar

in The Trishanku Nation: Memory, Self, and Society in Contemporary India

This chapter views the shift from a mofussil town to the capital cities from a personal angle. It is during this shift that a researcher emerges. The local and the bigger national scene form the ... More

This chapter views the shift from a mofussil town to the capital cities from a personal angle. It is during this shift that a researcher emerges. The local and the bigger national scene form the background. The choice of a research theme, the relevance of sources, and the archives and libraries in Kolkata and other places are discussed. Research is more than a personal journey. Friends and professionals contribute in a big way. The relevance and utility of institutions are also discussed.Less

Remediation Research in the Jornada Basin: Past and Future

Jeffrey E. Herrick and Kris M. Havstad

in Structure and Function of a Chihuahuan Desert Ecosystem: The Jornada Basin Long-Term Ecological Research Site

Land degradation in most of the Chihuahuan Desert is characterized by a shift from grass- to shrub-dominated plant communities (Ballín Cortés 1987; Grover and Musick 1990; Fredrickson et al. 1998; ... More

Land degradation in most of the Chihuahuan Desert is characterized by a shift from grass- to shrub-dominated plant communities (Ballín Cortés 1987; Grover and Musick 1990; Fredrickson et al. 1998; see also chapter 10). This shift is associated with increased soil resource redistribution and spatial variability at the plant-interspace scale (Schlesinger et al. 1990; see also chapter 6). Earlier descriptions focused more specifically on the loss of plant species, such as black grama (Bouteloua eriopoda), which were palatable to livestock (Nelson 1934). In 1958, it was estimated that one section (3.2 km2) of black grama grassland could support 18 animal units yearlong, while a similar area dominated by mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) dunes could support just three animal units (Jornada Experimental Range Staff 1958; see also chapter 13). It was recognized that overgrazing facilitated the increase of less palatable species, including shrubs. Consequently, the objectives of the first organized rangeland research in the Southwest were to identify proper techniques to restore grasslands that had been overgrazed (Jardine and Hurtt 1917; Havstad 1996). Today, we recognize the importance of multiple, interacting factors in addition to overgrazing, and research is more broadly focused on the recovery of ecosystem functions necessary to support multiple ecosystem services. This chapter details this extensive history of research to identify and develop technologies to revegetate, restore, reclaim, rehabilitate, or more generally remediate degraded rangelands. The Society for Ecological Restoration considers that “an ecosystem has recovered when it contains sufficient biotic and abiotic resources to continue its development without assistance or subsidy. It will demonstrate resilience to normal ranges of environmental stress and disturbance. It will interact with contiguous ecosystems in terms of biotic and abiotic flows and cultural interactions” (Society for Ecological Restoration Science and Policy Working Group 2002). Although restoration of perennial grasslands is often cited as the ultimate objective of management intervention in the Southwest, we recognize that in many if not most cases complete restoration of a preexisting plant and animal community is impossible, even if we had perfect knowledge of all of the elements they contained. We also recognize that many of the historic management interventions discussed herein had more limited objectives. Less