Charles Esdaile
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199608638
- eISBN:
- 9780191731754
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199608638.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
In Chapter 8, Charles Esdaile examines ‘Britain and the Napoleonic Wars’. He shows that control of the seas enabled Britain to sustain the conflict, in the sense that maritime commerce provided her ...
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In Chapter 8, Charles Esdaile examines ‘Britain and the Napoleonic Wars’. He shows that control of the seas enabled Britain to sustain the conflict, in the sense that maritime commerce provided her with the resources of money and raw materials needed to continue the fight. At the same time it rendered her invulnerable to direct attack, while also strengthening her against assaults of a more insidious nature. Further, sea power was a force multiplier, enabling extensive expeditions. Britain's mastery of the seas brought the additional advantage of forcing Napoleon, at least in the early years of the conflict, to do battle with Britain on her own terms. Economic warfare as an extension of naval warfare, especially in the forms of raiding commerce and blockading ports, was an integral part of Napoleon's strategy, but the emperor never appreciated that this should have been the centrepiece of his strategy.Less
In Chapter 8, Charles Esdaile examines ‘Britain and the Napoleonic Wars’. He shows that control of the seas enabled Britain to sustain the conflict, in the sense that maritime commerce provided her with the resources of money and raw materials needed to continue the fight. At the same time it rendered her invulnerable to direct attack, while also strengthening her against assaults of a more insidious nature. Further, sea power was a force multiplier, enabling extensive expeditions. Britain's mastery of the seas brought the additional advantage of forcing Napoleon, at least in the early years of the conflict, to do battle with Britain on her own terms. Economic warfare as an extension of naval warfare, especially in the forms of raiding commerce and blockading ports, was an integral part of Napoleon's strategy, but the emperor never appreciated that this should have been the centrepiece of his strategy.
Gavin Daly
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780719097027
- eISBN:
- 9781526103987
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719097027.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter explores the nature of the French Revolutionary-Napoleonic Wars in light of recent historical debates over the question of ‘total war’ and the degree to which these wars constitute ‘old’ ...
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This chapter explores the nature of the French Revolutionary-Napoleonic Wars in light of recent historical debates over the question of ‘total war’ and the degree to which these wars constitute ‘old’ or ‘new’ wars within the broad currents of European history. The focus is on France as the epicentre of the wars. Notwithstanding continuities with the past, and regional and time variations, this chapter argues for important quantitative and qualitative changes in the nature of the French experience of war over this period: the ideologisation of war, the extraordinary growth of the state’s claims over its citizens for the purpose of waging war, the nation-in-arms, and the unprecedented impact of war on the lives of civilians.Less
This chapter explores the nature of the French Revolutionary-Napoleonic Wars in light of recent historical debates over the question of ‘total war’ and the degree to which these wars constitute ‘old’ or ‘new’ wars within the broad currents of European history. The focus is on France as the epicentre of the wars. Notwithstanding continuities with the past, and regional and time variations, this chapter argues for important quantitative and qualitative changes in the nature of the French experience of war over this period: the ideologisation of war, the extraordinary growth of the state’s claims over its citizens for the purpose of waging war, the nation-in-arms, and the unprecedented impact of war on the lives of civilians.
Hans Joas and Wolfgang Knöbl
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691150840
- eISBN:
- 9781400844746
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691150840.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Theory
This chapter provides an overview of the key arguments in the debate on war and peace carried on from the time of Thomas Hobbes up to the Napoleonic Wars between philosophers, political economists, ...
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This chapter provides an overview of the key arguments in the debate on war and peace carried on from the time of Thomas Hobbes up to the Napoleonic Wars between philosophers, political economists, and political thinkers. This era, which was bookended by the names of Hobbes and Carl von Clausewitz, reveals four highly disparate theoretical standpoints from which authors explored these topics. There is the power-political realist position, associated with the name of Hobbes; the utilitarian-liberal conception, directly linked with the name of Jeremy Bentham, but which undoubtedly has roots in the work of Montesquieu as well; the republican-universalist stance that goes back to Immanuel Kant, though certain arguments can be found in the work of Jean-Jacques Rousseau; and finally the position linked with the “neo-Roman understanding of history” and the associated emphasis on the ideal of virtue.Less
This chapter provides an overview of the key arguments in the debate on war and peace carried on from the time of Thomas Hobbes up to the Napoleonic Wars between philosophers, political economists, and political thinkers. This era, which was bookended by the names of Hobbes and Carl von Clausewitz, reveals four highly disparate theoretical standpoints from which authors explored these topics. There is the power-political realist position, associated with the name of Hobbes; the utilitarian-liberal conception, directly linked with the name of Jeremy Bentham, but which undoubtedly has roots in the work of Montesquieu as well; the republican-universalist stance that goes back to Immanuel Kant, though certain arguments can be found in the work of Jean-Jacques Rousseau; and finally the position linked with the “neo-Roman understanding of history” and the associated emphasis on the ideal of virtue.
Arie Morgenstern
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195305784
- eISBN:
- 9780199784820
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195305787.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
Profound changes in late 18th- and early 19th-century European and Jewish history persuaded many traditional Jews around the world that the redemption was at hand and that they were living in the ...
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Profound changes in late 18th- and early 19th-century European and Jewish history persuaded many traditional Jews around the world that the redemption was at hand and that they were living in the times of the “Footsteps of the Messiah”. Among the changes in response to that sense was a growth in messianic activism, especially on the part of the Perushim; the activism was grounded in the belief that it was proper for Jews to take steps, both spiritual and practical, to hasten the End-time. Those steps included an effort to locate the lost Ten Tribes of Israel, whose discovery would be seen as a further harbinger of the Messiah’s imminent appearance.Less
Profound changes in late 18th- and early 19th-century European and Jewish history persuaded many traditional Jews around the world that the redemption was at hand and that they were living in the times of the “Footsteps of the Messiah”. Among the changes in response to that sense was a growth in messianic activism, especially on the part of the Perushim; the activism was grounded in the belief that it was proper for Jews to take steps, both spiritual and practical, to hasten the End-time. Those steps included an effort to locate the lost Ten Tribes of Israel, whose discovery would be seen as a further harbinger of the Messiah’s imminent appearance.
Hew Strachan and Andreas Herberg‐Rothe
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199232024
- eISBN:
- 9780191716133
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199232024.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Since the end of the Cold War, the status of Clausewitz's On War as the pre-eminent text on its subject has been challenged, most notably by Martin van Creveld, John Keegan, and Mary Kaldor. Their ...
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Since the end of the Cold War, the status of Clausewitz's On War as the pre-eminent text on its subject has been challenged, most notably by Martin van Creveld, John Keegan, and Mary Kaldor. Their criticisms have rested on assumptions about the perceived changes in war's character since the end of the Cold War, but they have not always distinguished between what is genuinely new and what seems to be new. Moreover, their reading of On War has itself been unduly shaped by the considerations which dominated in the Cold War. The chapters in this book are based on a more inclusive reading of the original text.Less
Since the end of the Cold War, the status of Clausewitz's On War as the pre-eminent text on its subject has been challenged, most notably by Martin van Creveld, John Keegan, and Mary Kaldor. Their criticisms have rested on assumptions about the perceived changes in war's character since the end of the Cold War, but they have not always distinguished between what is genuinely new and what seems to be new. Moreover, their reading of On War has itself been unduly shaped by the considerations which dominated in the Cold War. The chapters in this book are based on a more inclusive reading of the original text.
Katrina Navickas
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199559671
- eISBN:
- 9780191721120
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199559671.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This conclusion summarizes how the French and Napoleonic wars were a formative period for popular politics and the industrializing economy, straddling the old and the new. Political and economic ...
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This conclusion summarizes how the French and Napoleonic wars were a formative period for popular politics and the industrializing economy, straddling the old and the new. Political and economic changes affected Lancashire in a distinctive, and probably unique, way. Lancashire responded to the strains of the war and new political ideologies by reshaping loyalism, radicalism, and national identity in its own image.Less
This conclusion summarizes how the French and Napoleonic wars were a formative period for popular politics and the industrializing economy, straddling the old and the new. Political and economic changes affected Lancashire in a distinctive, and probably unique, way. Lancashire responded to the strains of the war and new political ideologies by reshaping loyalism, radicalism, and national identity in its own image.
Joseph M. Parent
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199782192
- eISBN:
- 9780199919147
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199782192.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter chronicles the rise and fall of a liminal union between Sweden and Norway. After the Napoleonic Wars, the two countries approximated a union for 90 years, but then peacefully broke ...
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This chapter chronicles the rise and fall of a liminal union between Sweden and Norway. After the Napoleonic Wars, the two countries approximated a union for 90 years, but then peacefully broke apart. Why this happened is ultimately attributable to changes in threat. In the tense environment following the Napoleonic Wars, closer cooperation seemed sage, but as threats to Sweden and Norway dwindled the two states drifted apart.Less
This chapter chronicles the rise and fall of a liminal union between Sweden and Norway. After the Napoleonic Wars, the two countries approximated a union for 90 years, but then peacefully broke apart. Why this happened is ultimately attributable to changes in threat. In the tense environment following the Napoleonic Wars, closer cooperation seemed sage, but as threats to Sweden and Norway dwindled the two states drifted apart.
P. J. Marshall and Alaine Low (eds)
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205630
- eISBN:
- 9780191676710
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205630.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History, British and Irish Modern History
This book is volume II of a series detailing the history of the British Empire and it examines the history of British worldwide expansion from the Glorious Revolution of 1689 to the end of the ...
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This book is volume II of a series detailing the history of the British Empire and it examines the history of British worldwide expansion from the Glorious Revolution of 1689 to the end of the Napoleonic Wars, a crucial phase in the creation of the modern British Empire. This is the age of General Wolfe, Clive of India, and Captain Cook. Chapters trace and analyse the development and expansion of the British Empire over more than a century. They show how trade, warfare, and migration created an Empire, at first overwhelmingly in the Americas but later increasingly in Asia. Although the Empire was ruptured by the American Revolution, it survived and grew into an empire that was to dominate the world during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.Less
This book is volume II of a series detailing the history of the British Empire and it examines the history of British worldwide expansion from the Glorious Revolution of 1689 to the end of the Napoleonic Wars, a crucial phase in the creation of the modern British Empire. This is the age of General Wolfe, Clive of India, and Captain Cook. Chapters trace and analyse the development and expansion of the British Empire over more than a century. They show how trade, warfare, and migration created an Empire, at first overwhelmingly in the Americas but later increasingly in Asia. Although the Empire was ruptured by the American Revolution, it survived and grew into an empire that was to dominate the world during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
PAUL LAITY
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199248353
- eISBN:
- 9780191714672
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199248353.003.01
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
The first peace movement in Britain emerged in response to the Napoleonic Wars and involved both pacifists and pacific-ists. The pacifists were mostly, but not only, Quakers, whereas the pacific-ists ...
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The first peace movement in Britain emerged in response to the Napoleonic Wars and involved both pacifists and pacific-ists. The pacifists were mostly, but not only, Quakers, whereas the pacific-ists were Painite radicals and ‘rational Christians’ who denied that the government was engaged in a defensive struggle and called for British neutrality. In 1816, the year after the fighting finally stopped, the first British peace association was formed: the short-lived, pacific-ist Society for Abolishing War. A more successful attempt was made the same year when a group of Quakers and other Christian pacifists launched the Society for the Promotion of Permanent and Universal Peace, also known as the Peace Society. The Peace Society would be the most important British peace association for the next hundred years. This chapter also discusses the impact of the Crimean War on the peace movement in Britain, the emergence of Mazzinian artisan radicalism, the founding of the International Working Men's Association, and the Reform League.Less
The first peace movement in Britain emerged in response to the Napoleonic Wars and involved both pacifists and pacific-ists. The pacifists were mostly, but not only, Quakers, whereas the pacific-ists were Painite radicals and ‘rational Christians’ who denied that the government was engaged in a defensive struggle and called for British neutrality. In 1816, the year after the fighting finally stopped, the first British peace association was formed: the short-lived, pacific-ist Society for Abolishing War. A more successful attempt was made the same year when a group of Quakers and other Christian pacifists launched the Society for the Promotion of Permanent and Universal Peace, also known as the Peace Society. The Peace Society would be the most important British peace association for the next hundred years. This chapter also discusses the impact of the Crimean War on the peace movement in Britain, the emergence of Mazzinian artisan radicalism, the founding of the International Working Men's Association, and the Reform League.
Hans Joas and Wolfgang Knöbl
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691150840
- eISBN:
- 9781400844746
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691150840.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Theory
This book examines the “early history” of social theories on war, beginning with Thomas Hobbes. It explores the key arguments in the debate on war and peace carried on from Hobbes to the Napoleonic ...
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This book examines the “early history” of social theories on war, beginning with Thomas Hobbes. It explores the key arguments in the debate on war and peace carried on from Hobbes to the Napoleonic Wars between philosophers, political economists, and political thinkers, including Hobbes himself and Carl von Clausewitz, and how the progressive optimism nourished by liberal doctrines gradually began to take hold. It also considers the intellectual prehistory and history of the First World War and how social theory's engagement with the phenomenon of war, which had already begun before the First World War, did not continue in any substantial way after 1918. Furthermore, the book discusses the rise of the subdiscipline of “historical sociology” in the Anglo-American world and concludes with some remarks on what we see as a convincing conception of enduring peace and on the need to move beyond monothematic diagnoses of the contemporary world and of social change.Less
This book examines the “early history” of social theories on war, beginning with Thomas Hobbes. It explores the key arguments in the debate on war and peace carried on from Hobbes to the Napoleonic Wars between philosophers, political economists, and political thinkers, including Hobbes himself and Carl von Clausewitz, and how the progressive optimism nourished by liberal doctrines gradually began to take hold. It also considers the intellectual prehistory and history of the First World War and how social theory's engagement with the phenomenon of war, which had already begun before the First World War, did not continue in any substantial way after 1918. Furthermore, the book discusses the rise of the subdiscipline of “historical sociology” in the Anglo-American world and concludes with some remarks on what we see as a convincing conception of enduring peace and on the need to move beyond monothematic diagnoses of the contemporary world and of social change.
Katrina Navickas
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199559671
- eISBN:
- 9780191721120
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199559671.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This introductory chapter surveys the recent historiography of British popular politics during the French Revolution. It explains the ambiguous and shifting meanings of loyalism, radicalism, and ...
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This introductory chapter surveys the recent historiography of British popular politics during the French Revolution. It explains the ambiguous and shifting meanings of loyalism, radicalism, and patriotism in Britain in this period. It also briefly summarizes the origins of radicalism in Lancashire, as well as a chronology of politics in parliament. The chapter stresses the distinctiveness of the region, but offers some caveats in the scope and scale of research during the Napoleonic wars.Less
This introductory chapter surveys the recent historiography of British popular politics during the French Revolution. It explains the ambiguous and shifting meanings of loyalism, radicalism, and patriotism in Britain in this period. It also briefly summarizes the origins of radicalism in Lancashire, as well as a chronology of politics in parliament. The chapter stresses the distinctiveness of the region, but offers some caveats in the scope and scale of research during the Napoleonic wars.
Simon Bainbridge
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198187585
- eISBN:
- 9780191718922
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198187585.003.0005
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century Literature and Romanticism
This chapter discusses Walter Scott's picturesque romance of war. Scott was the bestselling and most popular poet of the Napoleonic wars and his metrical romances played a crucial role in mediating ...
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This chapter discusses Walter Scott's picturesque romance of war. Scott was the bestselling and most popular poet of the Napoleonic wars and his metrical romances played a crucial role in mediating conflict to a nation at war. His phenomenally successful tales of ‘Border chivalry’ transformed the imagining of war, presenting it as heroic, shaped by the codes of romance, and framed by the conventions of the picturesque. Scott's poetry were about 16th-century wars but became popular during the Napoleonic wars. With his verse, the 18th-century emphasis on war's horrors gives way to the 19th-century stress on its glory. In addressing his readers as ‘Warriors’ in his last extended verse romance in 1814, Scott completed his remasculinisation of the reader and of poetry more generally contributing to the wartime revalidation of poetry as a manly pursuit for both writer and reader.Less
This chapter discusses Walter Scott's picturesque romance of war. Scott was the bestselling and most popular poet of the Napoleonic wars and his metrical romances played a crucial role in mediating conflict to a nation at war. His phenomenally successful tales of ‘Border chivalry’ transformed the imagining of war, presenting it as heroic, shaped by the codes of romance, and framed by the conventions of the picturesque. Scott's poetry were about 16th-century wars but became popular during the Napoleonic wars. With his verse, the 18th-century emphasis on war's horrors gives way to the 19th-century stress on its glory. In addressing his readers as ‘Warriors’ in his last extended verse romance in 1814, Scott completed his remasculinisation of the reader and of poetry more generally contributing to the wartime revalidation of poetry as a manly pursuit for both writer and reader.
Wayne Sandholtz
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195380088
- eISBN:
- 9780199855377
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195380088.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This chapter assesses the evolution of international norms against cultural plundering, focusing on two crucial turns through the cycle of normative change: the Napoleonic Wars and World War II. The ...
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This chapter assesses the evolution of international norms against cultural plundering, focusing on two crucial turns through the cycle of normative change: the Napoleonic Wars and World War II. The empirical account, based on both secondary and archival sources, clearly depicts cycles of normative change as posited in Chapter 1. International rules prohibiting plunder are part of the stream of sovereignty norms; antiplunder rules protect the right of states to their cultural patrimony, a right that states retain even in defeat or under occupation.Less
This chapter assesses the evolution of international norms against cultural plundering, focusing on two crucial turns through the cycle of normative change: the Napoleonic Wars and World War II. The empirical account, based on both secondary and archival sources, clearly depicts cycles of normative change as posited in Chapter 1. International rules prohibiting plunder are part of the stream of sovereignty norms; antiplunder rules protect the right of states to their cultural patrimony, a right that states retain even in defeat or under occupation.
Gillian Russell
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198122630
- eISBN:
- 9780191671500
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198122630.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Drama
This book reveals the importance of the theatre in the shaping of response to the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (1793–1815). The author explores the roles of the military and navy as both actors ...
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This book reveals the importance of the theatre in the shaping of response to the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (1793–1815). The author explores the roles of the military and navy as both actors and audiences, and shows their performances to be crucial to their self-perception as actors fighting on behalf of an often distant domestic audience. The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars of 1793–1815 had profound consequences for British society, politics, and culture. In this study of the cultural dimension of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, the author examines an important dimension of the experience of them: theatricality. Through this study, the theatre emerges as a place where battles were celebrated in the form of spectacular re-enactments, and where the tensions of mobilization on a hitherto unprecedented scale were played out in the form of riots and disturbances. Members of the military and the navy were actively engaged in such shows, taking to the stage as actors in the theatres of Britain, in ships off Portsmouth, and in the garrisons and battlefields of continental Europe and the empire.Less
This book reveals the importance of the theatre in the shaping of response to the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (1793–1815). The author explores the roles of the military and navy as both actors and audiences, and shows their performances to be crucial to their self-perception as actors fighting on behalf of an often distant domestic audience. The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars of 1793–1815 had profound consequences for British society, politics, and culture. In this study of the cultural dimension of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, the author examines an important dimension of the experience of them: theatricality. Through this study, the theatre emerges as a place where battles were celebrated in the form of spectacular re-enactments, and where the tensions of mobilization on a hitherto unprecedented scale were played out in the form of riots and disturbances. Members of the military and the navy were actively engaged in such shows, taking to the stage as actors in the theatres of Britain, in ships off Portsmouth, and in the garrisons and battlefields of continental Europe and the empire.
Mark Harrison
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199577736
- eISBN:
- 9780191595196
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199577736.003.0013
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
The final chapter of the book focuses on fears about the importation of yellow fever from the West Indies during and immediately after the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. It argues that ...
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The final chapter of the book focuses on fears about the importation of yellow fever from the West Indies during and immediately after the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. It argues that fears about the arrival of disease were bound up with fears about a French invasion and the permeation of revolutionary ideas. Attempts to guard against yellow fever using quarantine thus acquired additional meanings, and the doctrine of contagion on which quarantine was based was staunchly defended by the conservative political elite and senior members of the medical profession. However, many colonial practitioners challenged the theory of contagion and the system of quarantine, some equating these with tyranny and oppression, professional and political. Although they made little impact upon official doctrines, this chapter shows that colonial practitioners had begun seriously to challenge the authority of the Royal College of Physicians.Less
The final chapter of the book focuses on fears about the importation of yellow fever from the West Indies during and immediately after the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. It argues that fears about the arrival of disease were bound up with fears about a French invasion and the permeation of revolutionary ideas. Attempts to guard against yellow fever using quarantine thus acquired additional meanings, and the doctrine of contagion on which quarantine was based was staunchly defended by the conservative political elite and senior members of the medical profession. However, many colonial practitioners challenged the theory of contagion and the system of quarantine, some equating these with tyranny and oppression, professional and political. Although they made little impact upon official doctrines, this chapter shows that colonial practitioners had begun seriously to challenge the authority of the Royal College of Physicians.
Joachim Whaley
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198731016
- eISBN:
- 9780191730870
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198731016.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
The work offers a new interpretation of the development of German‐speaking central Europe and the Holy Roman Empire or German Reich from the great reforms of 1495–1500 to its dissolution in 1806 ...
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The work offers a new interpretation of the development of German‐speaking central Europe and the Holy Roman Empire or German Reich from the great reforms of 1495–1500 to its dissolution in 1806 after the turmoil of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. This is traditionally regarded as a long period of decline, but this work shows how imperial institutions developed in response to the crises of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, notably the Reformation and Thirty Years War, and assesses the impact of international developments on the Reich. Central themes are the tension between Habsburg aspirations to create a German monarchy and the desire of the German princes and cities to maintain their traditional rights and how the Reich developed the functions of a state during this period. The work also illuminates the development of the German territories subordinate to the Reich. It explores the implications of the Reformation and subsequent religious reform movements — both Protestant and Catholic — and the Enlightenment, for the government of both secular and ecclesiastical principalities, the minor territories of counts and knights, and the cities. The Reich and the territories formed a coherent and workable system and, as a polity, the Reich developed its own distinctive political culture and traditions of German patriotism over the early modern period.Less
The work offers a new interpretation of the development of German‐speaking central Europe and the Holy Roman Empire or German Reich from the great reforms of 1495–1500 to its dissolution in 1806 after the turmoil of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. This is traditionally regarded as a long period of decline, but this work shows how imperial institutions developed in response to the crises of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, notably the Reformation and Thirty Years War, and assesses the impact of international developments on the Reich. Central themes are the tension between Habsburg aspirations to create a German monarchy and the desire of the German princes and cities to maintain their traditional rights and how the Reich developed the functions of a state during this period. The work also illuminates the development of the German territories subordinate to the Reich. It explores the implications of the Reformation and subsequent religious reform movements — both Protestant and Catholic — and the Enlightenment, for the government of both secular and ecclesiastical principalities, the minor territories of counts and knights, and the cities. The Reich and the territories formed a coherent and workable system and, as a polity, the Reich developed its own distinctive political culture and traditions of German patriotism over the early modern period.
Joachim Whaley
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199693078
- eISBN:
- 9780191732256
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199693078.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
The work offers a new interpretation of the development of German-speaking central Europe and the Holy Roman Empire or German Reich from the great reforms of 1495-1500 to its dissolution in 1806 ...
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The work offers a new interpretation of the development of German-speaking central Europe and the Holy Roman Empire or German Reich from the great reforms of 1495-1500 to its dissolution in 1806 after the turmoil of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. This is traditionally regarded as a long period of decline, but this work shows how imperial institutions developed in response to the crises of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, notably the Reformation and Thirty Years War, and assesses the impact of international developments on the Reich. Central themes are the tension between Habsburg aspirations to create a German monarchy and the desire of the German princes and cities to maintain their traditional rights and how the Reich developed the functions of a state during this period. The work also illuminates the development of the German territories subordinate to the Reich. It explores the implications of the Reformation and subsequent religious reform movements – both Protestant and Catholic – and the Enlightenment, for the government of both secular and ecclesiastical principalities, the minor territories of counts and knights, and the cities. The Reich and the territories formed a coherent and workable system and, as a polity, the Reich developed its own distinctive political culture and traditions of German patriotism over the early modern period.Less
The work offers a new interpretation of the development of German-speaking central Europe and the Holy Roman Empire or German Reich from the great reforms of 1495-1500 to its dissolution in 1806 after the turmoil of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. This is traditionally regarded as a long period of decline, but this work shows how imperial institutions developed in response to the crises of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, notably the Reformation and Thirty Years War, and assesses the impact of international developments on the Reich. Central themes are the tension between Habsburg aspirations to create a German monarchy and the desire of the German princes and cities to maintain their traditional rights and how the Reich developed the functions of a state during this period. The work also illuminates the development of the German territories subordinate to the Reich. It explores the implications of the Reformation and subsequent religious reform movements – both Protestant and Catholic – and the Enlightenment, for the government of both secular and ecclesiastical principalities, the minor territories of counts and knights, and the cities. The Reich and the territories formed a coherent and workable system and, as a polity, the Reich developed its own distinctive political culture and traditions of German patriotism over the early modern period.
Erica Charters, Eve Rosenhaft, and Hannah Smith (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9781846317118
- eISBN:
- 9781846317699
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/UPO9781846317699
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This book examines the relationship between civilians and warfare from the start of the Thirty Years War to the end of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. It interrogates received narratives of ...
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This book examines the relationship between civilians and warfare from the start of the Thirty Years War to the end of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. It interrogates received narratives of warfare that identify the development of modern ‘total’ war with the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, and instead considers the continuities and transformations in warfare over the course of 200 years. The book examines prisoners of war, the cultures of plunder, the tensions of billeting, and war-time atrocities throughout England, France, Spain, and the German territories. It also explores the legal practices surrounding the conduct and aftermath of war; representations of civilians, soldiers, and militias; and the philosophical underpinnings of warfare. The book probes what it meant to be a civilian in territories beset by invasion and civil war or in times when ‘peace’ at home was accompanied by almost continuous military engagement abroad. It shows civilians not only as anguished sufferers, but also directly involved with war: fighting back with shocking violence, profiting from war-time needs, and negotiating for material and social redress. Finally, the book shows us individuals and societies coming to terms with the moral and political challenges posed by the business of drawing lines between ‘civilians’ and ‘soldiers’.Less
This book examines the relationship between civilians and warfare from the start of the Thirty Years War to the end of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. It interrogates received narratives of warfare that identify the development of modern ‘total’ war with the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, and instead considers the continuities and transformations in warfare over the course of 200 years. The book examines prisoners of war, the cultures of plunder, the tensions of billeting, and war-time atrocities throughout England, France, Spain, and the German territories. It also explores the legal practices surrounding the conduct and aftermath of war; representations of civilians, soldiers, and militias; and the philosophical underpinnings of warfare. The book probes what it meant to be a civilian in territories beset by invasion and civil war or in times when ‘peace’ at home was accompanied by almost continuous military engagement abroad. It shows civilians not only as anguished sufferers, but also directly involved with war: fighting back with shocking violence, profiting from war-time needs, and negotiating for material and social redress. Finally, the book shows us individuals and societies coming to terms with the moral and political challenges posed by the business of drawing lines between ‘civilians’ and ‘soldiers’.
Erica Charters, Eve Rosenhaft, and Hannah Smith
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9781846317118
- eISBN:
- 9781846317699
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/UPO9781846317699.001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This book explores the impact of war on civilians as ‘victims’ of armed conflict, focusing on the Thirty Years War as well as the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars that took place between 1618 ...
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This book explores the impact of war on civilians as ‘victims’ of armed conflict, focusing on the Thirty Years War as well as the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars that took place between 1618 and 1815. The book also focuses on civilians as active agents in situations of conflict and their role in a ‘war effort’. In particular, it examines the status of the conflict of 1792 to 1815 as ‘total war’ and deconstructs modern assumptions about total war. The book considers the relationship between civilians and soldiers, and challenges accepted notions about the chronology and development of early modern and modern warfare. It also explains how contemporary military conflicts influenced Hugo Grotius's arguments for restraint in warfare, looks at insurgents and counter-insurgents who wreaked havoc in Europe, and analyses the ambiguities and varieties of civilian–military relations during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars.Less
This book explores the impact of war on civilians as ‘victims’ of armed conflict, focusing on the Thirty Years War as well as the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars that took place between 1618 and 1815. The book also focuses on civilians as active agents in situations of conflict and their role in a ‘war effort’. In particular, it examines the status of the conflict of 1792 to 1815 as ‘total war’ and deconstructs modern assumptions about total war. The book considers the relationship between civilians and soldiers, and challenges accepted notions about the chronology and development of early modern and modern warfare. It also explains how contemporary military conflicts influenced Hugo Grotius's arguments for restraint in warfare, looks at insurgents and counter-insurgents who wreaked havoc in Europe, and analyses the ambiguities and varieties of civilian–military relations during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars.
Peter Temin and Hans-Joachim Voth
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199944279
- eISBN:
- 9780199980789
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199944279.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
This chapter reviews recent research on Britain's Industrial revolution, showing that the presumed rate of economic growth during this economic watershed has been reduced progressively by several ...
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This chapter reviews recent research on Britain's Industrial revolution, showing that the presumed rate of economic growth during this economic watershed has been reduced progressively by several authors working with different methods. How can the evidence of widespread technological progress around the start of the nineteenth century be reconciled with the slow rate of national growth? Data from several goldsmith banks let us examine one hypothesis: that the British government's demand for resources to fight Napoleon crowded out demand from the private economy for investment. Previous historians have proposed crowding out but have had trouble identifying its effects. The usury rate meant that scarcity of bank loans showed up in credit rationing rather than higher interest rates. We show that loans from Hoare's Bank and other lenders decreased when the British government borrowed, and the rate of growth of the economy slowed at these times.Less
This chapter reviews recent research on Britain's Industrial revolution, showing that the presumed rate of economic growth during this economic watershed has been reduced progressively by several authors working with different methods. How can the evidence of widespread technological progress around the start of the nineteenth century be reconciled with the slow rate of national growth? Data from several goldsmith banks let us examine one hypothesis: that the British government's demand for resources to fight Napoleon crowded out demand from the private economy for investment. Previous historians have proposed crowding out but have had trouble identifying its effects. The usury rate meant that scarcity of bank loans showed up in credit rationing rather than higher interest rates. We show that loans from Hoare's Bank and other lenders decreased when the British government borrowed, and the rate of growth of the economy slowed at these times.
