Bridget Morris (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195166279
- eISBN:
- 9780199932450
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195166279.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
Book VII describes Birgitta’s pilgrimage to the Holy Land in 1372. Within a chronological framework the book describes the outward journey from Rome, via Naples and Cyprus, to Jerusalem and ...
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Book VII describes Birgitta’s pilgrimage to the Holy Land in 1372. Within a chronological framework the book describes the outward journey from Rome, via Naples and Cyprus, to Jerusalem and Bethlehem. The two central visions are the crucifixion and nativity, both thought to have had an influence on subsequent depictions in Christian iconography and art. There are messages concerning the political situation in Cyprus and a secular political message is thereby woven into the devotional visions and underlines their contemporary impact. Birgitta’s death and some of her final messages to humankind are recorded at the end of the book.Less
Book VII describes Birgitta’s pilgrimage to the Holy Land in 1372. Within a chronological framework the book describes the outward journey from Rome, via Naples and Cyprus, to Jerusalem and Bethlehem. The two central visions are the crucifixion and nativity, both thought to have had an influence on subsequent depictions in Christian iconography and art. There are messages concerning the political situation in Cyprus and a secular political message is thereby woven into the devotional visions and underlines their contemporary impact. Birgitta’s death and some of her final messages to humankind are recorded at the end of the book.
Alan Ryder
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199207367
- eISBN:
- 9780191708718
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207367.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
This chapter focuses on the power and authority of the Corts of Catalonia. For over two centuries, the Corts of Catalonia's control over legislation and extraordinary taxation had forced monarchs to ...
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This chapter focuses on the power and authority of the Corts of Catalonia. For over two centuries, the Corts of Catalonia's control over legislation and extraordinary taxation had forced monarchs to treat them as partners, and sometimes as rivals, in government. In the Diputació del General de Catalunya — the permanent delegation that watched over their interests between sessions — the Corts possessed an executive instrument that rivaled any belonging to the crown.Less
This chapter focuses on the power and authority of the Corts of Catalonia. For over two centuries, the Corts of Catalonia's control over legislation and extraordinary taxation had forced monarchs to treat them as partners, and sometimes as rivals, in government. In the Diputació del General de Catalunya — the permanent delegation that watched over their interests between sessions — the Corts possessed an executive instrument that rivaled any belonging to the crown.
Christopher Storrs
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199246373
- eISBN:
- 9780191715242
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199246373.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
For too long the history of seventeenth-century Spain has been dismissed as a story of imperial decline after the achievement of the sixteenth century. Resilience of the Spanish monarchy presents a ...
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For too long the history of seventeenth-century Spain has been dismissed as a story of imperial decline after the achievement of the sixteenth century. Resilience of the Spanish monarchy presents a fresh appraisal of the survival of Spain and its European and overseas empire under the last Spanish Habsburg, Carlos II (1665–1700). Hitherto it has largely been assumed that in the ‘Age of Louis XIV’ Spain collapsed as a military and naval power, and only retained its empire because states which had hitherto opposed Spanish hegemony came to its aid. Spain's allies did play a role, but this view seriously underestimates the efforts of Carlos II and his ministers to find men for Spain's various armies – in Flanders, Lombardy and Catalonia – and to ensure a continued naval presence in the Atlantic and the Mediterranean. These commitments were costly, adding to the fiscal pressure upon Carlos's subjects, and to political tensions within the monarchy, but Spain managed the burden of imperial defence more successfully than has been acknowledged. This was due to various factors, including the continued contribution of Castile and American silver, some administrative development, and the contribution of both the non-Castilian territories within Spain and the non-Spanish territories within Europe, such as Naples. This book revises our understanding of the last decades of Habsburg Spain, which is shown to have been a state and society more committed to the retention of empire and more successful in doing so than a preoccupation with the ‘decline of Spain’ has recognised.Less
For too long the history of seventeenth-century Spain has been dismissed as a story of imperial decline after the achievement of the sixteenth century. Resilience of the Spanish monarchy presents a fresh appraisal of the survival of Spain and its European and overseas empire under the last Spanish Habsburg, Carlos II (1665–1700). Hitherto it has largely been assumed that in the ‘Age of Louis XIV’ Spain collapsed as a military and naval power, and only retained its empire because states which had hitherto opposed Spanish hegemony came to its aid. Spain's allies did play a role, but this view seriously underestimates the efforts of Carlos II and his ministers to find men for Spain's various armies – in Flanders, Lombardy and Catalonia – and to ensure a continued naval presence in the Atlantic and the Mediterranean. These commitments were costly, adding to the fiscal pressure upon Carlos's subjects, and to political tensions within the monarchy, but Spain managed the burden of imperial defence more successfully than has been acknowledged. This was due to various factors, including the continued contribution of Castile and American silver, some administrative development, and the contribution of both the non-Castilian territories within Spain and the non-Spanish territories within Europe, such as Naples. This book revises our understanding of the last decades of Habsburg Spain, which is shown to have been a state and society more committed to the retention of empire and more successful in doing so than a preoccupation with the ‘decline of Spain’ has recognised.
Walter Scott and J. H. Alexander
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748624874
- eISBN:
- 9780748652280
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748624874.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Prose (inc. letters, diaries)
The Siege of Malta and Bizarro are Scott's final works, written in Malta and Italy at the end of 1831 and the beginning of 1832. Although extracts from The Siege of Malta have been published, this is ...
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The Siege of Malta and Bizarro are Scott's final works, written in Malta and Italy at the end of 1831 and the beginning of 1832. Although extracts from The Siege of Malta have been published, this is the first complete edition. Bizarro has not been available in print until now. The Siege of Malta begins as a novel but ends as a historical account of the extraordinary defence of Malta by the Order of St John of Jerusalem and their Maltese helpers against much larger Muslim forces. It is an epic tale of endurance, resulting in inevitable defeat for some of the Knights, and for the rest, in the most hard won of victories, setting the scene for the subsequent development of the Maltese nation. In the novella Bizarro, Scott takes up the story of a notorious Calabrian brigand of the early nineteenth century. His fictionalised account draws on his experience of visiting Naples and its surroundings, and on his earlier knowledge of Neapolitan history, to tell a tale of passion, murder, and revenge with a level of violence rarely seen in his earlier work. Though incomplete, Bizarro shows that Scott had not lost the power to tell a good story in this, his very last piece of fiction.Less
The Siege of Malta and Bizarro are Scott's final works, written in Malta and Italy at the end of 1831 and the beginning of 1832. Although extracts from The Siege of Malta have been published, this is the first complete edition. Bizarro has not been available in print until now. The Siege of Malta begins as a novel but ends as a historical account of the extraordinary defence of Malta by the Order of St John of Jerusalem and their Maltese helpers against much larger Muslim forces. It is an epic tale of endurance, resulting in inevitable defeat for some of the Knights, and for the rest, in the most hard won of victories, setting the scene for the subsequent development of the Maltese nation. In the novella Bizarro, Scott takes up the story of a notorious Calabrian brigand of the early nineteenth century. His fictionalised account draws on his experience of visiting Naples and its surroundings, and on his earlier knowledge of Neapolitan history, to tell a tale of passion, murder, and revenge with a level of violence rarely seen in his earlier work. Though incomplete, Bizarro shows that Scott had not lost the power to tell a good story in this, his very last piece of fiction.
CHRISTOPHER STORRS
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199246373
- eISBN:
- 9780191715242
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199246373.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
This chapter examines the relationship between Castile and the non-Castilian territories (Aragon, Valencia, Catalonia), and that between the Spanish and non-Spanish territories of the Monarchy, with ...
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This chapter examines the relationship between Castile and the non-Castilian territories (Aragon, Valencia, Catalonia), and that between the Spanish and non-Spanish territories of the Monarchy, with particular emphasis on Italy (Naples, Sicily and Milan). Whereas some historians have emphasised the extent to which the non-Castilian territories were becoming more important, and in the case of Spanish America, more independent, the chapter suggests that Castile remained pre-eminent and that commitment and loyalty to Spain remained strong.Less
This chapter examines the relationship between Castile and the non-Castilian territories (Aragon, Valencia, Catalonia), and that between the Spanish and non-Spanish territories of the Monarchy, with particular emphasis on Italy (Naples, Sicily and Milan). Whereas some historians have emphasised the extent to which the non-Castilian territories were becoming more important, and in the case of Spanish America, more independent, the chapter suggests that Castile remained pre-eminent and that commitment and loyalty to Spain remained strong.
Karl S. Matlin, Jane Maienschein, and Rachel A. Ankeny (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780226672762
- eISBN:
- 9780226673097
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226673097.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This book explores why researchers since the mid-nineteenth century have spent time at the seaside, as well as what questions motivated their work and what opportunities appeared as a result of ...
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This book explores why researchers since the mid-nineteenth century have spent time at the seaside, as well as what questions motivated their work and what opportunities appeared as a result of working by the sea. Two key themes consider: first, how movements from the beach to laboratory bench became possible only with the development of institutions to house equipment, people, organisms, and research projects; and second, how these institutions enabled a variety of different kinds of research questions and practices. The chapters explore processes associated with institutionalization, with focus on the Marine Biological Laboratory due to its unique, long-standing combination of commitment to research and education and their intersection. Marine institutions have embraced a wide range of scientific practices with diverse tools, locations, organisms, and materials. Bringing researchers and students to work closely together for short concentrated periods of time by the sea has also led to controversies. Chapters examine historic and contemporary research involving both marine organisms and comparative studies with non-marine organisms, as well as use of microscopy and other technologies and techniques, locations for research including intertidal zones or ecosystems as well as coral reefs and other offshore locales, materials utilized such as living processes and preserved specimens, and the different levels explored ranging from molecules and genes to complex systems. This historical analysis reveals the tremendous capacity of marine institutions for facilitating different kinds of research, bringing together diverse groups of researchers at different career stages, and allowing sharing of ideas and ways of working.Less
This book explores why researchers since the mid-nineteenth century have spent time at the seaside, as well as what questions motivated their work and what opportunities appeared as a result of working by the sea. Two key themes consider: first, how movements from the beach to laboratory bench became possible only with the development of institutions to house equipment, people, organisms, and research projects; and second, how these institutions enabled a variety of different kinds of research questions and practices. The chapters explore processes associated with institutionalization, with focus on the Marine Biological Laboratory due to its unique, long-standing combination of commitment to research and education and their intersection. Marine institutions have embraced a wide range of scientific practices with diverse tools, locations, organisms, and materials. Bringing researchers and students to work closely together for short concentrated periods of time by the sea has also led to controversies. Chapters examine historic and contemporary research involving both marine organisms and comparative studies with non-marine organisms, as well as use of microscopy and other technologies and techniques, locations for research including intertidal zones or ecosystems as well as coral reefs and other offshore locales, materials utilized such as living processes and preserved specimens, and the different levels explored ranging from molecules and genes to complex systems. This historical analysis reveals the tremendous capacity of marine institutions for facilitating different kinds of research, bringing together diverse groups of researchers at different career stages, and allowing sharing of ideas and ways of working.
CHRISTOPHER DUGGAN
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198206118
- eISBN:
- 9780191717178
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206118.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The years from 1842 to 1845, when Francesco Crispi started practising as a lawyer in Naples, constituted a momentous period in the history of Italy. Liberalism in Naples during the early 1840s was ...
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The years from 1842 to 1845, when Francesco Crispi started practising as a lawyer in Naples, constituted a momentous period in the history of Italy. Liberalism in Naples during the early 1840s was more a general current of thought and feeling than a well-defined political movement. There was a growing feeling of resentment generated by the question of Sicilian autonomy, with supporters agreeing to have as their goal two separate parliaments, one for Sicily the other for Naples, under a single monarchy. Crispi and his friends were mistrusted by the government and felt stymied in their careers. Their thoughts began to turn to conspiracy. This chapter documents the time Crispi spent in Naples from 1845 until the outbreak of the Sicilian revolution in 1848.Less
The years from 1842 to 1845, when Francesco Crispi started practising as a lawyer in Naples, constituted a momentous period in the history of Italy. Liberalism in Naples during the early 1840s was more a general current of thought and feeling than a well-defined political movement. There was a growing feeling of resentment generated by the question of Sicilian autonomy, with supporters agreeing to have as their goal two separate parliaments, one for Sicily the other for Naples, under a single monarchy. Crispi and his friends were mistrusted by the government and felt stymied in their careers. Their thoughts began to turn to conspiracy. This chapter documents the time Crispi spent in Naples from 1845 until the outbreak of the Sicilian revolution in 1848.
CHRISTOPHER DUGGAN
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198206118
- eISBN:
- 9780191717178
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206118.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The Palermo revolution could never have been effective had there not been an enormous groundswell of largely unorchestrated discontent that had built up over the years among broad sections of the ...
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The Palermo revolution could never have been effective had there not been an enormous groundswell of largely unorchestrated discontent that had built up over the years among broad sections of the population: large landowners, professional middle classes, and the peasantry. The rapid development of the national idea in the 1840s had given focus and momentum to these groups' social and economic grievances. As a result, the Sicilian revolution of 1848-1849 was to suffer from internal contradictions that were ultimately to prove fatal to its course. This chapter discusses Francesco Crispi's decision in the early days of the revolution to set up his own newspaper, L'Apostolato; the deposition of Ferdinand and the Bourbon dynasty in Italy; problems of local government after the breakdown of the Bourbon administration; the revolution's steady slide towards conservatism; the emergence of a growing rift between the two wings of liberalism in Sicily, moderates and democrats; and the war between Sicily and Naples.Less
The Palermo revolution could never have been effective had there not been an enormous groundswell of largely unorchestrated discontent that had built up over the years among broad sections of the population: large landowners, professional middle classes, and the peasantry. The rapid development of the national idea in the 1840s had given focus and momentum to these groups' social and economic grievances. As a result, the Sicilian revolution of 1848-1849 was to suffer from internal contradictions that were ultimately to prove fatal to its course. This chapter discusses Francesco Crispi's decision in the early days of the revolution to set up his own newspaper, L'Apostolato; the deposition of Ferdinand and the Bourbon dynasty in Italy; problems of local government after the breakdown of the Bourbon administration; the revolution's steady slide towards conservatism; the emergence of a growing rift between the two wings of liberalism in Sicily, moderates and democrats; and the war between Sicily and Naples.
R. R. Palmer
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691161280
- eISBN:
- 9781400850228
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691161280.003.0027
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
This chapter focuses the peace that prevailed on the Continent from the signing of the treaty of Campo Formio in October 1797 to the attack on Rome by the King of Naples in November 1798, which ...
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This chapter focuses the peace that prevailed on the Continent from the signing of the treaty of Campo Formio in October 1797 to the attack on Rome by the King of Naples in November 1798, which proved to be the opening episode in the War of the Second Coalition, and hence of the grand climax or confrontation in 1799 between the Old Regime and the New Republican Order. It argues that the peace was no more than a semi-peace. On the one hand, neither France nor Austria could accept the terms of Campo Formio with any finality. Each looked for bastions against the other in Switzerland and Italy. On the other hand, France with its Dutch ally remained at war with Great Britain. While British diplomacy worked to bring Continental armies back into the field against France, the French first threatened to invade England and support revolution in Ireland, then redirected their fleet and army into the expedition to Egypt, from which it was hoped that Bonaparte could counteract the growth of British power in the Indian Ocean, where both French and Dutch interests were at stake. The Egyptian campaign transferred the Anglo-French conflict to the Mediterranean and the Near East.Less
This chapter focuses the peace that prevailed on the Continent from the signing of the treaty of Campo Formio in October 1797 to the attack on Rome by the King of Naples in November 1798, which proved to be the opening episode in the War of the Second Coalition, and hence of the grand climax or confrontation in 1799 between the Old Regime and the New Republican Order. It argues that the peace was no more than a semi-peace. On the one hand, neither France nor Austria could accept the terms of Campo Formio with any finality. Each looked for bastions against the other in Switzerland and Italy. On the other hand, France with its Dutch ally remained at war with Great Britain. While British diplomacy worked to bring Continental armies back into the field against France, the French first threatened to invade England and support revolution in Ireland, then redirected their fleet and army into the expedition to Egypt, from which it was hoped that Bonaparte could counteract the growth of British power in the Indian Ocean, where both French and Dutch interests were at stake. The Egyptian campaign transferred the Anglo-French conflict to the Mediterranean and the Near East.
John A. Davis
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198207559
- eISBN:
- 9780191716720
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207559.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
Starting with the reactions to the great famine of 1763-64, this chapter shows how in the public debates of the 1770s and 1780s — especially in the writings of Antonio Genovesi, Gaetano Filangieri, ...
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Starting with the reactions to the great famine of 1763-64, this chapter shows how in the public debates of the 1770s and 1780s — especially in the writings of Antonio Genovesi, Gaetano Filangieri, and Giuseppe Maria Galanti — feudalism, corporate monopolies, and the privileges of the church and the capital were identified as the principal obstacles to reform. The reformers looked to an Enlightened ruler as the essential instrument of reform, but also conceived reform as part of a broader a civil mission whose purpose was the regeneration of southern society and recovery of a sense of national identity.Less
Starting with the reactions to the great famine of 1763-64, this chapter shows how in the public debates of the 1770s and 1780s — especially in the writings of Antonio Genovesi, Gaetano Filangieri, and Giuseppe Maria Galanti — feudalism, corporate monopolies, and the privileges of the church and the capital were identified as the principal obstacles to reform. The reformers looked to an Enlightened ruler as the essential instrument of reform, but also conceived reform as part of a broader a civil mission whose purpose was the regeneration of southern society and recovery of a sense of national identity.
John A. Davis
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198207559
- eISBN:
- 9780191716720
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207559.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
Despite their similarities, the projects of the reformers and the policies adopted by the Bourbon monarchy were inspired by very different principles and objectives, while new and less visible ...
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Despite their similarities, the projects of the reformers and the policies adopted by the Bourbon monarchy were inspired by very different principles and objectives, while new and less visible economic forces were also working in other ways to undermine the feudal order and agrarian relations. This chapter examines how the monarchy's attempts to reform feudalism from within (using feudal law to challenge the nobility's privileges in the army, to exercises the right of devolution of feudal properties, and reintegrate the common lands) and its experiments in absolutism (against the autonomy of the Sicilian nobility and following the Calabrian earthquake in 1783 and the creation of the Cassa Sacra) were unsuccessful but by arousing expectations of reform that could not be met dangerously exacerbated social tensions.Less
Despite their similarities, the projects of the reformers and the policies adopted by the Bourbon monarchy were inspired by very different principles and objectives, while new and less visible economic forces were also working in other ways to undermine the feudal order and agrarian relations. This chapter examines how the monarchy's attempts to reform feudalism from within (using feudal law to challenge the nobility's privileges in the army, to exercises the right of devolution of feudal properties, and reintegrate the common lands) and its experiments in absolutism (against the autonomy of the Sicilian nobility and following the Calabrian earthquake in 1783 and the creation of the Cassa Sacra) were unsuccessful but by arousing expectations of reform that could not be met dangerously exacerbated social tensions.
John A. Davis
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198207559
- eISBN:
- 9780191716720
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207559.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The crisis of the Bourbon monarchy came to a peak with the Republic of 1799, and the events the preceded and followed it. This chapter explores the impact of the French Revolution on Italy and the ...
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The crisis of the Bourbon monarchy came to a peak with the Republic of 1799, and the events the preceded and followed it. This chapter explores the impact of the French Revolution on Italy and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, after Ferdinand IV of Naples joined the first coalition against France (1793) and then in November 1798 — under pressure from the queen, Maria Carolina of Austria, the British envoy Sir William Hamilton, Lady Emma Hamilton, and Rear-Admiral Lord Nelson — launched a disastrous military campaign against the French Republican forces in Rome. Following the collapse of the monarchy, the flight of the rulers to Sicily, and the invasion of the southern mainland, the chapter describes the declaration of the Neapolitan Republic in January 1799, the Republic's fraught relations with the Directory in Paris, and the establishment of the provincial Republics. It concludes with the Sanfedist counter-revolution led by Cardinal Ruffo, the fall of the Republic in June, and the bloody purges that followed the Bourbon Restoration.Less
The crisis of the Bourbon monarchy came to a peak with the Republic of 1799, and the events the preceded and followed it. This chapter explores the impact of the French Revolution on Italy and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, after Ferdinand IV of Naples joined the first coalition against France (1793) and then in November 1798 — under pressure from the queen, Maria Carolina of Austria, the British envoy Sir William Hamilton, Lady Emma Hamilton, and Rear-Admiral Lord Nelson — launched a disastrous military campaign against the French Republican forces in Rome. Following the collapse of the monarchy, the flight of the rulers to Sicily, and the invasion of the southern mainland, the chapter describes the declaration of the Neapolitan Republic in January 1799, the Republic's fraught relations with the Directory in Paris, and the establishment of the provincial Republics. It concludes with the Sanfedist counter-revolution led by Cardinal Ruffo, the fall of the Republic in June, and the bloody purges that followed the Bourbon Restoration.
John A. Davis
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198207559
- eISBN:
- 9780191716720
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207559.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
Until the fall of the empire, the Kingdom of Naples was the Mediterranean frontier of Napoleon's continental enterprise, but its primary function was to supply men, materials, and taxes to the ...
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Until the fall of the empire, the Kingdom of Naples was the Mediterranean frontier of Napoleon's continental enterprise, but its primary function was to supply men, materials, and taxes to the imperial armies and treasuries, and provide French manufacturers with raw materials and markets. Set out in the Treaty of Bayonne that governed Joachim Murat's accession in 1808, these terms defined the Kingdom's place in the imperial project. This chapter shows how the Kingdom's colonial subordination to France exposed the contradictions on which the imperial project was founded while being the main cause of the conflicts between Naples and Paris, which in 1811 nearly cost Murat his throne. It concludes with an audit of the costs of empire for Naples.Less
Until the fall of the empire, the Kingdom of Naples was the Mediterranean frontier of Napoleon's continental enterprise, but its primary function was to supply men, materials, and taxes to the imperial armies and treasuries, and provide French manufacturers with raw materials and markets. Set out in the Treaty of Bayonne that governed Joachim Murat's accession in 1808, these terms defined the Kingdom's place in the imperial project. This chapter shows how the Kingdom's colonial subordination to France exposed the contradictions on which the imperial project was founded while being the main cause of the conflicts between Naples and Paris, which in 1811 nearly cost Murat his throne. It concludes with an audit of the costs of empire for Naples.
John A. Davis
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198207559
- eISBN:
- 9780191716720
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207559.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
Developing the analysis of the new regime's institutional and economic reforms, this chapter explores the attempts to promote economic growth in the provinces and reduce the privileges the capital, ...
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Developing the analysis of the new regime's institutional and economic reforms, this chapter explores the attempts to promote economic growth in the provinces and reduce the privileges the capital, Naples. Although widely welcomed, these objectives were in practice heavily modified not only by the prolonged economic and commercial recession caused by incessant war and the disruption of Mediterranean trade, but also by local conditions and broader political considerations. In the provinces, the government generally lacked the means to implement its reforms, despite the cost of the new administrative institutions that quickly became a major cause of hostility to the new regime. In Naples, the French policies proved especially contradictory and measures to remove the capital's privileges were replaced by efforts to remedy the impact of prolonged commercial recession and high levels of unemployment.Less
Developing the analysis of the new regime's institutional and economic reforms, this chapter explores the attempts to promote economic growth in the provinces and reduce the privileges the capital, Naples. Although widely welcomed, these objectives were in practice heavily modified not only by the prolonged economic and commercial recession caused by incessant war and the disruption of Mediterranean trade, but also by local conditions and broader political considerations. In the provinces, the government generally lacked the means to implement its reforms, despite the cost of the new administrative institutions that quickly became a major cause of hostility to the new regime. In Naples, the French policies proved especially contradictory and measures to remove the capital's privileges were replaced by efforts to remedy the impact of prolonged commercial recession and high levels of unemployment.
John A. Davis
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198207559
- eISBN:
- 9780191716720
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207559.003.0015
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The Bourbon Restoration of 1815 was exceptional in Italy not only because of the relatively peaceful transition of power, but also because the Neapolitan Bourbons retained the political and ...
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The Bourbon Restoration of 1815 was exceptional in Italy not only because of the relatively peaceful transition of power, but also because the Neapolitan Bourbons retained the political and institutional innovations made during the years of French rule more completely than any other Italian ruler. Indeed, in 1816 they extended the principal French reforms — the abolition of feudalism, the reorganization of central and local administration, of the law codes, and the administration of justice — to Sicily as well, which lost its ancient autonomies. The chapter examines how the advisors of the Bourbon monarchy judged the reforms of the Napoleonic period and why they chose to preserve them. It concludes with an analysis of the place of the newly restored Bourbon kingdom in the geo-politics of southern Europe and the Mediterranean — where Austria and Great Britain were now the dominant powers — and the difficulties facing the survival of small dynastic states in post-Napoleonic Europe.Less
The Bourbon Restoration of 1815 was exceptional in Italy not only because of the relatively peaceful transition of power, but also because the Neapolitan Bourbons retained the political and institutional innovations made during the years of French rule more completely than any other Italian ruler. Indeed, in 1816 they extended the principal French reforms — the abolition of feudalism, the reorganization of central and local administration, of the law codes, and the administration of justice — to Sicily as well, which lost its ancient autonomies. The chapter examines how the advisors of the Bourbon monarchy judged the reforms of the Napoleonic period and why they chose to preserve them. It concludes with an analysis of the place of the newly restored Bourbon kingdom in the geo-politics of southern Europe and the Mediterranean — where Austria and Great Britain were now the dominant powers — and the difficulties facing the survival of small dynastic states in post-Napoleonic Europe.
John A. Davis
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198207559
- eISBN:
- 9780191716720
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207559.003.0016
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
In 1820-21, Naples and Sicily were the theatres of one of the strangest revolutions in 19th-century Europe. This chapter describes the events that led the king (Ferdinand I – formerly Ferdinand IV) ...
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In 1820-21, Naples and Sicily were the theatres of one of the strangest revolutions in 19th-century Europe. This chapter describes the events that led the king (Ferdinand I – formerly Ferdinand IV) to concede a constitution, and the manoeuvres he then engaged in to bring about the Austrian invasion that in March 1821 overthrew the constitutional governments in Naples and Sicily. Analysing the projects debated in the national Parliament, the chapter argues that the revolutions were the epilogue to the earlier decade of reform — the secret societies, the Carbonari, and the provincial assemblies mounted a detailed critique of the centralizing and bureaucratic system of power derived from the model of Napoleonic France. Although the revolution on the mainland came into conflict with the separatist aspirations of Palermo, the period of constitutional government was remarkably free of social conflict and violence. However, the Austrian invasion ordered by Prince Metternich was followed by a massive purge of the military, the clergy, and of all those who had supported the constitutional government.Less
In 1820-21, Naples and Sicily were the theatres of one of the strangest revolutions in 19th-century Europe. This chapter describes the events that led the king (Ferdinand I – formerly Ferdinand IV) to concede a constitution, and the manoeuvres he then engaged in to bring about the Austrian invasion that in March 1821 overthrew the constitutional governments in Naples and Sicily. Analysing the projects debated in the national Parliament, the chapter argues that the revolutions were the epilogue to the earlier decade of reform — the secret societies, the Carbonari, and the provincial assemblies mounted a detailed critique of the centralizing and bureaucratic system of power derived from the model of Napoleonic France. Although the revolution on the mainland came into conflict with the separatist aspirations of Palermo, the period of constitutional government was remarkably free of social conflict and violence. However, the Austrian invasion ordered by Prince Metternich was followed by a massive purge of the military, the clergy, and of all those who had supported the constitutional government.
John A. Davis
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198207559
- eISBN:
- 9780191716720
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207559.003.0017
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The Revolutions of 1820-21 that ended the political dialogues that had started in the South in the time of Bourbon reformism and Enlightenment, gained new articulation during the short-lived Republic ...
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The Revolutions of 1820-21 that ended the political dialogues that had started in the South in the time of Bourbon reformism and Enlightenment, gained new articulation during the short-lived Republic and during French rule. As in the rest of Europe, the consequences of Napoleonic rule in southern Italy were contradictory. Prolonged warfare and commercial recession created an unwelcoming environment for reform. Nonetheless, these were years of rapid and often violent changes. The demands for constitutional government heard during French rule and briefly realized in Naples and Sicily in 1820-21 addressed problems posed by the Napoleonic reconstruction of the Ancien Régime monarchies — autocracy, the balance between central and local power, political representation, and national identities. The years of French rule also revealed the fragility of the Kingdom's autonomy and the internal problems posed by the poverty of the economy. Above all, the forms of agrarian paternalism had in the South been undermined, but not yet replaced by effective forms of bureaucratic government. In much of the rest of Italy those changes were still to come, but after 1821 the Neapolitan Bourbons were engaged in attempts to secure their own dynastic survival, embarking on policies that caused conflict with Great Britain and the southern landowners. Unwilling or unable to follow the House of Savoy in making concessions to the liberals after 1849, their fall in 1860 was the consequence of political isolation and Austria's defeat in 1859. These political upheavals increased the conditions of insecurity, but the new state showed more interest in addressing the symptoms than the causes of the precocious and painful yet incomplete transformations taking place in the Old South.Less
The Revolutions of 1820-21 that ended the political dialogues that had started in the South in the time of Bourbon reformism and Enlightenment, gained new articulation during the short-lived Republic and during French rule. As in the rest of Europe, the consequences of Napoleonic rule in southern Italy were contradictory. Prolonged warfare and commercial recession created an unwelcoming environment for reform. Nonetheless, these were years of rapid and often violent changes. The demands for constitutional government heard during French rule and briefly realized in Naples and Sicily in 1820-21 addressed problems posed by the Napoleonic reconstruction of the Ancien Régime monarchies — autocracy, the balance between central and local power, political representation, and national identities. The years of French rule also revealed the fragility of the Kingdom's autonomy and the internal problems posed by the poverty of the economy. Above all, the forms of agrarian paternalism had in the South been undermined, but not yet replaced by effective forms of bureaucratic government. In much of the rest of Italy those changes were still to come, but after 1821 the Neapolitan Bourbons were engaged in attempts to secure their own dynastic survival, embarking on policies that caused conflict with Great Britain and the southern landowners. Unwilling or unable to follow the House of Savoy in making concessions to the liberals after 1849, their fall in 1860 was the consequence of political isolation and Austria's defeat in 1859. These political upheavals increased the conditions of insecurity, but the new state showed more interest in addressing the symptoms than the causes of the precocious and painful yet incomplete transformations taking place in the Old South.
Carlo Capra
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198204022
- eISBN:
- 9780191676093
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198204022.003.0014
- Subject:
- History, Economic History
This chapter surveys the financial systems of the Republic of Venice, the Kingdom of Naples, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and the Savoyard state to illustrate the variety of fiscal developments in ...
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This chapter surveys the financial systems of the Republic of Venice, the Kingdom of Naples, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and the Savoyard state to illustrate the variety of fiscal developments in Italy. Issues of fiscal reform in the 18th century, with special reference to the Austrian Habsburg possessions in Italy, are considered towards the end of the chapter.Less
This chapter surveys the financial systems of the Republic of Venice, the Kingdom of Naples, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and the Savoyard state to illustrate the variety of fiscal developments in Italy. Issues of fiscal reform in the 18th century, with special reference to the Austrian Habsburg possessions in Italy, are considered towards the end of the chapter.
Stephan Heilen
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199586462
- eISBN:
- 9780191724961
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199586462.003.0017
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This comparison of Bonincontri’s De rebus naturalibus et divinis I.1.474-591 with Astr. 1.809-926 includes Bonincontri’s respective commentaries on both poems. While our humanist imitated Manilius at ...
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This comparison of Bonincontri’s De rebus naturalibus et divinis I.1.474-591 with Astr. 1.809-926 includes Bonincontri’s respective commentaries on both poems. While our humanist imitated Manilius at multiple levels, there are also differences regarding the autobiographical dimension of his chapter on comets and the way how he incorporated Manilius’ doxography of ancient explanations of their origin and significance (1.817-75) into his own world view, giving one inconspicuous Hermetic element (Astr. 1.874-5) prominence in his own Christian version. Structural analysis indicates that Bonincontri originally treated only the comet of 1456 and added lines 547-52 and 588-91 later, after the appearance of the comet of 1472. The appendix contains Bonincontri’s Latin passage with a line-by-line commentary, which draws on various early modern sources and on up-to-date technical data such as the orbital parameters of the comets of 1456 and 1472 and the seismological assessment of the Neapolitan earthquake of 1456.Less
This comparison of Bonincontri’s De rebus naturalibus et divinis I.1.474-591 with Astr. 1.809-926 includes Bonincontri’s respective commentaries on both poems. While our humanist imitated Manilius at multiple levels, there are also differences regarding the autobiographical dimension of his chapter on comets and the way how he incorporated Manilius’ doxography of ancient explanations of their origin and significance (1.817-75) into his own world view, giving one inconspicuous Hermetic element (Astr. 1.874-5) prominence in his own Christian version. Structural analysis indicates that Bonincontri originally treated only the comet of 1456 and added lines 547-52 and 588-91 later, after the appearance of the comet of 1472. The appendix contains Bonincontri’s Latin passage with a line-by-line commentary, which draws on various early modern sources and on up-to-date technical data such as the orbital parameters of the comets of 1456 and 1472 and the seismological assessment of the Neapolitan earthquake of 1456.
Bryan Shelley
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198122845
- eISBN:
- 9780191671562
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198122845.003.0007
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century Literature and Romanticism
One common interpretation across modern criticism involves how Shelley is to be perceived as a ‘prophetic poet’ since, according to Victorian Gilfillan, Shelley's ‘burdened soul’ brought the ...
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One common interpretation across modern criticism involves how Shelley is to be perceived as a ‘prophetic poet’ since, according to Victorian Gilfillan, Shelley's ‘burdened soul’ brought the Israelite prophets' conscience to mind. Also, Bennett Weaver expressed that Shelley was able to address the social evils during his time prophetically. However, the notion of being ‘prophetic’ especially in terms of post-Christian writing is not without uncertainties. Shelley's notion of prophecy is evidently different from that of biblical writers since the poet in the ‘Ode to Naples’ represents one who discerns the political and social developments that determine ‘fate’. This chapter examines the poet as a prophet in Defence of Poetry in which the poet expresses the future in the present.Less
One common interpretation across modern criticism involves how Shelley is to be perceived as a ‘prophetic poet’ since, according to Victorian Gilfillan, Shelley's ‘burdened soul’ brought the Israelite prophets' conscience to mind. Also, Bennett Weaver expressed that Shelley was able to address the social evils during his time prophetically. However, the notion of being ‘prophetic’ especially in terms of post-Christian writing is not without uncertainties. Shelley's notion of prophecy is evidently different from that of biblical writers since the poet in the ‘Ode to Naples’ represents one who discerns the political and social developments that determine ‘fate’. This chapter examines the poet as a prophet in Defence of Poetry in which the poet expresses the future in the present.
