Jeffrey S. Lantis
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199535019
- eISBN:
- 9780191715952
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199535019.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, International Relations and Politics
This chapter examines the development of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). It begins with a survey of the history of the treaty and the negotiation process. The chapter then ...
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This chapter examines the development of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). It begins with a survey of the history of the treaty and the negotiation process. The chapter then systematically reviews Canadian and U.S. ratification processes, exploring the role of international and domestic political conditions in shaping the positive ratification outcomes. It is argued that while the Canadian government provided general support for the treaty, NAFTA was highly controversial in the United States and nearly failed to attain sufficient support in the Congress.Less
This chapter examines the development of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). It begins with a survey of the history of the treaty and the negotiation process. The chapter then systematically reviews Canadian and U.S. ratification processes, exploring the role of international and domestic political conditions in shaping the positive ratification outcomes. It is argued that while the Canadian government provided general support for the treaty, NAFTA was highly controversial in the United States and nearly failed to attain sufficient support in the Congress.
Olivier Cadot, Antoni Estevadeordal, Akiko Suwa-Eisenmann, and Thierry Verdier
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199290482
- eISBN:
- 9780191603471
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199290482.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
This chapter breaks new ground in dissecting preferential trading arrangements (PTAs) by focusing on rules of origin (ROO), a crucial yet poorly understood market access discipline included in ...
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This chapter breaks new ground in dissecting preferential trading arrangements (PTAs) by focusing on rules of origin (ROO), a crucial yet poorly understood market access discipline included in virtually every PTA. It presents a global mapping of the existing ROO regimes, and puts forth an analytical coding scheme for the types of product-specific and regime-wide ROO employed in these regimes. The most immediate contribution of this chapter is to advance the understanding of the ROO regimes around the world, and provide analytical tools for empirical studies on ROO’s economic effects.Less
This chapter breaks new ground in dissecting preferential trading arrangements (PTAs) by focusing on rules of origin (ROO), a crucial yet poorly understood market access discipline included in virtually every PTA. It presents a global mapping of the existing ROO regimes, and puts forth an analytical coding scheme for the types of product-specific and regime-wide ROO employed in these regimes. The most immediate contribution of this chapter is to advance the understanding of the ROO regimes around the world, and provide analytical tools for empirical studies on ROO’s economic effects.
Olivier Cadot, Antoni Estevadeordal, Akiko Suwa-Eisenmann, and Thierry Verdier
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199290482
- eISBN:
- 9780191603471
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199290482.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
Rules of origin (ROOs) in US free-trade agreements (FTAs) provide particularized benefits to industries like textiles and autos. In so doing, they have helped win Congressional approval of ...
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Rules of origin (ROOs) in US free-trade agreements (FTAs) provide particularized benefits to industries like textiles and autos. In so doing, they have helped win Congressional approval of controversial pacts like NAFTA (1993) and CAFTA (2005). ROOs are a form of hidden protection, reducing overall welfare, but they help US officials build winning coalitions for specific FTAs in the absence of a broad societal consensus in favor of trade liberalization.Less
Rules of origin (ROOs) in US free-trade agreements (FTAs) provide particularized benefits to industries like textiles and autos. In so doing, they have helped win Congressional approval of controversial pacts like NAFTA (1993) and CAFTA (2005). ROOs are a form of hidden protection, reducing overall welfare, but they help US officials build winning coalitions for specific FTAs in the absence of a broad societal consensus in favor of trade liberalization.
Olivier Cadot, Antoni Estevadeordal, Akiko Suwa-Eisenmann, and Thierry Verdier
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199290482
- eISBN:
- 9780191603471
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199290482.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
Using data on the preference and utilization rates of NAFTA for Mexican exports to the United States in 2001, this chapter proposes a method to estimate the likely costs of different Rules of Origin ...
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Using data on the preference and utilization rates of NAFTA for Mexican exports to the United States in 2001, this chapter proposes a method to estimate the likely costs of different Rules of Origin (ROO) for final and intermediate goods, and compares these results with those obtained using the synthetic index proposed by Estevadeordal (2000). Econometric results indicate that changes in tariff classification are more costly for final goods than for intermediate ones, and that technical requirements are the most constraining. For activities subject to regional value content minima, illustrative simulations are carried out to indicate what tariff preference margin would be necessary to compensate for the import content minima. Cost estimates suggest that, at least in the case of NAFTA, preferential market access is quite small, leading to speculations that these conclusions may carry over to other North-South preferential schemes.Less
Using data on the preference and utilization rates of NAFTA for Mexican exports to the United States in 2001, this chapter proposes a method to estimate the likely costs of different Rules of Origin (ROO) for final and intermediate goods, and compares these results with those obtained using the synthetic index proposed by Estevadeordal (2000). Econometric results indicate that changes in tariff classification are more costly for final goods than for intermediate ones, and that technical requirements are the most constraining. For activities subject to regional value content minima, illustrative simulations are carried out to indicate what tariff preference margin would be necessary to compensate for the import content minima. Cost estimates suggest that, at least in the case of NAFTA, preferential market access is quite small, leading to speculations that these conclusions may carry over to other North-South preferential schemes.
Hal Klepak
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199261437
- eISBN:
- 9780191599309
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199261431.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The central argument is that US power, once established as predominant in the hemisphere, has been nothing short of decisive in the founding, nature, and functioning of the regional multilateral ...
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The central argument is that US power, once established as predominant in the hemisphere, has been nothing short of decisive in the founding, nature, and functioning of the regional multilateral institutions/organizations in the Americas in which it has taken part. The examples of the Pan American Union (PAU) Organization of American States (OAS) and of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) are used to show this state of affairs in play; the most attention is paid to the OAS because of the lessons that can be derived from the very long history of US membership of this organization. In another case, that of Mercado Comun del Sur (Mercosur, or the Common Market of the South), it is shown how, even where the US is not a member of a multilateral organization in the hemisphere, its weight is still felt in terms of the aims and behaviour of that body. At the same time, it is seen that such organizations may on occasion be useful for the smaller states in restraining to at least some extent US behaviour, although in general such a restraining role is reserved for moments when US vital interests tend not to be involved and where Latin American, or more recently Canadian, actions to limit US unilateralism do not negatively affect goals perceived to be key by Washington. The first section gives an overview of the US and the hemisphere over the more than two centuries of its diplomatic and related action therein, the next looks at the specific experience of the PAU and the OAS, and the following two at NAFTA and Mercosur.Less
The central argument is that US power, once established as predominant in the hemisphere, has been nothing short of decisive in the founding, nature, and functioning of the regional multilateral institutions/organizations in the Americas in which it has taken part. The examples of the Pan American Union (PAU) Organization of American States (OAS) and of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) are used to show this state of affairs in play; the most attention is paid to the OAS because of the lessons that can be derived from the very long history of US membership of this organization. In another case, that of Mercado Comun del Sur (Mercosur, or the Common Market of the South), it is shown how, even where the US is not a member of a multilateral organization in the hemisphere, its weight is still felt in terms of the aims and behaviour of that body. At the same time, it is seen that such organizations may on occasion be useful for the smaller states in restraining to at least some extent US behaviour, although in general such a restraining role is reserved for moments when US vital interests tend not to be involved and where Latin American, or more recently Canadian, actions to limit US unilateralism do not negatively affect goals perceived to be key by Washington. The first section gives an overview of the US and the hemisphere over the more than two centuries of its diplomatic and related action therein, the next looks at the specific experience of the PAU and the OAS, and the following two at NAFTA and Mercosur.
María Lorena Cook
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198781837
- eISBN:
- 9780191598968
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198781830.003.0021
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
Explores a novel and unexpected by‐product of the process of negotiating the North American Free Trade Agreement—a network of North American labour, environmental, human rights, and other citizens’ ...
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Explores a novel and unexpected by‐product of the process of negotiating the North American Free Trade Agreement—a network of North American labour, environmental, human rights, and other citizens’ organizations using international alliances to modify the agreement and to contest what was widely viewed as an anti‐popular and exclusionary process. While economic integration between the US and Mexico had been taking place for some time, the author argues that it was the formal recognition of this process through the NAFTA agreement that facilitated transnational political action by non‐state actors. Even though economic globalization and neo‐liberalism may be considered by some to undermine popular organizations, formal recognition of North American economic integration paradoxically produced a ‘transnational political arena’ linking the US, Mexico, and Canada. Well beyond the period and issues of the formal debate about the treaty itself, this transnational arena has expanded the resources available to non‐governmental groups, increased their leverage in domestic political arena, and broadened their strategic options.Less
Explores a novel and unexpected by‐product of the process of negotiating the North American Free Trade Agreement—a network of North American labour, environmental, human rights, and other citizens’ organizations using international alliances to modify the agreement and to contest what was widely viewed as an anti‐popular and exclusionary process. While economic integration between the US and Mexico had been taking place for some time, the author argues that it was the formal recognition of this process through the NAFTA agreement that facilitated transnational political action by non‐state actors. Even though economic globalization and neo‐liberalism may be considered by some to undermine popular organizations, formal recognition of North American economic integration paradoxically produced a ‘transnational political arena’ linking the US, Mexico, and Canada. Well beyond the period and issues of the formal debate about the treaty itself, this transnational arena has expanded the resources available to non‐governmental groups, increased their leverage in domestic political arena, and broadened their strategic options.
Stephen Clarkson
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198296393
- eISBN:
- 9780191599002
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198296398.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
NAFTA has not followed the EU in developing a single currency. The author analyses the case for and against a potential US dollar union from a Canadian perspective, explaining a preference for ...
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NAFTA has not followed the EU in developing a single currency. The author analyses the case for and against a potential US dollar union from a Canadian perspective, explaining a preference for avoiding monetary union.Less
NAFTA has not followed the EU in developing a single currency. The author analyses the case for and against a potential US dollar union from a Canadian perspective, explaining a preference for avoiding monetary union.
Yuval Shany
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199274284
- eISBN:
- 9780191718090
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199274284.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
Recent years have witnessed a sharp increase in the number of international courts and tribunals (WTO, NAFTA, ITLOS, ICC, etc.) and greater willingness on the part of states and other international ...
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Recent years have witnessed a sharp increase in the number of international courts and tribunals (WTO, NAFTA, ITLOS, ICC, etc.) and greater willingness on the part of states and other international actors to subject themselves to the compulsory jurisdiction of international adjudicative mechanisms. However, because of the uncoordinated nature of these developments, overlaps between the jurisdictional ambits of the different judicial bodies might occur, i.e., the same dispute could fall under the jurisdiction of more than one forum. This raises both theoretical and practical issues of coordination between the various jurisdictions. The purpose of this book is to explore the implications of jurisdictional competition and to identify standards that may alleviate problems associated with the phenomenon, which arguably threatens the unity of international law. The first part of the book examines the jurisdictional ambits of the principal international courts and tribunals and delineates areas of overlap between their respective jurisdictions. There follows a discussion of some of the potential systematic and practical problems that arise out of jurisdictional competition (such as forum shopping and multiple proceedings) and a consideration of the expediency of mitigating them. The book concludes by identifying existing rules of international law, which govern inter-jurisdictional competition, and by considering the desirability of introducing additional norms and arrangements.Less
Recent years have witnessed a sharp increase in the number of international courts and tribunals (WTO, NAFTA, ITLOS, ICC, etc.) and greater willingness on the part of states and other international actors to subject themselves to the compulsory jurisdiction of international adjudicative mechanisms. However, because of the uncoordinated nature of these developments, overlaps between the jurisdictional ambits of the different judicial bodies might occur, i.e., the same dispute could fall under the jurisdiction of more than one forum. This raises both theoretical and practical issues of coordination between the various jurisdictions. The purpose of this book is to explore the implications of jurisdictional competition and to identify standards that may alleviate problems associated with the phenomenon, which arguably threatens the unity of international law. The first part of the book examines the jurisdictional ambits of the principal international courts and tribunals and delineates areas of overlap between their respective jurisdictions. There follows a discussion of some of the potential systematic and practical problems that arise out of jurisdictional competition (such as forum shopping and multiple proceedings) and a consideration of the expediency of mitigating them. The book concludes by identifying existing rules of international law, which govern inter-jurisdictional competition, and by considering the desirability of introducing additional norms and arrangements.
Stephen D. Cohen
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195179354
- eISBN:
- 9780199783779
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179354.003.0012
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
This chapter provides yet another eclectic analysis, this time of the still-irreconcilable controversy surrounding the “appropriate” kinds and extent of governmental regulation of MNCs as entities ...
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This chapter provides yet another eclectic analysis, this time of the still-irreconcilable controversy surrounding the “appropriate” kinds and extent of governmental regulation of MNCs as entities and FDI as process. The initial section explains why so little progress has been made in establishing meaningful international rules covering these international business phenomena. Next is an abbreviated survey of the major bilateral agreements and voluntary codes of conduct that seek to regulate FDI-related activities to serve the common good. The conflicting attitudes towards the appropriate kinds and extent of multilateral regulations are explained in depth by examining two major loci of contention: the would-be Multilateral Agreement on Investment, and the existing Chapter 11 of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). The increasing significance of activist non-government organizations as unofficial regulators of MNC behavior is examined in the concluding section.Less
This chapter provides yet another eclectic analysis, this time of the still-irreconcilable controversy surrounding the “appropriate” kinds and extent of governmental regulation of MNCs as entities and FDI as process. The initial section explains why so little progress has been made in establishing meaningful international rules covering these international business phenomena. Next is an abbreviated survey of the major bilateral agreements and voluntary codes of conduct that seek to regulate FDI-related activities to serve the common good. The conflicting attitudes towards the appropriate kinds and extent of multilateral regulations are explained in depth by examining two major loci of contention: the would-be Multilateral Agreement on Investment, and the existing Chapter 11 of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). The increasing significance of activist non-government organizations as unofficial regulators of MNC behavior is examined in the concluding section.
Julien Cantegreil
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199578184
- eISBN:
- 9780191722561
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199578184.003.0016
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration, Public International Law
This chapter takes a critical view of NAFTA's Chapter 11 impact on human rights, focusing on the pending Glamis v. United States case. Looking at the facts and the claims raised, the chapter ...
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This chapter takes a critical view of NAFTA's Chapter 11 impact on human rights, focusing on the pending Glamis v. United States case. Looking at the facts and the claims raised, the chapter identifies the environmental and cultural human rights that are at stake, and assesses where to locate the legal issues concerning human rights that the tribunal will have to decide upon. It argues that if the tribunal adopts the current arbitral jurisprudence on the questions of expropriation and fair and equitable treatment, it will be another award prioritizing investors' rights over human rights concerns in the NAFTA regime. This chapter proposes a framework for litigation promoting human rights within the NAFTA regime. Arguing in favour of an internalization of human rights norms into the NAFTA regime and of a multilevel interaction of the different actors, it devises strategies for the parties and the tribunal to achieve this goal using the available legal tools.Less
This chapter takes a critical view of NAFTA's Chapter 11 impact on human rights, focusing on the pending Glamis v. United States case. Looking at the facts and the claims raised, the chapter identifies the environmental and cultural human rights that are at stake, and assesses where to locate the legal issues concerning human rights that the tribunal will have to decide upon. It argues that if the tribunal adopts the current arbitral jurisprudence on the questions of expropriation and fair and equitable treatment, it will be another award prioritizing investors' rights over human rights concerns in the NAFTA regime. This chapter proposes a framework for litigation promoting human rights within the NAFTA regime. Arguing in favour of an internalization of human rights norms into the NAFTA regime and of a multilevel interaction of the different actors, it devises strategies for the parties and the tribunal to achieve this goal using the available legal tools.
Kern Alexander, Rahul Dhumale, and John Eatwell
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195166989
- eISBN:
- 9780199783861
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195166989.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter assesses the current international legal framework that governs international monetary and financial relations. The international economic organizations with responsibility in these ...
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This chapter assesses the current international legal framework that governs international monetary and financial relations. The international economic organizations with responsibility in these areas are the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank), and the World Trade Organization (WTO). The chapter also examines the two major regional trade agreements that govern cross-border trade in financial services and capital flows: the European Community's treaty regime and legislative framework and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).Less
This chapter assesses the current international legal framework that governs international monetary and financial relations. The international economic organizations with responsibility in these areas are the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank), and the World Trade Organization (WTO). The chapter also examines the two major regional trade agreements that govern cross-border trade in financial services and capital flows: the European Community's treaty regime and legislative framework and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).
Philip L. Martin
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- August 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199269006
- eISBN:
- 9780191601309
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199269009.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
Migration has more often been the source of conflict than cooperation in Mexico‐US relations. The US accepts immigrants from and trades with many nations, but virtually all Mexican migrants head for ...
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Migration has more often been the source of conflict than cooperation in Mexico‐US relations. The US accepts immigrants from and trades with many nations, but virtually all Mexican migrants head for the US, and most Mexican trade is with the US. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which went into effect on January 1, 1994, was expected to convert this migration relationship into a trade and investment relationship. Trade may eventually be a substitute for migration between Mexico and the US, but during the 1990s there was a hump or increase in Mexico‐US migration.Less
Migration has more often been the source of conflict than cooperation in Mexico‐US relations. The US accepts immigrants from and trades with many nations, but virtually all Mexican migrants head for the US, and most Mexican trade is with the US. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which went into effect on January 1, 1994, was expected to convert this migration relationship into a trade and investment relationship. Trade may eventually be a substitute for migration between Mexico and the US, but during the 1990s there was a hump or increase in Mexico‐US migration.
Alexander Orakhelashvili
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199546220
- eISBN:
- 9780191720000
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199546220.003.0019
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This chapter examines how equitable notions included in treaties should be construed. While in the law of the sea treaties equity is understood as reflecting general international law, the ‘fair and ...
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This chapter examines how equitable notions included in treaties should be construed. While in the law of the sea treaties equity is understood as reflecting general international law, the ‘fair and equitable’ treatment of foreign investors under international investment treaties is frequently denoted as autonomous treaty-based standard giving rise to new customary law on investment. The chapter examines the application of treaty interpretation methods to ‘fair and equitable treatment’ and establishes that so-called ‘autonomous’ construction cannot be sustained under the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. Instead, ‘fair and equitable treatment’ reflects the general international law standard on the treatment of foreign investors. This chapter also concentrates on the construction of ‘fair and equitable treatment’ in the 2001 opinion of the NAFTA Free Trade Commission, and subsequent reaction by NAFTA Tribunals, as an issue of the agency of interpretation (above Chapter 16).Less
This chapter examines how equitable notions included in treaties should be construed. While in the law of the sea treaties equity is understood as reflecting general international law, the ‘fair and equitable’ treatment of foreign investors under international investment treaties is frequently denoted as autonomous treaty-based standard giving rise to new customary law on investment. The chapter examines the application of treaty interpretation methods to ‘fair and equitable treatment’ and establishes that so-called ‘autonomous’ construction cannot be sustained under the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. Instead, ‘fair and equitable treatment’ reflects the general international law standard on the treatment of foreign investors. This chapter also concentrates on the construction of ‘fair and equitable treatment’ in the 2001 opinion of the NAFTA Free Trade Commission, and subsequent reaction by NAFTA Tribunals, as an issue of the agency of interpretation (above Chapter 16).
Alice Amsden
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195139693
- eISBN:
- 9780199832897
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195139690.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History, International
After a century of struggle, a dozen non‐Western countries with pre‐Second World War manufacturing experience succeeded in entering the orbit of modem industry. The rise of ‘the rest’ was ...
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After a century of struggle, a dozen non‐Western countries with pre‐Second World War manufacturing experience succeeded in entering the orbit of modem industry. The rise of ‘the rest’ was historically unprecedented. For the first time, countries without the competitive asset of proprietary, pioneering technology became economic powers. How industrialization among these prime latecomers succeeded, why it followed a novel path, and what some countries did to advance farther than others are the questions this book addresses. The same seed was contained in the rise of all the rest, a seed that had first germinated in Japan and then grew as might plants in clay pots of differing sizes and shapes, spanning Latin America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico), the Middle East (Turkey) and Asia (India, China, South Korea, Taiwan, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand). To industrialize by borrowing already commercialized technology, devoid of the radically new products and processes that had enriched the North Atlantic, the rise of the rest involved intense learning, an extensive role for the government, and the formation of specific types of business enterprise. Indeed, the rest's unique reciprocal control mechanism differed from Adam Smith's invisible hand and served to reduce government failure and firm mismanagement. By the 1990s, two distinct varieties had taken root: all the economies of the rest had become more globalized, but the ‘integrationists’ (epitomized by Mexico's affiliation to the North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and Argentina's adoption of a dollar‐based currency board) were characterized by heavy reliance on foreign direct investment and minimal local expenditures on skills (as measured by research and development), while the ‘independents’, led by China, India, South Korea, and Taiwan, were notable for their nationally controlled firms and surging investments in technological capabilities. Which subspecies of the rest would succeed, and which would serve as the model for later industrializers (‘the remainder’), are questions that challenge the twenty‐first century and are analysed in this book, which is arranged in three main parts: sinking behind, 1850–c. 1950; sneaking ahead, c. 1950–; and squaring off, c. 1980–.Less
After a century of struggle, a dozen non‐Western countries with pre‐Second World War manufacturing experience succeeded in entering the orbit of modem industry. The rise of ‘the rest’ was historically unprecedented. For the first time, countries without the competitive asset of proprietary, pioneering technology became economic powers. How industrialization among these prime latecomers succeeded, why it followed a novel path, and what some countries did to advance farther than others are the questions this book addresses. The same seed was contained in the rise of all the rest, a seed that had first germinated in Japan and then grew as might plants in clay pots of differing sizes and shapes, spanning Latin America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico), the Middle East (Turkey) and Asia (India, China, South Korea, Taiwan, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand). To industrialize by borrowing already commercialized technology, devoid of the radically new products and processes that had enriched the North Atlantic, the rise of the rest involved intense learning, an extensive role for the government, and the formation of specific types of business enterprise. Indeed, the rest's unique reciprocal control mechanism differed from Adam Smith's invisible hand and served to reduce government failure and firm mismanagement. By the 1990s, two distinct varieties had taken root: all the economies of the rest had become more globalized, but the ‘integrationists’ (epitomized by Mexico's affiliation to the North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and Argentina's adoption of a dollar‐based currency board) were characterized by heavy reliance on foreign direct investment and minimal local expenditures on skills (as measured by research and development), while the ‘independents’, led by China, India, South Korea, and Taiwan, were notable for their nationally controlled firms and surging investments in technological capabilities. Which subspecies of the rest would succeed, and which would serve as the model for later industrializers (‘the remainder’), are questions that challenge the twenty‐first century and are analysed in this book, which is arranged in three main parts: sinking behind, 1850–c. 1950; sneaking ahead, c. 1950–; and squaring off, c. 1980–.
Peter F. Cowhey and Jonathan D. Aronson
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199235216
- eISBN:
- 9780191715624
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199235216.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter focuses on issues of negotiations on trade arrangements for international telecommunications and information services. The first part of the chapter provides background on the major ...
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This chapter focuses on issues of negotiations on trade arrangements for international telecommunications and information services. The first part of the chapter provides background on the major changes that have transformed and globalized communications and information technology during the past two decades. The second part reviews the agreements that came out of the Uruguay Round (1994), including the Basic Telecommunications Agreement (1997) and other international agreements. It also examines the regulatory choices tied to competition and trade in telecommunications services. The third part of the chapter considers the experiences of Ghana and South Korea as they adapted their national systems to the post-1997 telecommunications reality. The final part of the chapter provides an overview of the international telecommunications/IT issues that are under consideration in the Doha Round negotiations. It seeks to explain what the industrial countries are seeking, why they argue that these additional reforms are desirable, and whether and under what circumstances these arguments might make sense to developing countries and their negotiators. The addendum to the chapter discusses the commitments of Costa Rica with regard to telecommunication services in the context of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) with the United States.Less
This chapter focuses on issues of negotiations on trade arrangements for international telecommunications and information services. The first part of the chapter provides background on the major changes that have transformed and globalized communications and information technology during the past two decades. The second part reviews the agreements that came out of the Uruguay Round (1994), including the Basic Telecommunications Agreement (1997) and other international agreements. It also examines the regulatory choices tied to competition and trade in telecommunications services. The third part of the chapter considers the experiences of Ghana and South Korea as they adapted their national systems to the post-1997 telecommunications reality. The final part of the chapter provides an overview of the international telecommunications/IT issues that are under consideration in the Doha Round negotiations. It seeks to explain what the industrial countries are seeking, why they argue that these additional reforms are desirable, and whether and under what circumstances these arguments might make sense to developing countries and their negotiators. The addendum to the chapter discusses the commitments of Costa Rica with regard to telecommunication services in the context of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) with the United States.
Magnus Blomström, Steven Globerman, and Ari Kokko
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199250011
- eISBN:
- 9780191596216
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199250014.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
It is suggested that the most serious challenge facing a study of the relationship between regional integration and foreign direct investment is the multidimensional nature of the issue. In ...
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It is suggested that the most serious challenge facing a study of the relationship between regional integration and foreign direct investment is the multidimensional nature of the issue. In particular, there is reason to believe that the relevant linkages will vary between different integration agreements, and between countries and industries participating in any specific agreement. This chapter therefore sets out some broad theoretical considerations surrounding the linkages between regional integration agreements and foreign direct investment. It then refines these broad considerations into a more focused framework that accounts for some indirect linkages that have, hitherto, been largely ignored in the relevant literature. A brief examination is then made of three recent, and very distinct, cases of regional integration in North and South America with reference to the framework already discussed: Canada joining CUSFTA (the Canada–USA Free Trade Agreement); Mexico's accession to NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement); and the first stage of integration in MERCOSUR (Mercado Comun del Sur).Less
It is suggested that the most serious challenge facing a study of the relationship between regional integration and foreign direct investment is the multidimensional nature of the issue. In particular, there is reason to believe that the relevant linkages will vary between different integration agreements, and between countries and industries participating in any specific agreement. This chapter therefore sets out some broad theoretical considerations surrounding the linkages between regional integration agreements and foreign direct investment. It then refines these broad considerations into a more focused framework that accounts for some indirect linkages that have, hitherto, been largely ignored in the relevant literature. A brief examination is then made of three recent, and very distinct, cases of regional integration in North and South America with reference to the framework already discussed: Canada joining CUSFTA (the Canada–USA Free Trade Agreement); Mexico's accession to NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement); and the first stage of integration in MERCOSUR (Mercado Comun del Sur).
Lorraine Eden and Antoine Monteils
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199250011
- eISBN:
- 9780191596216
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199250014.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
The impacts of regional integration on firm location strategies post‐1989 in North America are investigated using three different data sets. First, World Investment Report data (UNCTAD, 1998) show ...
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The impacts of regional integration on firm location strategies post‐1989 in North America are investigated using three different data sets. First, World Investment Report data (UNCTAD, 1998) show changes in the stock of North American inward and outward foreign direct investment (FDI) over the 1985–97 period. Second, two‐way FDI stock data from the OECD (1997) provide a snapshot of intraregional and extraregional North American integration in 1989 and 1994. Third, using US inward FDI data for the 1989–94 period, investment patterns are compared of insider firms (Canada and Mexico) with outsider firms (all others) along four dimensions: timing of FDI, mode of entry, state location, and industry choice. Since NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) took effect on 1 January 1994, the data should be seen as more reflective of the Canada–US Free Trade Agreement, but some interesting patterns of responses to regional integration are found that suggest the regional integration process in North America is significantly affecting plant location decisions.Less
The impacts of regional integration on firm location strategies post‐1989 in North America are investigated using three different data sets. First, World Investment Report data (UNCTAD, 1998) show changes in the stock of North American inward and outward foreign direct investment (FDI) over the 1985–97 period. Second, two‐way FDI stock data from the OECD (1997) provide a snapshot of intraregional and extraregional North American integration in 1989 and 1994. Third, using US inward FDI data for the 1989–94 period, investment patterns are compared of insider firms (Canada and Mexico) with outsider firms (all others) along four dimensions: timing of FDI, mode of entry, state location, and industry choice. Since NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) took effect on 1 January 1994, the data should be seen as more reflective of the Canada–US Free Trade Agreement, but some interesting patterns of responses to regional integration are found that suggest the regional integration process in North America is significantly affecting plant location decisions.
Jürgen Kurtz
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199589104
- eISBN:
- 9780191595455
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199589104.003.0008
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law, Public International Law
This chapter critically examines cross-fertilization of jurisprudence across the shared obligation of national treatment in WTO law and investment treaties. It focuses on the methodological tendency ...
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This chapter critically examines cross-fertilization of jurisprudence across the shared obligation of national treatment in WTO law and investment treaties. It focuses on the methodological tendency of investor-State arbitral tribunals to draw on complex WTO jurisprudence when ruling on a similar but not identical legal norm in the investment treaty setting. The chapter begins by identifying and disaggregating the separate historical imperatives in the use of the national treatment across the two regimes. It then uses that context to examine how comparative analysis might be employed to offer sensible and constructive insights. That ideal methodology is then contrasted against the case-law, which reveals critical errors by investor-State tribunals in using WTO law in the adjudication of three key interpretative questions. The chapter concludes by identifying useful juridical mechanisms in WTO law that have not, to date, been explored and which might be productively used to guide future arbitral tribunals.Less
This chapter critically examines cross-fertilization of jurisprudence across the shared obligation of national treatment in WTO law and investment treaties. It focuses on the methodological tendency of investor-State arbitral tribunals to draw on complex WTO jurisprudence when ruling on a similar but not identical legal norm in the investment treaty setting. The chapter begins by identifying and disaggregating the separate historical imperatives in the use of the national treatment across the two regimes. It then uses that context to examine how comparative analysis might be employed to offer sensible and constructive insights. That ideal methodology is then contrasted against the case-law, which reveals critical errors by investor-State tribunals in using WTO law in the adjudication of three key interpretative questions. The chapter concludes by identifying useful juridical mechanisms in WTO law that have not, to date, been explored and which might be productively used to guide future arbitral tribunals.
Frans J. Schryer
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801453144
- eISBN:
- 9780801455124
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801453144.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Migration Studies (including Refugee Studies)
For Mexicans on both sides of the border, the migrant experience has changed significantly over the past two decades. This book draws on the experiences of indigenous people from a region in the ...
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For Mexicans on both sides of the border, the migrant experience has changed significantly over the past two decades. This book draws on the experiences of indigenous people from a region in the Mexican state of Guerrero to explore the impact of this transformation on the lives of migrants. When handicraft production was able to provide a viable alternative to agricultural labor, most migrants would travel to other parts of Mexico to sell their wares. Others opted to work for wages in the United States, returning to Mexico on a regular basis. This is no longer the case. At first almost everyone, including former craft vendors, headed north; however it also became more difficult to go back home and then re-enter the United States. One migrant laments, “Before I was an artisan and free to travel all over Mexico to sell my crafts. Here we are all locked in a box and cannot get out.” NAFTA, migrant labor legislation, and more stringent border controls have all affected migrants' home communities, their relations with employers, their livelihoods, and their identity and customs. The book traces the personal lives and careers of indigenous men and women on both sides of the border. It finds that the most pressing issue facing undocumented workers is not that they are unable to earn enough money but, rather, that they are living in a state of ongoing uncertainty and will never be able to achieve their full potential. Through these stories, the book offers a nuanced understanding of the predicaments undocumented workers face and the importance of the ongoing debate around immigration policy.Less
For Mexicans on both sides of the border, the migrant experience has changed significantly over the past two decades. This book draws on the experiences of indigenous people from a region in the Mexican state of Guerrero to explore the impact of this transformation on the lives of migrants. When handicraft production was able to provide a viable alternative to agricultural labor, most migrants would travel to other parts of Mexico to sell their wares. Others opted to work for wages in the United States, returning to Mexico on a regular basis. This is no longer the case. At first almost everyone, including former craft vendors, headed north; however it also became more difficult to go back home and then re-enter the United States. One migrant laments, “Before I was an artisan and free to travel all over Mexico to sell my crafts. Here we are all locked in a box and cannot get out.” NAFTA, migrant labor legislation, and more stringent border controls have all affected migrants' home communities, their relations with employers, their livelihoods, and their identity and customs. The book traces the personal lives and careers of indigenous men and women on both sides of the border. It finds that the most pressing issue facing undocumented workers is not that they are unable to earn enough money but, rather, that they are living in a state of ongoing uncertainty and will never be able to achieve their full potential. Through these stories, the book offers a nuanced understanding of the predicaments undocumented workers face and the importance of the ongoing debate around immigration policy.
Kathleen C. Schwartzman
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801451164
- eISBN:
- 9780801468056
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801451164.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Migration Studies (including Refugee Studies)
This book examines the impact of globalization—and of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in particular—on the North American poultry industry, focusing on the displacement of African ...
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This book examines the impact of globalization—and of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in particular—on the North American poultry industry, focusing on the displacement of African American workers in the southeast United States and workers in Mexico. The book documents how the transformation of U.S. poultry production in the 1980s increased its export capacity and changed the nature and consequences of labor conflict. It documents how globalization, and especially NAFTA, forced Mexico to open its commodity and capital markets, and eliminate state support of corporations and rural smallholders. As a consequence, many Mexicans were forced to abandon their no-longer-sustainable small farms, with some seeking work in industrialized poultry factories north of the border. By following this trail, the book breaks through the deadlocked immigration debate, highlighting the broader economic and political contexts of immigration flows. The narrative that undocumented workers take jobs that Americans don't want to do is too simplistic. The book argues instead that illegal immigration is better understood as a labor story in which the hiring of undocumented workers is part of a management response to the crises of profit making and labor-management conflict. The book makes a significant contribution to our understanding of the implications of globalization for labor and how the externalities of free trade and neoliberalism become the social problems of nations and the tragedies of individuals.Less
This book examines the impact of globalization—and of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in particular—on the North American poultry industry, focusing on the displacement of African American workers in the southeast United States and workers in Mexico. The book documents how the transformation of U.S. poultry production in the 1980s increased its export capacity and changed the nature and consequences of labor conflict. It documents how globalization, and especially NAFTA, forced Mexico to open its commodity and capital markets, and eliminate state support of corporations and rural smallholders. As a consequence, many Mexicans were forced to abandon their no-longer-sustainable small farms, with some seeking work in industrialized poultry factories north of the border. By following this trail, the book breaks through the deadlocked immigration debate, highlighting the broader economic and political contexts of immigration flows. The narrative that undocumented workers take jobs that Americans don't want to do is too simplistic. The book argues instead that illegal immigration is better understood as a labor story in which the hiring of undocumented workers is part of a management response to the crises of profit making and labor-management conflict. The book makes a significant contribution to our understanding of the implications of globalization for labor and how the externalities of free trade and neoliberalism become the social problems of nations and the tragedies of individuals.
