William Bain
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199260263
- eISBN:
- 9780191600975
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199260265.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Examines the internationalization of trusteeship as it arose in the context of British colonial administration in Africa, the Berlin and Brussels Conferences, and the experience of the Congo Free ...
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Examines the internationalization of trusteeship as it arose in the context of British colonial administration in Africa, the Berlin and Brussels Conferences, and the experience of the Congo Free State. It is out of these experiences and events that the idea of trusteeship emerges as a recognized and accepted practice of international society. The chapter has five sections: the first discusses British attitudes towards Africa; the second looks at Lord Lugard's ‘dual mandate’ principle of colonial administration—the proposal that the exploitation of Africa's natural wealth should reciprocally benefit the industrial classes of Europe and the native population of Africa; the third discusses the Berlin Conference of 1884–1885 and the Brussels Conference of 1890; the fourth describes trusteeship in relation to the Congo Free State. The fifth section of the chapter points out the progression from the idea of trusteeship in the East India Company's dominion in India—in which the improvement of native peoples would come about rapidly and result in institutional forms and practices that closely resembled those in Europe—to a new incrementalist approach in which societies and people were thought of as occupying different rungs on a progressive ‘ladder of civilization’, and, depending on their stage of development on this ladder, were suited to different forms of constitution.Less
Examines the internationalization of trusteeship as it arose in the context of British colonial administration in Africa, the Berlin and Brussels Conferences, and the experience of the Congo Free State. It is out of these experiences and events that the idea of trusteeship emerges as a recognized and accepted practice of international society. The chapter has five sections: the first discusses British attitudes towards Africa; the second looks at Lord Lugard's ‘dual mandate’ principle of colonial administration—the proposal that the exploitation of Africa's natural wealth should reciprocally benefit the industrial classes of Europe and the native population of Africa; the third discusses the Berlin Conference of 1884–1885 and the Brussels Conference of 1890; the fourth describes trusteeship in relation to the Congo Free State. The fifth section of the chapter points out the progression from the idea of trusteeship in the East India Company's dominion in India—in which the improvement of native peoples would come about rapidly and result in institutional forms and practices that closely resembled those in Europe—to a new incrementalist approach in which societies and people were thought of as occupying different rungs on a progressive ‘ladder of civilization’, and, depending on their stage of development on this ladder, were suited to different forms of constitution.
Joan Mickelson Gaughan
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780198092148
- eISBN:
- 9780199082780
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198092148.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Social History
In 1615, the Directors of the East India Company saw only two roles that women might play in India—either they would encumber what the Company was about or they could be spiritual emotional supports ...
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In 1615, the Directors of the East India Company saw only two roles that women might play in India—either they would encumber what the Company was about or they could be spiritual emotional supports for the men to whom they were attached. Ultimately, they would play both roles but also carve out their own as well. Beginning in the 1650s, hoping to counteract the influence of Catholic, primarily Portuguese, women, the Directors lifted its earlier ban and sent out the first ‘fishing fleets’ hoping that the presence of English women would improve morals and provide Protestant progeny in their factories. Besides marriage, women also became partners with their husbands in trade, as well as operating businesses of their own. The period from 1757 to about 1800 witnessed the arrival of more women who came out to India to ‘fish’ for wealthy nabobs. As in the earlier period, women could be engaged in other economic ventures, specifically the managing of taverns, millinery shops, and boarding schools. By the end of the century, however, all three sources of economic independence had disappeared. The fact of empire, however, allowed women in the early nineteenth century to not only take active roles in the area of missionary work but to explore India far more fully than they had ever been able to before. Their journals, letters, diaries, and commentaries indicate curiosity and often affection for India on the one hand, but also, about two decades before the Mutiny, a closing of their minds.Less
In 1615, the Directors of the East India Company saw only two roles that women might play in India—either they would encumber what the Company was about or they could be spiritual emotional supports for the men to whom they were attached. Ultimately, they would play both roles but also carve out their own as well. Beginning in the 1650s, hoping to counteract the influence of Catholic, primarily Portuguese, women, the Directors lifted its earlier ban and sent out the first ‘fishing fleets’ hoping that the presence of English women would improve morals and provide Protestant progeny in their factories. Besides marriage, women also became partners with their husbands in trade, as well as operating businesses of their own. The period from 1757 to about 1800 witnessed the arrival of more women who came out to India to ‘fish’ for wealthy nabobs. As in the earlier period, women could be engaged in other economic ventures, specifically the managing of taverns, millinery shops, and boarding schools. By the end of the century, however, all three sources of economic independence had disappeared. The fact of empire, however, allowed women in the early nineteenth century to not only take active roles in the area of missionary work but to explore India far more fully than they had ever been able to before. Their journals, letters, diaries, and commentaries indicate curiosity and often affection for India on the one hand, but also, about two decades before the Mutiny, a closing of their minds.
D. A. Washbrook
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205654
- eISBN:
- 9780191676734
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205654.003.0018
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History, British and Irish Modern History
India was subjected to a battery of changes aimed at drawing it more closely under the authority of Britain and converting its culture and institutions to Western and Anglicist norms and forms. Its ...
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India was subjected to a battery of changes aimed at drawing it more closely under the authority of Britain and converting its culture and institutions to Western and Anglicist norms and forms. Its social economy became increasingly agrarian and peasant-based. It addresses the following question: why and how did British rule itself affect the imperatives towards the reconstruction of a traditional India? The received historiography has been guilty of too eclectic an approach to the discourse(s) of colonialism, and also of overemphasizing the significance of discourse (and texts) at the expense of analyses of both institutional practice and politico-economic context. The economics of backwardness is elaborated. Next, it deals with the traditionalization of Indian society. The contradictions continued after the Mutiny, although taking on different forms. Technological transformation increased in intensity. These developments enabled Indian primary products to finally find outlets on world markets. After the Mutiny, the Westernizing and Orientalizing propensities of colonial rule still remained in tension, although as the century advanced a new element also began to enter their relationship.Less
India was subjected to a battery of changes aimed at drawing it more closely under the authority of Britain and converting its culture and institutions to Western and Anglicist norms and forms. Its social economy became increasingly agrarian and peasant-based. It addresses the following question: why and how did British rule itself affect the imperatives towards the reconstruction of a traditional India? The received historiography has been guilty of too eclectic an approach to the discourse(s) of colonialism, and also of overemphasizing the significance of discourse (and texts) at the expense of analyses of both institutional practice and politico-economic context. The economics of backwardness is elaborated. Next, it deals with the traditionalization of Indian society. The contradictions continued after the Mutiny, although taking on different forms. Technological transformation increased in intensity. These developments enabled Indian primary products to finally find outlets on world markets. After the Mutiny, the Westernizing and Orientalizing propensities of colonial rule still remained in tension, although as the century advanced a new element also began to enter their relationship.
Ralph Crane and Radhika Mohanram
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9781846318962
- eISBN:
- 9781781380970
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9781846318962.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, World Literature
Within postcolonial studies, Britain’s long contact with India has been read generally only within the context of imperialism to inform our understanding of race, gender, identity, and power within ...
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Within postcolonial studies, Britain’s long contact with India has been read generally only within the context of imperialism to inform our understanding of race, gender, identity, and power within colonialism. Yet postcolonial interpretations that focus on such single dimensions of identity risk disregarding the sense of displacement, discontinuities, and discomforts that compromised everyday life for the British in India—the Anglo-Indians—during the Raj. Imperialism as Diaspora reconsiders the urgencies, governing principles, and modes of being of the Anglo-Indians by approaching Britain’s imperial relationship with India from new, interdisciplinary directions. Moving freely between the disciplines of literature, history, and art this new work offers readers a more nuanced and comprehensive understanding of the lives of Anglo-Indians. Focusing on the years between the Indian Mutiny of 1857 and Independence in1947—the period of the British Raj in India—Imperialism as Diaspora at once sets in motion the multidisciplinary fields of cultural and social history, art and iconography, and literary productions while carefully maintaining the tension between imperialism and diaspora in a ground-breaking reassessment of Anglo-India. The authors examine the seamless continuum between cultural history, the semiotics of art, and Anglo-Indian literary works. Specifically, they focus on the influence of the Sepoy Mutiny on Anglo-Indian identity; the trope of duty and the white man’s burden on the racialization of Anglo-India; the role of the missionary and the status of Christianity in India; and gender, love and contamination within mixed marriages. Less
Within postcolonial studies, Britain’s long contact with India has been read generally only within the context of imperialism to inform our understanding of race, gender, identity, and power within colonialism. Yet postcolonial interpretations that focus on such single dimensions of identity risk disregarding the sense of displacement, discontinuities, and discomforts that compromised everyday life for the British in India—the Anglo-Indians—during the Raj. Imperialism as Diaspora reconsiders the urgencies, governing principles, and modes of being of the Anglo-Indians by approaching Britain’s imperial relationship with India from new, interdisciplinary directions. Moving freely between the disciplines of literature, history, and art this new work offers readers a more nuanced and comprehensive understanding of the lives of Anglo-Indians. Focusing on the years between the Indian Mutiny of 1857 and Independence in1947—the period of the British Raj in India—Imperialism as Diaspora at once sets in motion the multidisciplinary fields of cultural and social history, art and iconography, and literary productions while carefully maintaining the tension between imperialism and diaspora in a ground-breaking reassessment of Anglo-India. The authors examine the seamless continuum between cultural history, the semiotics of art, and Anglo-Indian literary works. Specifically, they focus on the influence of the Sepoy Mutiny on Anglo-Indian identity; the trope of duty and the white man’s burden on the racialization of Anglo-India; the role of the missionary and the status of Christianity in India; and gender, love and contamination within mixed marriages.
Máire ní Fhlathúin
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780748640683
- eISBN:
- 9781474415996
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748640683.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
The book traces the development of British Indian literature from the early days of the nineteenth century to the end of the Victorian period. Previously unstudied poems and essays drawn from the ...
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The book traces the development of British Indian literature from the early days of the nineteenth century to the end of the Victorian period. Previously unstudied poems and essays drawn from the thriving periodicals culture of British India are examined alongside novels and travel-writing by authors including Philip Meadows Taylor, Emma Roberts and Rudyard Kipling, and the historical narratives of James Tod. Opening with an overview and discussion of the literary marketplace of the early nineteenth century, it moves on to the analysis of key moments, events and concerns of Victorian India, including the legacy of the Hastings impeachment, the Indian ‘Mutiny’, the sati controversy, and the rise of Bengal nationalism. These are re-assessed within their literary and political contexts, emphasising the engagement of British writers with canonical British literature (Scott, Byron) as well as the mythology and historiography of India and their own responses to their immediate surroundings. The book examines representations of the experience of being in India, in chapters on the poetry and prose of exile, and the dynamics of consumption. It also analyses colonial representations of the landscape and societies of India itself, in chapters on the figure of the bandit / hero, female agency and self-sacrifice, and the use of historiography to enlist indigenous narratives in the project of Empire.Less
The book traces the development of British Indian literature from the early days of the nineteenth century to the end of the Victorian period. Previously unstudied poems and essays drawn from the thriving periodicals culture of British India are examined alongside novels and travel-writing by authors including Philip Meadows Taylor, Emma Roberts and Rudyard Kipling, and the historical narratives of James Tod. Opening with an overview and discussion of the literary marketplace of the early nineteenth century, it moves on to the analysis of key moments, events and concerns of Victorian India, including the legacy of the Hastings impeachment, the Indian ‘Mutiny’, the sati controversy, and the rise of Bengal nationalism. These are re-assessed within their literary and political contexts, emphasising the engagement of British writers with canonical British literature (Scott, Byron) as well as the mythology and historiography of India and their own responses to their immediate surroundings. The book examines representations of the experience of being in India, in chapters on the poetry and prose of exile, and the dynamics of consumption. It also analyses colonial representations of the landscape and societies of India itself, in chapters on the figure of the bandit / hero, female agency and self-sacrifice, and the use of historiography to enlist indigenous narratives in the project of Empire.
Harlow Robinson
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780813178332
- eISBN:
- 9780813178349
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813178332.003.0013
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
This chapter covers Milestone’s life until his death in 1980. During this time he directed two high-profile features. Warner Brothers’ Ocean’s Eleven, a widely-imitated heist movie set in the Las ...
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This chapter covers Milestone’s life until his death in 1980. During this time he directed two high-profile features. Warner Brothers’ Ocean’s Eleven, a widely-imitated heist movie set in the Las Vegas casinos, starred the celebrated and notorious “Rat Pack” led by Frank Sinatra and Dean Martin, as a group of army buddies out to make a fast buck. Milestone next took over from fired director Carol Reed MGM’s expensive blockbuster epic Mutiny on the Bounty, shot under difficult conditions in Tahiti, along with its difficult star, Marlon Brando. Warner Brothers then hired Milestone to direct PT-109, about John Kennedy, but fired him after a month. In his last years Milestone directed a few episodes for television, but found TV work unsatisfying.Less
This chapter covers Milestone’s life until his death in 1980. During this time he directed two high-profile features. Warner Brothers’ Ocean’s Eleven, a widely-imitated heist movie set in the Las Vegas casinos, starred the celebrated and notorious “Rat Pack” led by Frank Sinatra and Dean Martin, as a group of army buddies out to make a fast buck. Milestone next took over from fired director Carol Reed MGM’s expensive blockbuster epic Mutiny on the Bounty, shot under difficult conditions in Tahiti, along with its difficult star, Marlon Brando. Warner Brothers then hired Milestone to direct PT-109, about John Kennedy, but fired him after a month. In his last years Milestone directed a few episodes for television, but found TV work unsatisfying.
B. R. Nanda
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195658279
- eISBN:
- 9780199081394
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195658279.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Indian History
This chapter discusses Syed Ahmad Khan, whose family was closely connected to the Mughal court. The chapter begins with a section on Khan’s childhood and his decision to accept a job in the East ...
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This chapter discusses Syed Ahmad Khan, whose family was closely connected to the Mughal court. The chapter begins with a section on Khan’s childhood and his decision to accept a job in the East India Company, a decision protested by his family members. It then looks at the start of his official career as an apprentice in the court of the Sadr Amin at Delhi, and how he became a Sadr Amin in less than twenty years. It describes Khan as pro-British, and narrates his successful efforts to negotiate the release of the British officers and their families who were posted in Bijnor. The chapter also studies the Mutiny of 1857 and Khan’s role in bridging the gap between the Indian Muslims and the British government.Less
This chapter discusses Syed Ahmad Khan, whose family was closely connected to the Mughal court. The chapter begins with a section on Khan’s childhood and his decision to accept a job in the East India Company, a decision protested by his family members. It then looks at the start of his official career as an apprentice in the court of the Sadr Amin at Delhi, and how he became a Sadr Amin in less than twenty years. It describes Khan as pro-British, and narrates his successful efforts to negotiate the release of the British officers and their families who were posted in Bijnor. The chapter also studies the Mutiny of 1857 and Khan’s role in bridging the gap between the Indian Muslims and the British government.
James Lockhart
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781474435611
- eISBN:
- 9781474465243
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474435611.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter evaluates the rise of social conflict in Chile from the late nineteenth century into the early twentieth. It presents Chile's labor movement, the Chilean Communist Party, Chile's ...
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This chapter evaluates the rise of social conflict in Chile from the late nineteenth century into the early twentieth. It presents Chile's labor movement, the Chilean Communist Party, Chile's conservatives, Chile's professional officer corps, and the Ibáñez dictatorship as the earliest expression of Cold War struggles in Chile. It connects the Chilean Communist Party to the Comintern's South American Bureau and the Soviet Union. It explains why the dictatorship broke relations with the Soviet Union and suppressed the communist party in 1927. And it reviews the nature of United States perceptions and involvement in these events.Less
This chapter evaluates the rise of social conflict in Chile from the late nineteenth century into the early twentieth. It presents Chile's labor movement, the Chilean Communist Party, Chile's conservatives, Chile's professional officer corps, and the Ibáñez dictatorship as the earliest expression of Cold War struggles in Chile. It connects the Chilean Communist Party to the Comintern's South American Bureau and the Soviet Union. It explains why the dictatorship broke relations with the Soviet Union and suppressed the communist party in 1927. And it reviews the nature of United States perceptions and involvement in these events.
Matt Perry
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- January 2022
- ISBN:
- 9781800857193
- eISBN:
- 9781800852792
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3828/liverpool/9781800857193.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
The introduction makes the case that 1919 is an exceptional year and that there is a need to re-examine this year as a contest threshold of peace that neither of the two traditional historiographical ...
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The introduction makes the case that 1919 is an exceptional year and that there is a need to re-examine this year as a contest threshold of peace that neither of the two traditional historiographical approaches—the high political approach centred on Versailles peace-making nor the challenge of labour—adequately capture. The introduction surveys new trends in the historical literature and makes the case for the profound distinctiveness of this year both in terms of the chosen themselves of the book namely global contestation from below along gender, class and colour lines and in wider contexts as well not least in the worlds of science, the arts and epidemiologically in terms of the ‘Spanish Flu’.Less
The introduction makes the case that 1919 is an exceptional year and that there is a need to re-examine this year as a contest threshold of peace that neither of the two traditional historiographical approaches—the high political approach centred on Versailles peace-making nor the challenge of labour—adequately capture. The introduction surveys new trends in the historical literature and makes the case for the profound distinctiveness of this year both in terms of the chosen themselves of the book namely global contestation from below along gender, class and colour lines and in wider contexts as well not least in the worlds of science, the arts and epidemiologically in terms of the ‘Spanish Flu’.
Matt Perry
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- January 2022
- ISBN:
- 9781800857193
- eISBN:
- 9781800852792
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3828/liverpool/9781800857193.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
1919 was a global moment of both the remaking of empire, not least the French empire, and a powerful contentious surge from below in metropolitan as well as colonial settings. During the Great War, ...
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1919 was a global moment of both the remaking of empire, not least the French empire, and a powerful contentious surge from below in metropolitan as well as colonial settings. During the Great War, the French Empire drew on what General Mangin called the ‘la force noire’ of colonial labour and troops to fill the factories and the trenches. As the war continued in the East after Armistice with Allied intervention against the fledgling Soviet Republic, a wave of army and naval mutinies undermined French efforts to topple the new regime. Using mutineer testimony, this paper considers their attitudes to class, military authority and ethnicity. This neglected imperial and colonial dimension of the revolt complicates our understanding of events that became the foundation myth of the French Communist Party, 'glorious hours' in which French military service personnel apparently fraternised with Russian workers in the spirit of internationalism. Not only was there a mutiny of colonial troops themselves in Siberia but also the French military authorities instrumentalised ethnic divisions to suppress the mutinies. Viewed more broadly, this French connection with the Russian Revolution was crucial to the remaking of the French left, feeding into the Congress of Tours the following year, and setting terms of debate for the left’s relationship with the colonial question.Less
1919 was a global moment of both the remaking of empire, not least the French empire, and a powerful contentious surge from below in metropolitan as well as colonial settings. During the Great War, the French Empire drew on what General Mangin called the ‘la force noire’ of colonial labour and troops to fill the factories and the trenches. As the war continued in the East after Armistice with Allied intervention against the fledgling Soviet Republic, a wave of army and naval mutinies undermined French efforts to topple the new regime. Using mutineer testimony, this paper considers their attitudes to class, military authority and ethnicity. This neglected imperial and colonial dimension of the revolt complicates our understanding of events that became the foundation myth of the French Communist Party, 'glorious hours' in which French military service personnel apparently fraternised with Russian workers in the spirit of internationalism. Not only was there a mutiny of colonial troops themselves in Siberia but also the French military authorities instrumentalised ethnic divisions to suppress the mutinies. Viewed more broadly, this French connection with the Russian Revolution was crucial to the remaking of the French left, feeding into the Congress of Tours the following year, and setting terms of debate for the left’s relationship with the colonial question.
Christian Høgsbjerg
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- January 2022
- ISBN:
- 9781800857193
- eISBN:
- 9781800852792
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3828/liverpool/9781800857193.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
In colonial Trinidad in 1919 rising industrial turmoil culminated in a rolling mass strike that would shake this outpost of the British Empire to its foundations. Though often located as an ...
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In colonial Trinidad in 1919 rising industrial turmoil culminated in a rolling mass strike that would shake this outpost of the British Empire to its foundations. Though often located as an important part of Trinidadian or at best Caribbean labour history—a precursor to the powerful wave of labour rebellions that swept the Anglophone colonial Caribbean in the 1930s—Christian Hogsbjerg’s chapter situates the strike through the prism of colonial, transnational and global labour history. In the strike's aftermath, the social democratic Trinidad Workingmen’s Association grew into a mass organization led by the charismatic Captain Arthur Andrew Cipriani. Hogsbjerg explores how this mass nationalist working-class movement attracted the attention of the young writer and teacher C.L.R. James, who would become a leading anti-colonialist thinker, writing a biography of Cipriani, later abridged and published as The Case for West Indian Self-Government (1933). Yet this text strangely overlooked the strike of 1919, being only with James's turn to Marxism in the 1930s that he came to appreciate the strike’s full historical significance. In 1937, James would publish his pioneering socialist history of the Communist International, World Revolution, which articulates James's evolving understanding of 1919 as a global year of revolutionary contestation.Less
In colonial Trinidad in 1919 rising industrial turmoil culminated in a rolling mass strike that would shake this outpost of the British Empire to its foundations. Though often located as an important part of Trinidadian or at best Caribbean labour history—a precursor to the powerful wave of labour rebellions that swept the Anglophone colonial Caribbean in the 1930s—Christian Hogsbjerg’s chapter situates the strike through the prism of colonial, transnational and global labour history. In the strike's aftermath, the social democratic Trinidad Workingmen’s Association grew into a mass organization led by the charismatic Captain Arthur Andrew Cipriani. Hogsbjerg explores how this mass nationalist working-class movement attracted the attention of the young writer and teacher C.L.R. James, who would become a leading anti-colonialist thinker, writing a biography of Cipriani, later abridged and published as The Case for West Indian Self-Government (1933). Yet this text strangely overlooked the strike of 1919, being only with James's turn to Marxism in the 1930s that he came to appreciate the strike’s full historical significance. In 1937, James would publish his pioneering socialist history of the Communist International, World Revolution, which articulates James's evolving understanding of 1919 as a global year of revolutionary contestation.
Milton A. Cohen
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- January 2022
- ISBN:
- 9781949979749
- eISBN:
- 9781800852501
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3828/liverpool/9781949979749.003.0004
- Subject:
- Literature, American, 20th Century Literature
A distinctive theme in the culture of the 1950s was conformity to the “system” versus rebellion against it. This chapter studies three quintessentially “50s” war novels that feature this theme: ...
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A distinctive theme in the culture of the 1950s was conformity to the “system” versus rebellion against it. This chapter studies three quintessentially “50s” war novels that feature this theme: Jones’s From Here to Eternity, Herman Wouk’s The Caine Mutiny and Joseph Heller’s Catch-22 (published in 1961, but essentially a “50s” novel). As with novels about Black-White conflicts, the authors’ perspectives of these individual-vs.-system theme vary markedly. Jones sympathetically depicts an outsider’s rebellion by Private Prewitt against unjust treatment and an insider’s one by Sergeant Warden. Both characters reflect Jones’s own ambivalence about the Army. Wouk’s lower-level officers mutiny against the incompetent and paranoid Captain Queeg during a killer typhoon when their ship’s survival is at stake. Though the evidence supports the mutineers, Wouk seems to side with naval authority which punishes them. Heller depicts a self-serving power elite that profits from the war and avoids danger versus the lower-level officers, emblemized by Yossarian, who must fly an ever-increasing number of missions. The chapter clarifies misconceptions about the number of missions and about whether the “enemy” is an impersonal system or particular people. Heller’s complete sympathy for his belated rebel, Yossarian, anticipates (but differs from) anti-war themes of the later 1960s.Less
A distinctive theme in the culture of the 1950s was conformity to the “system” versus rebellion against it. This chapter studies three quintessentially “50s” war novels that feature this theme: Jones’s From Here to Eternity, Herman Wouk’s The Caine Mutiny and Joseph Heller’s Catch-22 (published in 1961, but essentially a “50s” novel). As with novels about Black-White conflicts, the authors’ perspectives of these individual-vs.-system theme vary markedly. Jones sympathetically depicts an outsider’s rebellion by Private Prewitt against unjust treatment and an insider’s one by Sergeant Warden. Both characters reflect Jones’s own ambivalence about the Army. Wouk’s lower-level officers mutiny against the incompetent and paranoid Captain Queeg during a killer typhoon when their ship’s survival is at stake. Though the evidence supports the mutineers, Wouk seems to side with naval authority which punishes them. Heller depicts a self-serving power elite that profits from the war and avoids danger versus the lower-level officers, emblemized by Yossarian, who must fly an ever-increasing number of missions. The chapter clarifies misconceptions about the number of missions and about whether the “enemy” is an impersonal system or particular people. Heller’s complete sympathy for his belated rebel, Yossarian, anticipates (but differs from) anti-war themes of the later 1960s.
Nurfadzilah Yahaya
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781501750878
- eISBN:
- 9781501750892
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501750878.003.0006
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Asian Studies
This chapter elaborates the gradual dissolution of the Ottoman Empire after the First World War contributed to the nationalization of the Arab diaspora in the British and Dutch colonial imagination. ...
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This chapter elaborates the gradual dissolution of the Ottoman Empire after the First World War contributed to the nationalization of the Arab diaspora in the British and Dutch colonial imagination. It highlights a phenomenon which linked the diaspora to an Arab nation instead of the colonies in Southeast Asia where they had established themselves. As much as the surveillance was focused on Southeast Asia, the chapter reveals that the British interests in the Middle East, in the wake of the demise of the major imperial power in the region (the Ottomans), dictated the direction of surveillance policies. It outlines how the First World War formed a watershed moment in the history of British–Arab relations in Southeast Asia. The chapter also looks at how the strained wartime resources caused colonial officials to feel more vulnerable and isolated, leading them to cement their alliance with the Arab community. Ultimately, the chapter examines the constant attempts of the members of the Arab diaspora who continually tried to prove their utility and legitimacy to colonial authorities, culminating in 1915, in the wake of the Sepoy Mutiny in Singapore, in an alliance with the British of Muslims loyal to the king of England.Less
This chapter elaborates the gradual dissolution of the Ottoman Empire after the First World War contributed to the nationalization of the Arab diaspora in the British and Dutch colonial imagination. It highlights a phenomenon which linked the diaspora to an Arab nation instead of the colonies in Southeast Asia where they had established themselves. As much as the surveillance was focused on Southeast Asia, the chapter reveals that the British interests in the Middle East, in the wake of the demise of the major imperial power in the region (the Ottomans), dictated the direction of surveillance policies. It outlines how the First World War formed a watershed moment in the history of British–Arab relations in Southeast Asia. The chapter also looks at how the strained wartime resources caused colonial officials to feel more vulnerable and isolated, leading them to cement their alliance with the Arab community. Ultimately, the chapter examines the constant attempts of the members of the Arab diaspora who continually tried to prove their utility and legitimacy to colonial authorities, culminating in 1915, in the wake of the Sepoy Mutiny in Singapore, in an alliance with the British of Muslims loyal to the king of England.
Nurfadzilah Yahaya
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781501750878
- eISBN:
- 9781501750892
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501750878.003.0008
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Asian Studies
This chapter recounts how the members of the Arab diaspora attempted legal arbitrage under colonial rule. It analyses the members' expansion and modification of Islamic law, while at other times they ...
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This chapter recounts how the members of the Arab diaspora attempted legal arbitrage under colonial rule. It analyses the members' expansion and modification of Islamic law, while at other times they policed the boundaries of Islamic law even as mere translators. The chapter tells the story of the surprising involvement of the outsider — the Arab diaspora — in aiding colonialists to accumulate legislative power. The pace of change from the mid-nineteenth century onward was brisk, and the Arab diaspora capitalized on it while attempting to navigate uncertainty and risk. This chapter also investigates how Arab diaspora in Southeast Asia were able to influence the shape of law to a great extent. It takes a look on how concessions to Arabs in the Straits Settlements, in the form of the Mohamedan Marriage Ordinance, and their appointments as members of the Mohamedan Advisory Board after the Sepoy Mutiny subsequently tied them more closely to the British colonial government, along with the rest of the Muslim population in the colony.Less
This chapter recounts how the members of the Arab diaspora attempted legal arbitrage under colonial rule. It analyses the members' expansion and modification of Islamic law, while at other times they policed the boundaries of Islamic law even as mere translators. The chapter tells the story of the surprising involvement of the outsider — the Arab diaspora — in aiding colonialists to accumulate legislative power. The pace of change from the mid-nineteenth century onward was brisk, and the Arab diaspora capitalized on it while attempting to navigate uncertainty and risk. This chapter also investigates how Arab diaspora in Southeast Asia were able to influence the shape of law to a great extent. It takes a look on how concessions to Arabs in the Straits Settlements, in the form of the Mohamedan Marriage Ordinance, and their appointments as members of the Mohamedan Advisory Board after the Sepoy Mutiny subsequently tied them more closely to the British colonial government, along with the rest of the Muslim population in the colony.
Andrew Glazzard
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781474431293
- eISBN:
- 9781474453769
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474431293.003.0013
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
The Sign of Four was Conan Doyle’s second attempt at rewriting Wilkie Collins’s landmark detective novel The Moonstone. His fi rst, published between A Study in Scarlet and The Sign of Four, was The ...
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The Sign of Four was Conan Doyle’s second attempt at rewriting Wilkie Collins’s landmark detective novel The Moonstone. His fi rst, published between A Study in Scarlet and The Sign of Four, was The Mystery of Cloomber (1888), a short novel that Doyle later came to regard as mere apprentice work. It is certainly derivative: its setting in a coastal village in south-west Scotland is strongly redolent of Stevenson, with an atmosphere recalling that of some of Doyle’s favourites, such as ‘The Pavilion on the Links’ (1880). Technically, though, it follows Collins in its use of multiple narrators presenting their testimony, some of which takes the form of legalised witness statements and other official documents. But the influence of Collins is even more apparent in The Mystery of Cloomber’s characters, plot and orientalist tropes.Less
The Sign of Four was Conan Doyle’s second attempt at rewriting Wilkie Collins’s landmark detective novel The Moonstone. His fi rst, published between A Study in Scarlet and The Sign of Four, was The Mystery of Cloomber (1888), a short novel that Doyle later came to regard as mere apprentice work. It is certainly derivative: its setting in a coastal village in south-west Scotland is strongly redolent of Stevenson, with an atmosphere recalling that of some of Doyle’s favourites, such as ‘The Pavilion on the Links’ (1880). Technically, though, it follows Collins in its use of multiple narrators presenting their testimony, some of which takes the form of legalised witness statements and other official documents. But the influence of Collins is even more apparent in The Mystery of Cloomber’s characters, plot and orientalist tropes.
Jacob Shell
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262029339
- eISBN:
- 9780262330404
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262029339.003.0002
- Subject:
- Earth Sciences and Geography, Cultural and Historical Geography
The chapter links the topic of subversive transportation to a discussion of physical geography. Political regimes may perceive some geophysical settings as especially resistant to road-building ...
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The chapter links the topic of subversive transportation to a discussion of physical geography. Political regimes may perceive some geophysical settings as especially resistant to road-building projects. By extension, regimes may perceive (correctly, in many cases) that local forms of transportation whose niche is movement across these road-resistant geophysical zones must also hold a special value for subversive groups seeking mobility beyond the spaces of the state. As examples, the chapter discusses the use of elephants for transport across muddy rainforests; camels for transport across sandy deserts; and sled-dogs for transport across icy tundra and sea ice. Transport by carrier pigeon and watercraft are also briefly discussed. This discussion extends to many different places in the world: northern India, the uplands of Burma, central and east Africa, Australia, Siberia, and the canals and river docks of Shanghai.Less
The chapter links the topic of subversive transportation to a discussion of physical geography. Political regimes may perceive some geophysical settings as especially resistant to road-building projects. By extension, regimes may perceive (correctly, in many cases) that local forms of transportation whose niche is movement across these road-resistant geophysical zones must also hold a special value for subversive groups seeking mobility beyond the spaces of the state. As examples, the chapter discusses the use of elephants for transport across muddy rainforests; camels for transport across sandy deserts; and sled-dogs for transport across icy tundra and sea ice. Transport by carrier pigeon and watercraft are also briefly discussed. This discussion extends to many different places in the world: northern India, the uplands of Burma, central and east Africa, Australia, Siberia, and the canals and river docks of Shanghai.
Nathan Katz
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520213234
- eISBN:
- 9780520920729
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520213234.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
The Lal Dewal (Red Temple) is Pune's most famous landmark. Its steeple dominates much of the old British cantonment. The Mizrachi Jews acquired their Baghdadi identity via a series of encounters with ...
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The Lal Dewal (Red Temple) is Pune's most famous landmark. Its steeple dominates much of the old British cantonment. The Mizrachi Jews acquired their Baghdadi identity via a series of encounters with other groups, both Gentile and Jewish. Bene Israel significantly affected the Baghdadis. The Mutiny exploded deep tensions stemming from heavy-handed British rule and the Indians' furious sense of disenfranchisement. The poisoned atmosphere in the wake of the Mutiny made the Baghdadis' identity as middlemen untenable. During the twentieth century, English eclipsed Arabic as the mother language in most Baghdadi homes, led by the wealthy. Clothing and cuisine were expressions of identity among the Baghdadis in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Norman Nahoum perceives deep cultural similarities between Indic and Judaic civilizations. Nahoum recognizes that his new, proud Indian-Jewish identity is “an absolute reversal of the thought that has been inculcated in our minds for years”.Less
The Lal Dewal (Red Temple) is Pune's most famous landmark. Its steeple dominates much of the old British cantonment. The Mizrachi Jews acquired their Baghdadi identity via a series of encounters with other groups, both Gentile and Jewish. Bene Israel significantly affected the Baghdadis. The Mutiny exploded deep tensions stemming from heavy-handed British rule and the Indians' furious sense of disenfranchisement. The poisoned atmosphere in the wake of the Mutiny made the Baghdadis' identity as middlemen untenable. During the twentieth century, English eclipsed Arabic as the mother language in most Baghdadi homes, led by the wealthy. Clothing and cuisine were expressions of identity among the Baghdadis in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Norman Nahoum perceives deep cultural similarities between Indic and Judaic civilizations. Nahoum recognizes that his new, proud Indian-Jewish identity is “an absolute reversal of the thought that has been inculcated in our minds for years”.
Maggie Dwyer
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- June 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190876074
- eISBN:
- 9780190943134
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190876074.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
Soldiers in Revolt examines the understudied phenomenon of military mutinies in Africa. Through interviews with former mutineers in Sierra Leone, Burkina Faso, and The Gambia, the book provides a ...
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Soldiers in Revolt examines the understudied phenomenon of military mutinies in Africa. Through interviews with former mutineers in Sierra Leone, Burkina Faso, and The Gambia, the book provides a unique and intimate perspective on those who take the risky decision to revolt. This view from the lower ranks is key to comprehending the internal struggles that can threaten a military's ability to function effectively. Maggie Dwyer's detailed accounts of specific revolts are complemented by an original dataset of West African mutinies covering more than fifty years, allowing for the identification of trends. Her book shows the complex ways mutineers often formulate and interpret their grievances against a backdrop of domestic and global politics. Just as mutineers have been influenced by the political landscape, so too have they shaped it. Mutinies have challenged political and military leaders, spurred social unrest, led to civilian casualties, threatened peacekeeping efforts and, in extreme cases, resulted in international interventions. Soldiers in Revolt offers a better understanding of West African mutinies and mutinies in general, valuable not only for military studies but for anyone interested in the complex dynamics of African states.Less
Soldiers in Revolt examines the understudied phenomenon of military mutinies in Africa. Through interviews with former mutineers in Sierra Leone, Burkina Faso, and The Gambia, the book provides a unique and intimate perspective on those who take the risky decision to revolt. This view from the lower ranks is key to comprehending the internal struggles that can threaten a military's ability to function effectively. Maggie Dwyer's detailed accounts of specific revolts are complemented by an original dataset of West African mutinies covering more than fifty years, allowing for the identification of trends. Her book shows the complex ways mutineers often formulate and interpret their grievances against a backdrop of domestic and global politics. Just as mutineers have been influenced by the political landscape, so too have they shaped it. Mutinies have challenged political and military leaders, spurred social unrest, led to civilian casualties, threatened peacekeeping efforts and, in extreme cases, resulted in international interventions. Soldiers in Revolt offers a better understanding of West African mutinies and mutinies in general, valuable not only for military studies but for anyone interested in the complex dynamics of African states.
David Woolf Marks
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- February 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781906764401
- eISBN:
- 9781800340848
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3828/liverpool/9781906764401.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
This chapter presents a sermon unusual for David Woolf Marks, as a response to a specific historical event. The background to this address was the outbreak of violence on the Indian subcontinent in ...
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This chapter presents a sermon unusual for David Woolf Marks, as a response to a specific historical event. The background to this address was the outbreak of violence on the Indian subcontinent in May 1857, soon called the ‘Indian Mutiny’. The chapter compares the content of Marks' sermon to that of the Christian preachers of the day. Conversely, it shows how Marks emphasizes a theme that is understandably missing from the Christian preachers, who took it for granted: solidarity with Christian neighbours and the patriotism of the Jews of Britain. The other polemical thrust of the sermon is the reference to ‘whatever opinions we may entertain with respect to the causes which have produced this serious rebellion’. And throughout the text, there are passages that reveal the rhetorical power for which Marks was known.Less
This chapter presents a sermon unusual for David Woolf Marks, as a response to a specific historical event. The background to this address was the outbreak of violence on the Indian subcontinent in May 1857, soon called the ‘Indian Mutiny’. The chapter compares the content of Marks' sermon to that of the Christian preachers of the day. Conversely, it shows how Marks emphasizes a theme that is understandably missing from the Christian preachers, who took it for granted: solidarity with Christian neighbours and the patriotism of the Jews of Britain. The other polemical thrust of the sermon is the reference to ‘whatever opinions we may entertain with respect to the causes which have produced this serious rebellion’. And throughout the text, there are passages that reveal the rhetorical power for which Marks was known.
Rudolph J. Vecoli and Francesco Durante
Donna R. Gabaccia (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780823279869
- eISBN:
- 9780823281428
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823279869.003.0002
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Cultural Studies
This chapter chronicles Celso Cesare Moreno's exploits in Asia, beginning with his decision to take to the sea like other Italian missionaries, explorers, and traders before him, such as Marco Polo ...
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This chapter chronicles Celso Cesare Moreno's exploits in Asia, beginning with his decision to take to the sea like other Italian missionaries, explorers, and traders before him, such as Marco Polo and Vasco da Gama. Moreno's initial zone of activity was the Mediterranean, but he later made his way to the Cape of Good Hope, the Horn of Africa, the Red Sea, and finally, India. Arriving in Calcutta in June 1859, Moreno became entangled in a bitter dispute with Giovanni Casella, a successful merchant, and Father Vincenzo Bruno, a missionary. The chapter also considers Moreno's role in the Sepoy Mutiny during his time in India; his “discovery” of Sumatra; his sojourn in China, where he became involved in the Taiping Rebellion; his failed attempt to convince the Italian government to establish a colony in Sumatra; his efforts to sell Sumatra to Napoleon III; and his travel to Indochina to explore scantly known regions, among other objectives.Less
This chapter chronicles Celso Cesare Moreno's exploits in Asia, beginning with his decision to take to the sea like other Italian missionaries, explorers, and traders before him, such as Marco Polo and Vasco da Gama. Moreno's initial zone of activity was the Mediterranean, but he later made his way to the Cape of Good Hope, the Horn of Africa, the Red Sea, and finally, India. Arriving in Calcutta in June 1859, Moreno became entangled in a bitter dispute with Giovanni Casella, a successful merchant, and Father Vincenzo Bruno, a missionary. The chapter also considers Moreno's role in the Sepoy Mutiny during his time in India; his “discovery” of Sumatra; his sojourn in China, where he became involved in the Taiping Rebellion; his failed attempt to convince the Italian government to establish a colony in Sumatra; his efforts to sell Sumatra to Napoleon III; and his travel to Indochina to explore scantly known regions, among other objectives.