Derek Drinkwater
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- April 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199273850
- eISBN:
- 9780191602344
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199273855.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Sir Harold Nicolson’s approach to the questions of inter-war European security represented an evolution from an idealist outlook at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 to a more measured degree of ...
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Sir Harold Nicolson’s approach to the questions of inter-war European security represented an evolution from an idealist outlook at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 to a more measured degree of idealism during the late 1920s. As the 1930s advanced, and the League of Nations and action based on the principles of collective security proved unable to quell the Japanese, Italian, and German aggression, Nicolson sought to devise new methods of resolving the major questions of peace and war. His solution was liberal realism, a fusion of idealism and realism. It was an amalgam of Aristotelian and Thucydidean principles of statecraft and diplomacy. By the late 1930s, with Germany rejecting reasonable revisions of the Treaty of Versailles, he began to believe that war could only be avoided if the democracies and the USSR initiated a cohesive strategy of alliance diplomacy while pursuing dialogue with the dictators. The Munich Agreement of 1938 and the steady unravelling of Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain’s policy of appeasement finally convinced Nicolson that war was inevitable.Less
Sir Harold Nicolson’s approach to the questions of inter-war European security represented an evolution from an idealist outlook at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 to a more measured degree of idealism during the late 1920s. As the 1930s advanced, and the League of Nations and action based on the principles of collective security proved unable to quell the Japanese, Italian, and German aggression, Nicolson sought to devise new methods of resolving the major questions of peace and war. His solution was liberal realism, a fusion of idealism and realism. It was an amalgam of Aristotelian and Thucydidean principles of statecraft and diplomacy. By the late 1930s, with Germany rejecting reasonable revisions of the Treaty of Versailles, he began to believe that war could only be avoided if the democracies and the USSR initiated a cohesive strategy of alliance diplomacy while pursuing dialogue with the dictators. The Munich Agreement of 1938 and the steady unravelling of Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain’s policy of appeasement finally convinced Nicolson that war was inevitable.
Michael Baun and Phil Wilkin
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199257409
- eISBN:
- 9780191600951
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019925740X.003.0016
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
Highlights the numerous resources and possibilities offered by web technology for teaching about the EU. It discusses the informational and pedagogic resources offered to teachers by web technology, ...
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Highlights the numerous resources and possibilities offered by web technology for teaching about the EU. It discusses the informational and pedagogic resources offered to teachers by web technology, highlighting various software options as well as resources placed on the Internet by the EU specifically for web‐teachers. Includes first‐hand information on the practicalities of developing and teaching a web‐based course on the EU. Baun is Director of an innovative new EU Web Course programme taught jointly by professors in the University System of Georgia and their counterparts at the University of Munich in Germany, and discusses both design and curricula as well as lessons learnt from actually teaching the courses in this web‐based transatlantic programme.Less
Highlights the numerous resources and possibilities offered by web technology for teaching about the EU. It discusses the informational and pedagogic resources offered to teachers by web technology, highlighting various software options as well as resources placed on the Internet by the EU specifically for web‐teachers. Includes first‐hand information on the practicalities of developing and teaching a web‐based course on the EU. Baun is Director of an innovative new EU Web Course programme taught jointly by professors in the University System of Georgia and their counterparts at the University of Munich in Germany, and discusses both design and curricula as well as lessons learnt from actually teaching the courses in this web‐based transatlantic programme.
Simcha Jong
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199551170
- eISBN:
- 9780191720802
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199551170.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy, Innovation
In order to understand better the development of the therapeutic biotech firms in the Munich region, Germany's largest and most successful biotech cluster, this chapter contrasts the development of ...
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In order to understand better the development of the therapeutic biotech firms in the Munich region, Germany's largest and most successful biotech cluster, this chapter contrasts the development of Munich firms with that in the Cambridge region in the UK. The chapter proceeds as follows. First, it discusses how the comparative case study will increase the understanding of the mechanisms through which entrepreneurs in a new industry are able to overcome pre-existing institutional barriers to their firms' development. Second, it outlines the main organizational challenges with which biotech entrepreneurs in Cambridge and Munich have been confronted in building up a biotech firm. Third, it analyzes how Munich's and Cambridge's therapeutic biotech firms have relied on their institutional environments differently to develop their firms' capabilities to deal with these organizational challenges. Fourth, it discusses how the different institutional paths which Cambridge's and Munich's biotech entrepreneurs have followed to deal with key organizational challenges have affected the development of these firms. Finally, the main findings are summarized and some implications of this study for broader debates in the comparative institutional literature are suggested.Less
In order to understand better the development of the therapeutic biotech firms in the Munich region, Germany's largest and most successful biotech cluster, this chapter contrasts the development of Munich firms with that in the Cambridge region in the UK. The chapter proceeds as follows. First, it discusses how the comparative case study will increase the understanding of the mechanisms through which entrepreneurs in a new industry are able to overcome pre-existing institutional barriers to their firms' development. Second, it outlines the main organizational challenges with which biotech entrepreneurs in Cambridge and Munich have been confronted in building up a biotech firm. Third, it analyzes how Munich's and Cambridge's therapeutic biotech firms have relied on their institutional environments differently to develop their firms' capabilities to deal with these organizational challenges. Fourth, it discusses how the different institutional paths which Cambridge's and Munich's biotech entrepreneurs have followed to deal with key organizational challenges have affected the development of these firms. Finally, the main findings are summarized and some implications of this study for broader debates in the comparative institutional literature are suggested.
Michael H. Kater
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195099249
- eISBN:
- 9780199870004
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195099249.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
This chapter begins by describing Karl Amadeus Hartmann the least known of the eight composers discussed in this book. It explains that the reason for his unpopularity lies in the fact that during ...
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This chapter begins by describing Karl Amadeus Hartmann the least known of the eight composers discussed in this book. It explains that the reason for his unpopularity lies in the fact that during the Third Reich, he was the least exposed artistically, and this by his own choice, but also because of his local insularity, as he left Munich only occasionally and without fanfare. It discusses his early musical quests and wartime compositions. It clarifies Hartmann's dependence on foreign or German émigré musicians, both for his social contacts and for his professional reputation. It narrates that Hartmann chose to stay in Germany even after the World War II. It also mentions some of his interactions with another famous composer, Egk.Less
This chapter begins by describing Karl Amadeus Hartmann the least known of the eight composers discussed in this book. It explains that the reason for his unpopularity lies in the fact that during the Third Reich, he was the least exposed artistically, and this by his own choice, but also because of his local insularity, as he left Munich only occasionally and without fanfare. It discusses his early musical quests and wartime compositions. It clarifies Hartmann's dependence on foreign or German émigré musicians, both for his social contacts and for his professional reputation. It narrates that Hartmann chose to stay in Germany even after the World War II. It also mentions some of his interactions with another famous composer, Egk.
Jill Kamil
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789774160615
- eISBN:
- 9781617970184
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- American University in Cairo Press
- DOI:
- 10.5743/cairo/9789774160615.003.0015
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Middle Eastern Studies
At the Fourth International Congress of Egyptologists, held in Munich in the autumn of 1985, two large red-bound volumes of Labib Habachi's The Sanctuary of Heqaib were on display and a minute's ...
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At the Fourth International Congress of Egyptologists, held in Munich in the autumn of 1985, two large red-bound volumes of Labib Habachi's The Sanctuary of Heqaib were on display and a minute's silence was observed in his memory. His death marked the end of an era. Until his last days, whole generations of Egyptologists were indebted to him for his help and expertise, not only on scholarly matters but also in regard to fieldwork. Egyptology has become a specialized science that has fragmented into no fewer than twenty-one categories. One can imagine how heartily Habachi would have approved of the return, through the Recovered Antiquities Department, of artifacts smuggled out of Egypt, and picture his delight at the continued success of exhibitions of Egyptian antiquities abroad.Less
At the Fourth International Congress of Egyptologists, held in Munich in the autumn of 1985, two large red-bound volumes of Labib Habachi's The Sanctuary of Heqaib were on display and a minute's silence was observed in his memory. His death marked the end of an era. Until his last days, whole generations of Egyptologists were indebted to him for his help and expertise, not only on scholarly matters but also in regard to fieldwork. Egyptology has become a specialized science that has fragmented into no fewer than twenty-one categories. One can imagine how heartily Habachi would have approved of the return, through the Recovered Antiquities Department, of artifacts smuggled out of Egypt, and picture his delight at the continued success of exhibitions of Egyptian antiquities abroad.
Zbyněk Zeman and Antonín Klimek
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205838
- eISBN:
- 9780191676802
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205838.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter discusses the fact that Beneš's policies were held responsible for all the misfortunes of the nation. Beneš was helped by the fact that he withdrew straightaway from public life, and ...
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This chapter discusses the fact that Beneš's policies were held responsible for all the misfortunes of the nation. Beneš was helped by the fact that he withdrew straightaway from public life, and that he kept a dignified silence despite severe attacks. After his departure from office, Beneš became the symbol of Czech political achievements for the best democratic qualities in the life of the nation. Beneš realized that the Munich agreement especially affected the people close to him. Beneš hoped that both in Paris and in London, governments would fall under the pressure of public opinion, and their successors would renounce the Munich treaty.Less
This chapter discusses the fact that Beneš's policies were held responsible for all the misfortunes of the nation. Beneš was helped by the fact that he withdrew straightaway from public life, and that he kept a dignified silence despite severe attacks. After his departure from office, Beneš became the symbol of Czech political achievements for the best democratic qualities in the life of the nation. Beneš realized that the Munich agreement especially affected the people close to him. Beneš hoped that both in Paris and in London, governments would fall under the pressure of public opinion, and their successors would renounce the Munich treaty.
TALBOT C. IMLAY
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199261222
- eISBN:
- 9780191717550
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199261222.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Military History, British and Irish Modern History
Scholars have examined the tempestuous course of French domestic politics between the wars with an eye to explaining what went wrong in the spring of 1940. Two opposing tendencies emerge in ...
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Scholars have examined the tempestuous course of French domestic politics between the wars with an eye to explaining what went wrong in the spring of 1940. Two opposing tendencies emerge in literature. The first and oldest leans toward wholesale condemnation of the political system. The second tendency presents a more favourable picture of pre-war and wartime French politics. Scholars argue that following Munich, political divisions gave way to a common determination to resist Germany, if necessary by war. This chapter argues that both tendencies fail to capture the reality of French domestic politics during the late 1930s and 1940s. Political divisions led to France's failure to meet the challenge of war.Less
Scholars have examined the tempestuous course of French domestic politics between the wars with an eye to explaining what went wrong in the spring of 1940. Two opposing tendencies emerge in literature. The first and oldest leans toward wholesale condemnation of the political system. The second tendency presents a more favourable picture of pre-war and wartime French politics. Scholars argue that following Munich, political divisions gave way to a common determination to resist Germany, if necessary by war. This chapter argues that both tendencies fail to capture the reality of French domestic politics during the late 1930s and 1940s. Political divisions led to France's failure to meet the challenge of war.
Peter Robinson
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199273256
- eISBN:
- 9780191706370
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199273256.003.0004
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century and Contemporary Literature
This chapter discusses Louis MacNeice's poetics in his Autumn Journal in the light of issues for international relations focused around the Munich Crisis of September 1938. The poet's plea for an ...
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This chapter discusses Louis MacNeice's poetics in his Autumn Journal in the light of issues for international relations focused around the Munich Crisis of September 1938. The poet's plea for an impure poetry that can include the complex world around it is held in relation with his emphasis on the organizing role of form. Autumn Journal's rhyming patterns and lineation are related to the political issues addressed so as to argue that both selves and others, and ethics and aesthetics cannot be kept in separate self-sufficient mental compartments.Less
This chapter discusses Louis MacNeice's poetics in his Autumn Journal in the light of issues for international relations focused around the Munich Crisis of September 1938. The poet's plea for an impure poetry that can include the complex world around it is held in relation with his emphasis on the organizing role of form. Autumn Journal's rhyming patterns and lineation are related to the political issues addressed so as to argue that both selves and others, and ethics and aesthetics cannot be kept in separate self-sufficient mental compartments.
Anthony King
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199576982
- eISBN:
- 9780191702235
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199576982.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics
Neville Chamberlain addressed the people of Britain a few days before he flew to Munich to meet Adolf Hitler in 1938. The subject of the prime minister was the dispute between the government of ...
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Neville Chamberlain addressed the people of Britain a few days before he flew to Munich to meet Adolf Hitler in 1938. The subject of the prime minister was the dispute between the government of Czechoslovakia and the Sudeten German minority in that country. This dispute threatened to lead to a German invasion of Czechoslovakia and to engulf Europe in a war. Czech Republic and Slovakia, as well as Britain, became members of the European Union (EU). These three, along with the other members of the EU, started to have a voice in British domestic policy. The member states of the EU now form a basic part of the constitutional structure of the United Kingdom.Less
Neville Chamberlain addressed the people of Britain a few days before he flew to Munich to meet Adolf Hitler in 1938. The subject of the prime minister was the dispute between the government of Czechoslovakia and the Sudeten German minority in that country. This dispute threatened to lead to a German invasion of Czechoslovakia and to engulf Europe in a war. Czech Republic and Slovakia, as well as Britain, became members of the European Union (EU). These three, along with the other members of the EU, started to have a voice in British domestic policy. The member states of the EU now form a basic part of the constitutional structure of the United Kingdom.
Donald Prater
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198158912
- eISBN:
- 9780191673405
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198158912.003.0002
- Subject:
- Literature, Poetry, European Literature
Rilke began in earnest a career as poet and writer in Munich. In 1897, he met and fell in love with a married woman, Lou Andreas-Salomé. In 1899 Rilke accompanied Lou and her husband on a trip to ...
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Rilke began in earnest a career as poet and writer in Munich. In 1897, he met and fell in love with a married woman, Lou Andreas-Salomé. In 1899 Rilke accompanied Lou and her husband on a trip to Russia where he met Leo Tolstoy. It was in Russia that he began an intense creative activity. In less than two months he had written The Prayers, the Cornet, and Tales of God and Other Things. In August 1900 he stayed at Worpswede, where he met and married Clara Westhoff.Less
Rilke began in earnest a career as poet and writer in Munich. In 1897, he met and fell in love with a married woman, Lou Andreas-Salomé. In 1899 Rilke accompanied Lou and her husband on a trip to Russia where he met Leo Tolstoy. It was in Russia that he began an intense creative activity. In less than two months he had written The Prayers, the Cornet, and Tales of God and Other Things. In August 1900 he stayed at Worpswede, where he met and married Clara Westhoff.
Zbynék Zeman and Antonín Klimek
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205838
- eISBN:
- 9780191676802
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205838.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
Edvard Beneš was a key figure in the history of Czechoslovakia in the first three decades of her existence. He helped Thomas Masaryk to found the state in World War I, and in the 1920s he worked on ...
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Edvard Beneš was a key figure in the history of Czechoslovakia in the first three decades of her existence. He helped Thomas Masaryk to found the state in World War I, and in the 1920s he worked on foreign policy and was briefly prime minister before being elected president in 1935. His presidency saw the loss of the Sudetenland in Munich in 1938, and this was followed by the German occupation in 1939, which forced Beneš to form a London-based government-in-exile for the duration of the war. He lived to see a brief period of restored independence (1945–8), and died in 1948, in the year when Czechoslovakia became another satellite state in Stalin's Soviet Union. Beneš regarded himself as having been supremely successful in World War I and during the peace conference. He was a fair-weather politician, at his best when things were going well for him. Munich was a blow which deeply upset him, though he staged a remarkable come-back for himself and Czechoslovakia in World War II. After the conclusion of the treaty with Moscow in 1943, Beneš briefly recovered his self-confident optimism, only to lose it gradually in the subsequent years. President of a country he'd helped to create, Beneš was finally broken by the stresses imposed on him by international circumstances in a central Europe dominated first by Hitler and then by Stalin. He died a disappointed, broken man in 1948.Less
Edvard Beneš was a key figure in the history of Czechoslovakia in the first three decades of her existence. He helped Thomas Masaryk to found the state in World War I, and in the 1920s he worked on foreign policy and was briefly prime minister before being elected president in 1935. His presidency saw the loss of the Sudetenland in Munich in 1938, and this was followed by the German occupation in 1939, which forced Beneš to form a London-based government-in-exile for the duration of the war. He lived to see a brief period of restored independence (1945–8), and died in 1948, in the year when Czechoslovakia became another satellite state in Stalin's Soviet Union. Beneš regarded himself as having been supremely successful in World War I and during the peace conference. He was a fair-weather politician, at his best when things were going well for him. Munich was a blow which deeply upset him, though he staged a remarkable come-back for himself and Czechoslovakia in World War II. After the conclusion of the treaty with Moscow in 1943, Beneš briefly recovered his self-confident optimism, only to lose it gradually in the subsequent years. President of a country he'd helped to create, Beneš was finally broken by the stresses imposed on him by international circumstances in a central Europe dominated first by Hitler and then by Stalin. He died a disappointed, broken man in 1948.
Peter Jackson
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198208341
- eISBN:
- 9780191677984
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208341.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This book examines the French response to the challenge posed by National Socialist Germany in the years 1933–1939. It focuses on the relationship between the intelligence on German intentions and ...
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This book examines the French response to the challenge posed by National Socialist Germany in the years 1933–1939. It focuses on the relationship between the intelligence on German intentions and capabilities and the evolution of French national policy from the rise of Hitler in 1933 to the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939. Based on extensive archival research, it considers the nature of the intelligence process and the place of intelligence within the French policy-making establishment during the inter-war period. The central argument in the book is that the German threat was far from the only challenge facing French national leaders in an era of economic depression and profound ideological discord. Only after the national humiliation at the Munich Conference did the threat from Nazi Germany take precedence over France's internal problems in the making of policy.Less
This book examines the French response to the challenge posed by National Socialist Germany in the years 1933–1939. It focuses on the relationship between the intelligence on German intentions and capabilities and the evolution of French national policy from the rise of Hitler in 1933 to the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939. Based on extensive archival research, it considers the nature of the intelligence process and the place of intelligence within the French policy-making establishment during the inter-war period. The central argument in the book is that the German threat was far from the only challenge facing French national leaders in an era of economic depression and profound ideological discord. Only after the national humiliation at the Munich Conference did the threat from Nazi Germany take precedence over France's internal problems in the making of policy.
Zbyněk Zeman and Antonín Klimek
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205838
- eISBN:
- 9780191676802
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205838.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter describes the view of Beneš about the Munich agreement which amounted to a personal tragedy. The crisis had started long before the international conference met in Munich on 29 ...
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This chapter describes the view of Beneš about the Munich agreement which amounted to a personal tragedy. The crisis had started long before the international conference met in Munich on 29 September, 1938. Beneš was aware of the political tradition represented by Hitler, which threatened the welfare of his nation and the existence of the state. Beneš was tireless in warning politicians and diplomats of the danger that the Nazi policies presented, established by the peace treaties in Europe. The last sacrifice by the Czechs proved to be in vain when the international commission offered Hitler more territory than he had demanded in his Godesberg memorandum.Less
This chapter describes the view of Beneš about the Munich agreement which amounted to a personal tragedy. The crisis had started long before the international conference met in Munich on 29 September, 1938. Beneš was aware of the political tradition represented by Hitler, which threatened the welfare of his nation and the existence of the state. Beneš was tireless in warning politicians and diplomats of the danger that the Nazi policies presented, established by the peace treaties in Europe. The last sacrifice by the Czechs proved to be in vain when the international commission offered Hitler more territory than he had demanded in his Godesberg memorandum.
Norman Ingram
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198222958
- eISBN:
- 9780191678547
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198222958.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
While the events of 1938 to 1939 seemed to have challenged the LCIP's view of pacifism, the Ligue maintained a steady and doctrinal view on pacifism. This chapter discusses the many events which ...
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While the events of 1938 to 1939 seemed to have challenged the LCIP's view of pacifism, the Ligue maintained a steady and doctrinal view on pacifism. This chapter discusses the many events which challenged the LCIP's view on pacifism. In this chapter, the crisis of Anschluss and the crisis of Munich and the impending crisis of Czechoslovakia are discussed within the context of the LICP's stand and policies on pacifism. The chapter also discusses France's and Ligue's challenges and the war on fascism wherein Ligue was consumed by the alleged internal fascism within the country. The increasingly lethargic and aloofness of the Ligue in addressing the issues of the outbreak of war and fascism are discussed as well.Less
While the events of 1938 to 1939 seemed to have challenged the LCIP's view of pacifism, the Ligue maintained a steady and doctrinal view on pacifism. This chapter discusses the many events which challenged the LCIP's view on pacifism. In this chapter, the crisis of Anschluss and the crisis of Munich and the impending crisis of Czechoslovakia are discussed within the context of the LICP's stand and policies on pacifism. The chapter also discusses France's and Ligue's challenges and the war on fascism wherein Ligue was consumed by the alleged internal fascism within the country. The increasingly lethargic and aloofness of the Ligue in addressing the issues of the outbreak of war and fascism are discussed as well.
Gábor Bátonyi
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198207481
- eISBN:
- 9780191677687
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207481.003.0017
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
There was fundamental disagreement between British government officials and diplomats on the question of the security of Western Europe. On the ...
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There was fundamental disagreement between British government officials and diplomats on the question of the security of Western Europe. On the other hand, there was consensus in the Foreign Office that the Eastern European satellite system of France added apprehension and increased liability. Consequently, by 1925 Czechoslovakia barely figured at all in British designs for European security. By the mid-1920s Beneš’s position at home and abroad was equally insecure. By the time of Locarno, Czechoslovakia had few influential friends in British government circles and especially in the foreign service. By the time of the Nazi takeover in Germany, Beneš was convinced that Czechoslovakia was only a pawn in the game of European diplomacy, dependent for its existence on the moves of the more important pieces. The British attitude to the Czechs remained cold and careful, even after Prague’s surrender and the formation of the government in exile in London.Less
There was fundamental disagreement between British government officials and diplomats on the question of the security of Western Europe. On the other hand, there was consensus in the Foreign Office that the Eastern European satellite system of France added apprehension and increased liability. Consequently, by 1925 Czechoslovakia barely figured at all in British designs for European security. By the mid-1920s Beneš’s position at home and abroad was equally insecure. By the time of Locarno, Czechoslovakia had few influential friends in British government circles and especially in the foreign service. By the time of the Nazi takeover in Germany, Beneš was convinced that Czechoslovakia was only a pawn in the game of European diplomacy, dependent for its existence on the moves of the more important pieces. The British attitude to the Czechs remained cold and careful, even after Prague’s surrender and the formation of the government in exile in London.
PETER JACKSON
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198208341
- eISBN:
- 9780191677984
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208341.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter focuses on the Munich Agreement which has served as a touchstone for historians who argue that French leaders surrendered to drift and indecision before the Second World War. This ...
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This chapter focuses on the Munich Agreement which has served as a touchstone for historians who argue that French leaders surrendered to drift and indecision before the Second World War. This interpretation of Munich is based on two assumptions: that decision makers did not understand the nature of the threat of the Nazis, and that going to war with either Germany or Czechoslovakia was the right decision to make. However, these assumptions do not stand up to careful analysis. Most were convinced that France could not go into war against Germany in 1938. Central to the Munich policy of France was the picture of the balance of power presented to decision makers by the intelligence services.Less
This chapter focuses on the Munich Agreement which has served as a touchstone for historians who argue that French leaders surrendered to drift and indecision before the Second World War. This interpretation of Munich is based on two assumptions: that decision makers did not understand the nature of the threat of the Nazis, and that going to war with either Germany or Czechoslovakia was the right decision to make. However, these assumptions do not stand up to careful analysis. Most were convinced that France could not go into war against Germany in 1938. Central to the Munich policy of France was the picture of the balance of power presented to decision makers by the intelligence services.
Maurice Vaisse
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198202417
- eISBN:
- 9780191675348
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198202417.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Middle East History
This chapter establishes the central part played by Maurice Bourges-Maunoury, the Minister of Defence, in military assistance to Israel. It was Bourges-Maunoury who pressed for an accord first with ...
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This chapter establishes the central part played by Maurice Bourges-Maunoury, the Minister of Defence, in military assistance to Israel. It was Bourges-Maunoury who pressed for an accord first with Israel and then with Britain. The motive was to quell the Algerian revolution. French leaders, like the British, erroneously saw Nasser as the cause of their troubles in northern Africa and the Middle East, and, equally erroneously, applied the ‘historical lesson’ of the 1930s. Nasser appeared to be a dictator comparable to Mussolini or even Hitler, towards whom a policy of appeasement would lead to disaster. The chapter refers to this as ‘Munich syndrome’.Less
This chapter establishes the central part played by Maurice Bourges-Maunoury, the Minister of Defence, in military assistance to Israel. It was Bourges-Maunoury who pressed for an accord first with Israel and then with Britain. The motive was to quell the Algerian revolution. French leaders, like the British, erroneously saw Nasser as the cause of their troubles in northern Africa and the Middle East, and, equally erroneously, applied the ‘historical lesson’ of the 1930s. Nasser appeared to be a dictator comparable to Mussolini or even Hitler, towards whom a policy of appeasement would lead to disaster. The chapter refers to this as ‘Munich syndrome’.
George C. Browder
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195104790
- eISBN:
- 9780199854462
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195104790.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
Reinhard Heydrich set about recruiting his personnel directly and established a network that gradually replaced the locally appointed Press and Information Service. Since spring 1932, he had traveled ...
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Reinhard Heydrich set about recruiting his personnel directly and established a network that gradually replaced the locally appointed Press and Information Service. Since spring 1932, he had traveled to recruit local leaders, who in turn built their staffs and established a network of agents. After its official creation in July 1932, the Sicherheitsdienst (SD) began to take shape. By October, Heydrich had acquired a two-story house for SD Central, his Munich headquarters. It served as both SD office and home for the Heydrich family. Located adjacent to the Nymphenburg Palace grounds in a pleasant residential neighborhood and screened by trees and bushes, it provided an ideal cover. He thus established seclusion in residential neighborhoods as the preferred pattern for SD offices at all levels.Less
Reinhard Heydrich set about recruiting his personnel directly and established a network that gradually replaced the locally appointed Press and Information Service. Since spring 1932, he had traveled to recruit local leaders, who in turn built their staffs and established a network of agents. After its official creation in July 1932, the Sicherheitsdienst (SD) began to take shape. By October, Heydrich had acquired a two-story house for SD Central, his Munich headquarters. It served as both SD office and home for the Heydrich family. Located adjacent to the Nymphenburg Palace grounds in a pleasant residential neighborhood and screened by trees and bushes, it provided an ideal cover. He thus established seclusion in residential neighborhoods as the preferred pattern for SD offices at all levels.
Keith Robbins
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263914
- eISBN:
- 9780191734359
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263914.003.0014
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter reflects on the connection between Czechoslovakia and Britain by commenting on the Munich agreement. It takes two exemplars from personal experience: the author's tutor A. J. P. Taylor ...
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This chapter reflects on the connection between Czechoslovakia and Britain by commenting on the Munich agreement. It takes two exemplars from personal experience: the author's tutor A. J. P. Taylor and his own work as author of the first British account of Munich. Taylor realized that ‘Munich’ was the last time in which Europe seemed the centre of the world. The ‘Big Four’ — Britain, France, Italy, and Germany — genuinely supposed that the peace and security of the world depended on them. Today, Slovakia and the Czech Republic, each of them securely but separately integrated, though not without some continuing issues of ethnicity, may be looking with considerable incomprehension at a complicated Britain which has to wrestle with problems of racial equality, cultural space, religious pluralism, and linguistic diversity that are arguably of even greater complexity than existed in inter-war Czechoslovakia.Less
This chapter reflects on the connection between Czechoslovakia and Britain by commenting on the Munich agreement. It takes two exemplars from personal experience: the author's tutor A. J. P. Taylor and his own work as author of the first British account of Munich. Taylor realized that ‘Munich’ was the last time in which Europe seemed the centre of the world. The ‘Big Four’ — Britain, France, Italy, and Germany — genuinely supposed that the peace and security of the world depended on them. Today, Slovakia and the Czech Republic, each of them securely but separately integrated, though not without some continuing issues of ethnicity, may be looking with considerable incomprehension at a complicated Britain which has to wrestle with problems of racial equality, cultural space, religious pluralism, and linguistic diversity that are arguably of even greater complexity than existed in inter-war Czechoslovakia.
Eric Salzman and Thomas Desi
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195099362
- eISBN:
- 9780199864737
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195099362.003.0013
- Subject:
- Music, Opera
Music theater is a coinage taken from the German musiktheater, originally applied to the chamber opera or zeitoper of the '20s and '30s. After World War II, new music in Germany became experimental, ...
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Music theater is a coinage taken from the German musiktheater, originally applied to the chamber opera or zeitoper of the '20s and '30s. After World War II, new music in Germany became experimental, almost exclusively instrumental and highly abstract (non-theatrical) as a reaction to fascism and the devastation of the war. This movement was focused on the Darmstadt Summer Courses. The return of the human voice and the influence of Cage can be noted in the works of Stockhausen, Ligeti, Schnebel, and others. Darmstadt began to lose its influence; the events of 1968 and the subsequent collapse of the East German regime created new concerns. Popular and social subjects began to influence younger German and Austrian composers. New technologies, multi-media and cross-over works began to appear. The founding of the Munich Biennale (by Henze) and the establishment of festivals and smaller companies provided platforms for new works of opera and music theater.Less
Music theater is a coinage taken from the German musiktheater, originally applied to the chamber opera or zeitoper of the '20s and '30s. After World War II, new music in Germany became experimental, almost exclusively instrumental and highly abstract (non-theatrical) as a reaction to fascism and the devastation of the war. This movement was focused on the Darmstadt Summer Courses. The return of the human voice and the influence of Cage can be noted in the works of Stockhausen, Ligeti, Schnebel, and others. Darmstadt began to lose its influence; the events of 1968 and the subsequent collapse of the East German regime created new concerns. Popular and social subjects began to influence younger German and Austrian composers. New technologies, multi-media and cross-over works began to appear. The founding of the Munich Biennale (by Henze) and the establishment of festivals and smaller companies provided platforms for new works of opera and music theater.
