Janet Fulk
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198739227
- eISBN:
- 9780191802317
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198739227.003.0013
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation, Organization Studies
This chapter conceptualizes expertise as a multilevel concept that applies not only to individuals, but also the collective in which individuals practice expertise and the interactions between ...
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This chapter conceptualizes expertise as a multilevel concept that applies not only to individuals, but also the collective in which individuals practice expertise and the interactions between individual and collective expertise. The perspective draws on Kozlowski and Klein’s (2000) model of how compositional and compilation processes facilitate the emergence of collective phenomena from individual traits, behaviors, and attitudes, and how the collective level exerts influence back down on individual-level phenomena. Thus, expertise is embedded in individuals, relations among those individuals, and systems under which those relations are enacted. Research in the biological sciences is presented to demonstrate how collective and multilevel expertise emerges from complex patterns of relationships in nature. Additionally, community ecology theory is used to examine four types of relationships from which collective expertise emerges: commensalist cooperative, commensalist competitive, symbiotic and parasitic. The chapter concludes by discussing methods that can be employed to study multilevel expertise.Less
This chapter conceptualizes expertise as a multilevel concept that applies not only to individuals, but also the collective in which individuals practice expertise and the interactions between individual and collective expertise. The perspective draws on Kozlowski and Klein’s (2000) model of how compositional and compilation processes facilitate the emergence of collective phenomena from individual traits, behaviors, and attitudes, and how the collective level exerts influence back down on individual-level phenomena. Thus, expertise is embedded in individuals, relations among those individuals, and systems under which those relations are enacted. Research in the biological sciences is presented to demonstrate how collective and multilevel expertise emerges from complex patterns of relationships in nature. Additionally, community ecology theory is used to examine four types of relationships from which collective expertise emerges: commensalist cooperative, commensalist competitive, symbiotic and parasitic. The chapter concludes by discussing methods that can be employed to study multilevel expertise.
Linnda R. Caporael, James R. Griesemer, and William C. Wimsatt (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780262019552
- eISBN:
- 9780262314787
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262019552.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
“Scaffolding” is a concept that is becoming widely used across disciplines. This book investigates common threads in diverse applications of scaffolding, including theoretical biology, cognitive ...
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“Scaffolding” is a concept that is becoming widely used across disciplines. This book investigates common threads in diverse applications of scaffolding, including theoretical biology, cognitive science, social theory, science and technology studies, and human development. Despite its widespread use, the concept of scaffolding is often given short shrift; the contributors to this volume, from a range of disciplines, offer a more fully developed analysis of scaffolding that highlights the role of temporal and temporary resources in development, broadly conceived, across concepts of culture, cognition, and evolution. The book emphasizes reproduction, repeated assembly of functional groups, and entrenchment of heterogeneous relations, parts, and processes as a complement to neo-Darwinism in the developmentalist tradition of conceptualizing evolutionary change. After describing an integration of theoretical perspectives that can accommodate different levels of analysis and connect various methodologies, the book discusses multilevel organization; differences (and reciprocality) between individuals and institutions as units of analysis; and perspectives on development that span brains, careers, corporations, and cultural cycles.Less
“Scaffolding” is a concept that is becoming widely used across disciplines. This book investigates common threads in diverse applications of scaffolding, including theoretical biology, cognitive science, social theory, science and technology studies, and human development. Despite its widespread use, the concept of scaffolding is often given short shrift; the contributors to this volume, from a range of disciplines, offer a more fully developed analysis of scaffolding that highlights the role of temporal and temporary resources in development, broadly conceived, across concepts of culture, cognition, and evolution. The book emphasizes reproduction, repeated assembly of functional groups, and entrenchment of heterogeneous relations, parts, and processes as a complement to neo-Darwinism in the developmentalist tradition of conceptualizing evolutionary change. After describing an integration of theoretical perspectives that can accommodate different levels of analysis and connect various methodologies, the book discusses multilevel organization; differences (and reciprocality) between individuals and institutions as units of analysis; and perspectives on development that span brains, careers, corporations, and cultural cycles.
Katharina Mahne and Oliver Huxhold
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9781847429681
- eISBN:
- 9781447307624
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847429681.003.0011
- Subject:
- Sociology, Marriage and the Family
This study analyzes how often grandparents in Germany interact with their grandchildren aged 16 and over. It takes a three-generation perspective and explores the individual contribution of every ...
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This study analyzes how often grandparents in Germany interact with their grandchildren aged 16 and over. It takes a three-generation perspective and explores the individual contribution of every generation involved in the association between grandparents and grandchildren (grandparents, children and grandchildren). The analyses are based on cross-sectional data from the German Ageing Survey, a nationally representative survey of the population aged 40 and older. Due to the nested structure of the data, multilevel regression analyses are applied. The results show that characteristics of all three generations have an independent impact on the frequency of contact between grandparents and older grandchildren. Older grandparents, employed grandparents, divorced grandparents and those grandparents who live further away, have less contact. High grandparent role importance is associated with high contact frequency. The role of the middle generation is crucial. Grandparents have less contact with offspring of sons. High contact frequency with children is associated with high contact with grandchildren. Emotional closeness with grandchildren is an important predictor for grandparent-grandchild contact. Moreover, emotionally close relations with grandchildren work as a buffer for negative effects of a son's divorce in the middle generation.Less
This study analyzes how often grandparents in Germany interact with their grandchildren aged 16 and over. It takes a three-generation perspective and explores the individual contribution of every generation involved in the association between grandparents and grandchildren (grandparents, children and grandchildren). The analyses are based on cross-sectional data from the German Ageing Survey, a nationally representative survey of the population aged 40 and older. Due to the nested structure of the data, multilevel regression analyses are applied. The results show that characteristics of all three generations have an independent impact on the frequency of contact between grandparents and older grandchildren. Older grandparents, employed grandparents, divorced grandparents and those grandparents who live further away, have less contact. High grandparent role importance is associated with high contact frequency. The role of the middle generation is crucial. Grandparents have less contact with offspring of sons. High contact frequency with children is associated with high contact with grandchildren. Emotional closeness with grandchildren is an important predictor for grandparent-grandchild contact. Moreover, emotionally close relations with grandchildren work as a buffer for negative effects of a son's divorce in the middle generation.
