Michael Krennerich
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198296454
- eISBN:
- 9780191600036
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198296452.003.0036
- Subject:
- Political Science, Reference
This chapter on elections and electoral systems in Mozambique follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical ...
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This chapter on elections and electoral systems in Mozambique follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat (there have been no referendums or coups d’états); 2.2 Electoral Body 1994 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1994 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendums (none held); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly (none held); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1994 (details of registered voters and votes cast nationally and regionally); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1994 (nationally and regionally); 2.9 Presidential Elections 1994 (details of registered voters and votes cast); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1975–1998.Less
This chapter on elections and electoral systems in Mozambique follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat (there have been no referendums or coups d’états); 2.2 Electoral Body 1994 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1994 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendums (none held); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly (none held); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1994 (details of registered voters and votes cast nationally and regionally); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1994 (nationally and regionally); 2.9 Presidential Elections 1994 (details of registered voters and votes cast); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1975–1998.
Terence O. Ranger (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195174779
- eISBN:
- 9780199871858
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195174779.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, World Religions
In recent decades, Christianity has acquired millions of new adherents in Africa, the region with the world's fastest expanding population. What role has this development of evangelical Christianity ...
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In recent decades, Christianity has acquired millions of new adherents in Africa, the region with the world's fastest expanding population. What role has this development of evangelical Christianity played in Africa's democratic history? To what extent do its churches affect its politics? Taking a historical view and focusing specifically on the events of the past few years this book seeks to explore these questions, offering individual case studies of six countries: Nigeria, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Kenya, Zambia, and Mozambique. Unlike most analyses of democracy which come from a secular Western tradition, the contributors to this book, who are mainly younger scholars based in Africa, employ both field and archival research to develop their data and analyses.Less
In recent decades, Christianity has acquired millions of new adherents in Africa, the region with the world's fastest expanding population. What role has this development of evangelical Christianity played in Africa's democratic history? To what extent do its churches affect its politics? Taking a historical view and focusing specifically on the events of the past few years this book seeks to explore these questions, offering individual case studies of six countries: Nigeria, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Kenya, Zambia, and Mozambique. Unlike most analyses of democracy which come from a secular Western tradition, the contributors to this book, who are mainly younger scholars based in Africa, employ both field and archival research to develop their data and analyses.
John Paul Lederach and R. Scott Appleby
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195395914
- eISBN:
- 9780199776801
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195395914.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter argues that peacebuilding operations cannot fulfill their potential and achieve justpeace without “strategic” planning and implementation. The authors employ vignettes from Mozambique, ...
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This chapter argues that peacebuilding operations cannot fulfill their potential and achieve justpeace without “strategic” planning and implementation. The authors employ vignettes from Mozambique, Colombia, and the Philippines to illustrate the current challenges of conflict transformation and peacebuilding. The multiplicity of peacebuilding actors and increasing interaction between the local and global point to the need for strategic responses to conflict. The authors sketch the contours of a theory of strategic peacebuilding, arguing that it includes a confluence of disciplines, practices and expertise that is intended to promote social change and healing that would not naturally occur. They propose principles of strategic peacebuilding and offer practical suggestions for peacebuilding practitioners.Less
This chapter argues that peacebuilding operations cannot fulfill their potential and achieve justpeace without “strategic” planning and implementation. The authors employ vignettes from Mozambique, Colombia, and the Philippines to illustrate the current challenges of conflict transformation and peacebuilding. The multiplicity of peacebuilding actors and increasing interaction between the local and global point to the need for strategic responses to conflict. The authors sketch the contours of a theory of strategic peacebuilding, arguing that it includes a confluence of disciplines, practices and expertise that is intended to promote social change and healing that would not naturally occur. They propose principles of strategic peacebuilding and offer practical suggestions for peacebuilding practitioners.
James Pfeiffer
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691157382
- eISBN:
- 9781400846801
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691157382.003.0009
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
The President's Emergency Program for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) has significantly transformed the global health landscape by injecting $15 billion into HIV/AIDS care and treatment programs in twenty ...
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The President's Emergency Program for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) has significantly transformed the global health landscape by injecting $15 billion into HIV/AIDS care and treatment programs in twenty countries between 2004–2010. In Mozambique, PEPFAR funds constituted nearly 60 percent of all health sector planned spending by 2008. While debates about PEPFAR's restrictions on condom promotion, sex worker education programs, and abortion/reproductive health have dominated critiques of the program, perhaps the single most important aspect of PEPFAR's rollout has largely escaped scrutiny in the wider global discussion: PEPFAR funding, by design, does not directly flow through the public sector. This chapter draws on the author's firsthand experience in Mozambique to describe the tension, conflict, and potentials created by new major aid flows to Africa.Less
The President's Emergency Program for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) has significantly transformed the global health landscape by injecting $15 billion into HIV/AIDS care and treatment programs in twenty countries between 2004–2010. In Mozambique, PEPFAR funds constituted nearly 60 percent of all health sector planned spending by 2008. While debates about PEPFAR's restrictions on condom promotion, sex worker education programs, and abortion/reproductive health have dominated critiques of the program, perhaps the single most important aspect of PEPFAR's rollout has largely escaped scrutiny in the wider global discussion: PEPFAR funding, by design, does not directly flow through the public sector. This chapter draws on the author's firsthand experience in Mozambique to describe the tension, conflict, and potentials created by new major aid flows to Africa.
Stephen C. Lubkemann
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199270576
- eISBN:
- 9780191600883
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199270570.003.0019
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, History of Economic Thought
Analyzes the causes, organization, and impact of wartime migration during and since Mozambique's recent civil war (1977–1992), in order to challenge theories that establish categorizations of ...
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Analyzes the causes, organization, and impact of wartime migration during and since Mozambique's recent civil war (1977–1992), in order to challenge theories that establish categorizations of migration based on the degree of its ‘forcedness’. It demonstrates how predominant demographic theories of forced migration rest on a highly reductionist model of decision‐making that fails adequately to examine actor agency and the social and cultural factors that inform agency in acute crisis contexts. It also challenges theoretical models of so‐called ‘forced migration’ that privilege the analysis of macro‐political factors in explaining the causes and organization of wartime movement. Arguing that displacement must be examined in historical perspective, this study shows how migration had long been a strategy deployed by actors in central Mozambique in a variety of local‐level social struggles over the rights and obligations that defined social relationships. These culturally defined, and ‘micro‐level’ social struggles also shaped wartime migration in ways that ultimately resulted in a highly gendered wartime population distribution. This study focuses, in particular, on how struggles over the gendered configuration of power relations within marriage affected wartime and post‐conflict migration through the development of new forms of ‘transnationalized’ polygyny. Finally, this study proposes steps towards developing alternative theoretical approaches to the study of crisis migration.Less
Analyzes the causes, organization, and impact of wartime migration during and since Mozambique's recent civil war (1977–1992), in order to challenge theories that establish categorizations of migration based on the degree of its ‘forcedness’. It demonstrates how predominant demographic theories of forced migration rest on a highly reductionist model of decision‐making that fails adequately to examine actor agency and the social and cultural factors that inform agency in acute crisis contexts. It also challenges theoretical models of so‐called ‘forced migration’ that privilege the analysis of macro‐political factors in explaining the causes and organization of wartime movement. Arguing that displacement must be examined in historical perspective, this study shows how migration had long been a strategy deployed by actors in central Mozambique in a variety of local‐level social struggles over the rights and obligations that defined social relationships. These culturally defined, and ‘micro‐level’ social struggles also shaped wartime migration in ways that ultimately resulted in a highly gendered wartime population distribution. This study focuses, in particular, on how struggles over the gendered configuration of power relations within marriage affected wartime and post‐conflict migration through the development of new forms of ‘transnationalized’ polygyny. Finally, this study proposes steps towards developing alternative theoretical approaches to the study of crisis migration.
Lamin Sanneh and Joel A. Carpenter (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195177282
- eISBN:
- 9780199835812
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195177282.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
Featuring cases from contemporary Africa and the Caribbean and from the history of Christianity in Asia, this book examines the new forms of Christianity emerging from the global south and east. ...
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Featuring cases from contemporary Africa and the Caribbean and from the history of Christianity in Asia, this book examines the new forms of Christianity emerging from the global south and east. These essays highlight the spiritual universe, communal relationships, cultural and religious creativity, and perspectives on wealth, power, and public affairs that animate contemporary world Christianity. The first six chapters investigate (1) gospel musicians and revival movements in the eastern Caribbean, (2) views of witchcraft among Christians in Nigeria, (3) the problem of sustaining missionary-founded institutions in postcolonial Zimbabwe, (4) the emergence of a Pentecostal prosperity gospel in Ghana, (5) the role of churches in the peace process in Mozambique, and (6) an emerging public theology in democratizing Ghana. Three case studies follow on the impact of Asian Christianity on Western Christian thought. They examine (7) the challenge to Western mission theory caused by the fact that Christianity in Burma grew faster in a tribal context than within the dominant civilization; (8) the ongoing debate in the theology of religion and world religions generated by the Dutch theologian and former missionary to Indonesia, Hendrik Kraemer; and (9) the creation of a postcolonial contextual theology movement by the Chinese scholar, Skoki Coe. An introduction by editor Sanneh frames these studies within the dramatic rise of Christian movements in the global south and east, their tempering through years of hardship and persecution, and their increasing clashes with liberal and worldly northern counterparts. In the book’s conclusion Sanneh argues that the centuries-old Enlightenment assumptions about how states, religions, and societies relate to each other are crumbling, and that world Christianity seems better equipped than northern Christianity to serve the age to come.Less
Featuring cases from contemporary Africa and the Caribbean and from the history of Christianity in Asia, this book examines the new forms of Christianity emerging from the global south and east. These essays highlight the spiritual universe, communal relationships, cultural and religious creativity, and perspectives on wealth, power, and public affairs that animate contemporary world Christianity. The first six chapters investigate (1) gospel musicians and revival movements in the eastern Caribbean, (2) views of witchcraft among Christians in Nigeria, (3) the problem of sustaining missionary-founded institutions in postcolonial Zimbabwe, (4) the emergence of a Pentecostal prosperity gospel in Ghana, (5) the role of churches in the peace process in Mozambique, and (6) an emerging public theology in democratizing Ghana. Three case studies follow on the impact of Asian Christianity on Western Christian thought. They examine (7) the challenge to Western mission theory caused by the fact that Christianity in Burma grew faster in a tribal context than within the dominant civilization; (8) the ongoing debate in the theology of religion and world religions generated by the Dutch theologian and former missionary to Indonesia, Hendrik Kraemer; and (9) the creation of a postcolonial contextual theology movement by the Chinese scholar, Skoki Coe. An introduction by editor Sanneh frames these studies within the dramatic rise of Christian movements in the global south and east, their tempering through years of hardship and persecution, and their increasing clashes with liberal and worldly northern counterparts. In the book’s conclusion Sanneh argues that the centuries-old Enlightenment assumptions about how states, religions, and societies relate to each other are crumbling, and that world Christianity seems better equipped than northern Christianity to serve the age to come.
Richard Kieckhefer
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195154665
- eISBN:
- 9780199835676
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195154665.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
A church that is rich in symbolic associations conveys a strong sense of sacrality—the presence of the holy within the sacred. Different forms of symbolic association in the classic sacramental ...
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A church that is rich in symbolic associations conveys a strong sense of sacrality—the presence of the holy within the sacred. Different forms of symbolic association in the classic sacramental tradition are discussed in connection with Santa Maria Novella at Florence. Orientation (planning a church with the altar at the east end), legends of foundation, and ceremonies of consecration are all seen as ways of cultivating symbolic resonance. The “Cathedral of Huts” at Maciene in Mozambique is seen as one example of how churches reflect a process of indigenization in Africa.Less
A church that is rich in symbolic associations conveys a strong sense of sacrality—the presence of the holy within the sacred. Different forms of symbolic association in the classic sacramental tradition are discussed in connection with Santa Maria Novella at Florence. Orientation (planning a church with the altar at the east end), legends of foundation, and ceremonies of consecration are all seen as ways of cultivating symbolic resonance. The “Cathedral of Huts” at Maciene in Mozambique is seen as one example of how churches reflect a process of indigenization in Africa.
Ravi Kanbur and Anthony J. Venables
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- April 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199278633
- eISBN:
- 9780191602191
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199278636.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Based on a statistical procedure that combines household survey data with population census data, this chapter presents estimates of inequality for three developing countries at a level of ...
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Based on a statistical procedure that combines household survey data with population census data, this chapter presents estimates of inequality for three developing countries at a level of disaggregation far below that allowed by household surveys alone. The authors show that while the share of within-community inequality in overall inequality is high, this does not necessarily imply that all communities in a given country are as unequal as the country as a whole. In fact, in all three countries there is considerable variation in inequality across communities. The authors also show that economic inequality is strongly correlated with geography, even after controlling for basic demographic and economic conditions.Less
Based on a statistical procedure that combines household survey data with population census data, this chapter presents estimates of inequality for three developing countries at a level of disaggregation far below that allowed by household surveys alone. The authors show that while the share of within-community inequality in overall inequality is high, this does not necessarily imply that all communities in a given country are as unequal as the country as a whole. In fact, in all three countries there is considerable variation in inequality across communities. The authors also show that economic inequality is strongly correlated with geography, even after controlling for basic demographic and economic conditions.
G. Jan van Butselaar
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195177282
- eISBN:
- 9780199835812
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195177282.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
This chapter recounts the early development of Christianity in Mozambique as a Portuguese colony with a strong Roman Catholic influence. The Marxist Frelimo regime in newly independent Mozambique ...
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This chapter recounts the early development of Christianity in Mozambique as a Portuguese colony with a strong Roman Catholic influence. The Marxist Frelimo regime in newly independent Mozambique denounced Christianity as a colonial, antirevolutionary force, confiscated its institutions, and suppressed its practice. Yet the local churches continued to play a significant local role as civil war broke out and people came to them for help and shelter. Both Catholic and Protestant communities played roles in the peace negotiations, but the Catholics had the resources and the ties to the Renamo rebel forces to lend some diplomatic leverage. After the peace agreement, churches played a major role in bringing reconciliation to fractured communities. The chapter ends with brief comparisons to the conflicts in South Africa and Rwanda and concludes that while in each case Christian denominations and ecumenical groups had little effect on effecting justice, peace, and reconciliation, individual Christian leaders and local ministries played powerful roles.Less
This chapter recounts the early development of Christianity in Mozambique as a Portuguese colony with a strong Roman Catholic influence. The Marxist Frelimo regime in newly independent Mozambique denounced Christianity as a colonial, antirevolutionary force, confiscated its institutions, and suppressed its practice. Yet the local churches continued to play a significant local role as civil war broke out and people came to them for help and shelter. Both Catholic and Protestant communities played roles in the peace negotiations, but the Catholics had the resources and the ties to the Renamo rebel forces to lend some diplomatic leverage. After the peace agreement, churches played a major role in bringing reconciliation to fractured communities. The chapter ends with brief comparisons to the conflicts in South Africa and Rwanda and concludes that while in each case Christian denominations and ecumenical groups had little effect on effecting justice, peace, and reconciliation, individual Christian leaders and local ministries played powerful roles.
Graciana del Castillo
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199237739
- eISBN:
- 9780191717239
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199237739.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, International
Despite some common features, each war-to-peace transition is distinct, owing to the specific interplay of a number of factors. These include the circumstances in which conflict or chaos began — for ...
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Despite some common features, each war-to-peace transition is distinct, owing to the specific interplay of a number of factors. These include the circumstances in which conflict or chaos began — for example, internal strife, regional conflict, ethnic rivalries, or control over natural resources — and whether peace was reached through negotiation or through military intervention. Other factors include the extent of international financial and technical assistance, and the number of international troops and police that the country could obtain, given its strategic or regional importance vis-à-vis donors and troop-contributors. This chapter also analyzes the move from the military-civilian UN-led operations in the 1990s — Namibia, Cambodia, El Salvador, Mozambique, Guatemala, and Haiti — to the mid-1990s when human tragedies in Rwanda, Bosnia, and Kosovo led to military interventions with UN support. Following September 11, the United States led military interventions in Afghanistan and Iraq, with the UN's role clearly diminishing and becoming secondary.Less
Despite some common features, each war-to-peace transition is distinct, owing to the specific interplay of a number of factors. These include the circumstances in which conflict or chaos began — for example, internal strife, regional conflict, ethnic rivalries, or control over natural resources — and whether peace was reached through negotiation or through military intervention. Other factors include the extent of international financial and technical assistance, and the number of international troops and police that the country could obtain, given its strategic or regional importance vis-à-vis donors and troop-contributors. This chapter also analyzes the move from the military-civilian UN-led operations in the 1990s — Namibia, Cambodia, El Salvador, Mozambique, Guatemala, and Haiti — to the mid-1990s when human tragedies in Rwanda, Bosnia, and Kosovo led to military interventions with UN support. Following September 11, the United States led military interventions in Afghanistan and Iraq, with the UN's role clearly diminishing and becoming secondary.
Robert Lloyd, Melissa Haussman, and Patrick James
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781447337874
- eISBN:
- 9781447336280
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447337874.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
What is the impact of religious and non-religious beliefs on health care? Health care, an essential aspect of an individual’s physical, emotional, and psychological well-being, is an important way to ...
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What is the impact of religious and non-religious beliefs on health care? Health care, an essential aspect of an individual’s physical, emotional, and psychological well-being, is an important way to assess this question. This book studies the relationship of the physical and spiritual domains by investigating how religious belief affects the provision and consumption of public health in three Africa countries: Uganda, Mozambique, and Ethiopia. Results all confirm the impact of religious beliefs on health perceptions, procurement, and provision. Securing good health is a key and universal aspiration. Furthermore, modern medicine is commonly understood as a means to that end. No matter the religious belief, all showed awareness of the importance and efficacy of medical treatment. On the health care provision side, faith-based entities are important, even essential, in health care for the three countries studied. A review of health outcomes, centered around the Millennium Development Goals, reveals general progress across the board. The progress towards the MDG’s has also been made by international ngo’s, including those focused specifically on women’s health. Health seeking behaviour is affected by a holistic mindset in which physical and mental health are intertwined. This world view, observed among adherents of Christianity, Islam, and African Traditional Religion, shapes Africans’ understanding of the world of sickness and health and how best to respond to its complexity. Africans thus pursue health care in a rational way, given their world view, with an openness to, and even preference, for faith-based provision where government efforts may fall short of basic needs.Less
What is the impact of religious and non-religious beliefs on health care? Health care, an essential aspect of an individual’s physical, emotional, and psychological well-being, is an important way to assess this question. This book studies the relationship of the physical and spiritual domains by investigating how religious belief affects the provision and consumption of public health in three Africa countries: Uganda, Mozambique, and Ethiopia. Results all confirm the impact of religious beliefs on health perceptions, procurement, and provision. Securing good health is a key and universal aspiration. Furthermore, modern medicine is commonly understood as a means to that end. No matter the religious belief, all showed awareness of the importance and efficacy of medical treatment. On the health care provision side, faith-based entities are important, even essential, in health care for the three countries studied. A review of health outcomes, centered around the Millennium Development Goals, reveals general progress across the board. The progress towards the MDG’s has also been made by international ngo’s, including those focused specifically on women’s health. Health seeking behaviour is affected by a holistic mindset in which physical and mental health are intertwined. This world view, observed among adherents of Christianity, Islam, and African Traditional Religion, shapes Africans’ understanding of the world of sickness and health and how best to respond to its complexity. Africans thus pursue health care in a rational way, given their world view, with an openness to, and even preference, for faith-based provision where government efforts may fall short of basic needs.
Frances Stewart and Valpy Fitzgerald (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199241880
- eISBN:
- 9780191696978
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199241880.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Economic analysis of developing countries at war is relatively rare. These volumes trace the economic and social consequences of conflict both theoretically and through empirical investigations, ...
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Economic analysis of developing countries at war is relatively rare. These volumes trace the economic and social consequences of conflict both theoretically and through empirical investigations, including seven country case studies. Volume One provides a general framework for the analysis, examines the political economy of countries at war, and provides an empirical overview of the costs of war for poor countries. Political and sociological analysis is needed in order to understand motivations and behaviour during conflict; while economic analysis is necessary to evaluate how poor people are affected. The analysis includes an investigation of how the international system, including food aid, affects war economies, and identifies international as well as domestic policies which may reduce the human and economic costs of conflict. Between 1950 and 1990, around 15 million deaths were caused (directly or indirectly) by war in developing countries. From 1989 to 1995, between 34 and 51 armed conflicts were waged each year, the great majority in poor developing countries. These volumes investigate economic and social consequences at macro-, meso- and micro- levels, aiming to identify both the indirect and direct costs of military operations. The in-depth country case studies published in Volume Two (Afghanistan, Mozambique, Nicaragua, Sierra Leone, Sri Lanka, Sudan and Uganda) are summarized in Volume One. These explore the main economic mechanisms operating during war and the policy responses of governments and international actors.Less
Economic analysis of developing countries at war is relatively rare. These volumes trace the economic and social consequences of conflict both theoretically and through empirical investigations, including seven country case studies. Volume One provides a general framework for the analysis, examines the political economy of countries at war, and provides an empirical overview of the costs of war for poor countries. Political and sociological analysis is needed in order to understand motivations and behaviour during conflict; while economic analysis is necessary to evaluate how poor people are affected. The analysis includes an investigation of how the international system, including food aid, affects war economies, and identifies international as well as domestic policies which may reduce the human and economic costs of conflict. Between 1950 and 1990, around 15 million deaths were caused (directly or indirectly) by war in developing countries. From 1989 to 1995, between 34 and 51 armed conflicts were waged each year, the great majority in poor developing countries. These volumes investigate economic and social consequences at macro-, meso- and micro- levels, aiming to identify both the indirect and direct costs of military operations. The in-depth country case studies published in Volume Two (Afghanistan, Mozambique, Nicaragua, Sierra Leone, Sri Lanka, Sudan and Uganda) are summarized in Volume One. These explore the main economic mechanisms operating during war and the policy responses of governments and international actors.
Valpy FitzGerald, Frances Stewart, and Michael Wang
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199241866
- eISBN:
- 9780191696961
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199241866.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
To understand exactly how various economic and political processes condition the costs of war, and how economies actually operate under conflict, in-depth studies at the country level are essential. ...
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To understand exactly how various economic and political processes condition the costs of war, and how economies actually operate under conflict, in-depth studies at the country level are essential. This chapter provides an overview of these studies and draws some tentative conclusions. They include four countries in Africa – Mozambique, Sudan, Sierra Leone, and Uganda; two in Asia – Afghanistan and Sri Lanka; and one in Latin America – Nicaragua. The nature of the war pursued, including its duration and magnitude, coupled with the economic conditions prevailing at the start of conflict, substantially affected the human costs generated by warfare. The chapter begins by summarising the individual experiences of war for each of the country studies; presents some comparative data on country performance at macro-, meso-, and micro-levels; and discusses the factors explaining the considerable variation in the costs of war in this sample of countries.Less
To understand exactly how various economic and political processes condition the costs of war, and how economies actually operate under conflict, in-depth studies at the country level are essential. This chapter provides an overview of these studies and draws some tentative conclusions. They include four countries in Africa – Mozambique, Sudan, Sierra Leone, and Uganda; two in Asia – Afghanistan and Sri Lanka; and one in Latin America – Nicaragua. The nature of the war pursued, including its duration and magnitude, coupled with the economic conditions prevailing at the start of conflict, substantially affected the human costs generated by warfare. The chapter begins by summarising the individual experiences of war for each of the country studies; presents some comparative data on country performance at macro-, meso-, and micro-levels; and discusses the factors explaining the considerable variation in the costs of war in this sample of countries.
Frances Stewart and Emma Samman
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199241866
- eISBN:
- 9780191696961
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199241866.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Food aid was initially intended as an instrument of development aid. In recent years, however, it has increasingly been used as part of emergency relief, with many of these emergencies originating ...
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Food aid was initially intended as an instrument of development aid. In recent years, however, it has increasingly been used as part of emergency relief, with many of these emergencies originating from violent conflicts. For convenience, this chapter terms conflict-related food aid, CONFAID; and development-related food aid, DEVFAID. CONFAID needs to be considered from three perspectives: its ‘humanitarian’, ‘economic’, and ‘political economy’ roles. The chapter approaches the issue first by a consideration of the role of CONFAID in three countries ravaged by civil war – Sudan, Mozambique, and Afghanistan – exploring in each case the impact of CONFAID in humanitarian, political economy, and economic dimensions. It then draws some general lessons, drawing on the three examples, and finally discusses some policy implications stemming from the analysis.Less
Food aid was initially intended as an instrument of development aid. In recent years, however, it has increasingly been used as part of emergency relief, with many of these emergencies originating from violent conflicts. For convenience, this chapter terms conflict-related food aid, CONFAID; and development-related food aid, DEVFAID. CONFAID needs to be considered from three perspectives: its ‘humanitarian’, ‘economic’, and ‘political economy’ roles. The chapter approaches the issue first by a consideration of the role of CONFAID in three countries ravaged by civil war – Sudan, Mozambique, and Afghanistan – exploring in each case the impact of CONFAID in humanitarian, political economy, and economic dimensions. It then draws some general lessons, drawing on the three examples, and finally discusses some policy implications stemming from the analysis.
Tilman Brück
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199241880
- eISBN:
- 9780191696978
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199241880.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Recent economic developments in Mozambique are frequently interpreted without adequate reference to the long period of war in the country. The effects of war are either ignored or misunderstood, ...
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Recent economic developments in Mozambique are frequently interpreted without adequate reference to the long period of war in the country. The effects of war are either ignored or misunderstood, being equated to the effects of an exogenous shock. This chapter shows how the internal war in Mozambique caused microeconomic distortions and macroeconomic obstacles, and suggests how both the Mozambican government and donors might have responded to these challenges. Internal wars may be viewed as fundamental disagreements between two or more groups within a nation involving competing claims over legal authority and political legitimacy. Wars of destabilization aim to weaken an opponent politically rather than defeating it militarily. This chapter also analyses key aspects of the war economy as well as the nature and the scale of the direct and indirect effects on the economy. The concluding paragraphs discuss the policy implications of these findings.Less
Recent economic developments in Mozambique are frequently interpreted without adequate reference to the long period of war in the country. The effects of war are either ignored or misunderstood, being equated to the effects of an exogenous shock. This chapter shows how the internal war in Mozambique caused microeconomic distortions and macroeconomic obstacles, and suggests how both the Mozambican government and donors might have responded to these challenges. Internal wars may be viewed as fundamental disagreements between two or more groups within a nation involving competing claims over legal authority and political legitimacy. Wars of destabilization aim to weaken an opponent politically rather than defeating it militarily. This chapter also analyses key aspects of the war economy as well as the nature and the scale of the direct and indirect effects on the economy. The concluding paragraphs discuss the policy implications of these findings.
R. Po‐chia Hsia
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199592258
- eISBN:
- 9780191595622
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199592258.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Asian History, History of Religion
After arrival in Portugal, Ricci received further training at the University in Coimbra. There is a description of Lisbon, the gateway of Portugal and Europe to the world, an entrepôt of exotic ...
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After arrival in Portugal, Ricci received further training at the University in Coimbra. There is a description of Lisbon, the gateway of Portugal and Europe to the world, an entrepôt of exotic products and African slaves. The Jesuits in Portugal enjoyed the patronage of King Sebastian, who sponsored their Asian missions on board royal vessels. Ricci's voyage to Goa, India is described on the basis of the journals kept by his fellow Jesuit missionaries. The long, monotonous, and perilous sea voyage took the Portuguese around the Cape of Good Hope to Mozambique, where the Portuguese had established a base. As chaplains, the Jesuits provided spiritual comfort and Catholic sacraments for the sailors who faced the dangers of the oceans. This chapter also describes the task of the missionaries in Portuguese India, where Ricci spent three years finishing his theological studies. His first letters date from this period and include sharp observations on Portuguese colonialism and racial discrimination.Less
After arrival in Portugal, Ricci received further training at the University in Coimbra. There is a description of Lisbon, the gateway of Portugal and Europe to the world, an entrepôt of exotic products and African slaves. The Jesuits in Portugal enjoyed the patronage of King Sebastian, who sponsored their Asian missions on board royal vessels. Ricci's voyage to Goa, India is described on the basis of the journals kept by his fellow Jesuit missionaries. The long, monotonous, and perilous sea voyage took the Portuguese around the Cape of Good Hope to Mozambique, where the Portuguese had established a base. As chaplains, the Jesuits provided spiritual comfort and Catholic sacraments for the sailors who faced the dangers of the oceans. This chapter also describes the task of the missionaries in Portuguese India, where Ricci spent three years finishing his theological studies. His first letters date from this period and include sharp observations on Portuguese colonialism and racial discrimination.
Candy Gunther Brown
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195393408
- eISBN:
- 9780199894390
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195393408.003.0018
- Subject:
- Religion, World Religions
Global Awakening (GA), founded by Randy Clark of the “Toronto Blessing,” headquartered in Pennsylvania, active in thirty-six countries, prominently Brazil, Mozambique, and India, exemplifies ...
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Global Awakening (GA), founded by Randy Clark of the “Toronto Blessing,” headquartered in Pennsylvania, active in thirty-six countries, prominently Brazil, Mozambique, and India, exemplifies transnational Charismatic networks whose healing practices fuel church growth. Exemplifying “Godly Love,” leaders of GA and affiliates Iris Ministries in Mozambique (Heidi and Rolland Baker), and prophetic-worship, music band Casa de Davi in Brazil (Davi Silva), avoid “Prosperity” but avowedly experienced divine love through healing, motivating cross-cultural benevolence. Christians in North America and Brazil identify as community members in a church universal. Shifting philosophies of short-term missions as reciprocal reverse patterns of colonialism and cultural imperialism, yet overlook complicity in material contexts of globalization. GA exports healing and evangelism models developed in Latin America, repackaged to promote democratization, emphasizing capacity of “ordinary” laity as agents of healing through “impartation.” Supernaturalism returns to the United States and Canada through rituals that assume activity of angels and demons.Less
Global Awakening (GA), founded by Randy Clark of the “Toronto Blessing,” headquartered in Pennsylvania, active in thirty-six countries, prominently Brazil, Mozambique, and India, exemplifies transnational Charismatic networks whose healing practices fuel church growth. Exemplifying “Godly Love,” leaders of GA and affiliates Iris Ministries in Mozambique (Heidi and Rolland Baker), and prophetic-worship, music band Casa de Davi in Brazil (Davi Silva), avoid “Prosperity” but avowedly experienced divine love through healing, motivating cross-cultural benevolence. Christians in North America and Brazil identify as community members in a church universal. Shifting philosophies of short-term missions as reciprocal reverse patterns of colonialism and cultural imperialism, yet overlook complicity in material contexts of globalization. GA exports healing and evangelism models developed in Latin America, repackaged to promote democratization, emphasizing capacity of “ordinary” laity as agents of healing through “impartation.” Supernaturalism returns to the United States and Canada through rituals that assume activity of angels and demons.
Julie Soleil Archambault
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780226447438
- eISBN:
- 9780226447605
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226447605.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
Now part and parcel of everyday life almost everywhere, mobile phones have radically transformed how we acquire and exchange information. Many anticipated that in Africa, where most have gone from no ...
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Now part and parcel of everyday life almost everywhere, mobile phones have radically transformed how we acquire and exchange information. Many anticipated that in Africa, where most have gone from no phone to mobile phone, improved access to telecommunication would enhance everything from entrepreneurialism, to democratization, to service delivery, and usher in socio-economic development. Mobile Secrets offers a rethinking of how we understand uncertainty, truth, and ignorance by revealing how better access to information may in fact be anything but desirable. By engaging with youth in a Mozambican suburb, the book shows how, in their efforts to create fulfilling lives, young men and women rely on mobile communication not only to mitigate everyday uncertainty but also to juggle the demands of intimacy by courting, producing, and sustaining uncertainty. In their hands, the phone has become a necessary tool in a wider arsenal of pretense—a means of creating the open-endedness on which harmonious gender relations depend in postwar postsocialist Mozambique. The chapters explore the tensions between display and disguise, as well as the tensions between love and deceit, authenticity and the commodification of intimacy, and between truth and willful blindness, to argue that Mozambicans have harnessed the technology not only to acquire information but also to subvert regimes of truth and preserve public secrets. If the phone has proven so irresistible, it is in large part owing to how it allows, even if often imperfectly, to juggle the demands of intimacy.Less
Now part and parcel of everyday life almost everywhere, mobile phones have radically transformed how we acquire and exchange information. Many anticipated that in Africa, where most have gone from no phone to mobile phone, improved access to telecommunication would enhance everything from entrepreneurialism, to democratization, to service delivery, and usher in socio-economic development. Mobile Secrets offers a rethinking of how we understand uncertainty, truth, and ignorance by revealing how better access to information may in fact be anything but desirable. By engaging with youth in a Mozambican suburb, the book shows how, in their efforts to create fulfilling lives, young men and women rely on mobile communication not only to mitigate everyday uncertainty but also to juggle the demands of intimacy by courting, producing, and sustaining uncertainty. In their hands, the phone has become a necessary tool in a wider arsenal of pretense—a means of creating the open-endedness on which harmonious gender relations depend in postwar postsocialist Mozambique. The chapters explore the tensions between display and disguise, as well as the tensions between love and deceit, authenticity and the commodification of intimacy, and between truth and willful blindness, to argue that Mozambicans have harnessed the technology not only to acquire information but also to subvert regimes of truth and preserve public secrets. If the phone has proven so irresistible, it is in large part owing to how it allows, even if often imperfectly, to juggle the demands of intimacy.
Tony Addison
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199261031
- eISBN:
- 9780191698712
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199261031.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter focuses on five conflict-affected countries in Africa: Angola, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Guinea-Bissau, and Mozambique. It discusses their history and political and economic transitions and ...
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This chapter focuses on five conflict-affected countries in Africa: Angola, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Guinea-Bissau, and Mozambique. It discusses their history and political and economic transitions and then examines their present predicament. The chapter concludes by setting out the different future paths, both good and bad, that might be followed by Africa's other conflict-affected countries.Less
This chapter focuses on five conflict-affected countries in Africa: Angola, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Guinea-Bissau, and Mozambique. It discusses their history and political and economic transitions and then examines their present predicament. The chapter concludes by setting out the different future paths, both good and bad, that might be followed by Africa's other conflict-affected countries.
Clara De Sousa
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199261031
- eISBN:
- 9780191698712
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199261031.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter discusses how rural societies reconstruct, using the district of Sussundega in Central Mozambique as a case study. First, the chapter discusses the determinants of household livelihoods ...
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This chapter discusses how rural societies reconstruct, using the district of Sussundega in Central Mozambique as a case study. First, the chapter discusses the determinants of household livelihoods in Sussundega, focusing on farm and non-farm incomes, access to land and other productive factors, as well as the importance of road infrastructure and education and health provisions. It then examines poverty and the high level of income inequality in the district. Finally, it discusses the implications of the analysis for poverty reduction more generally.Less
This chapter discusses how rural societies reconstruct, using the district of Sussundega in Central Mozambique as a case study. First, the chapter discusses the determinants of household livelihoods in Sussundega, focusing on farm and non-farm incomes, access to land and other productive factors, as well as the importance of road infrastructure and education and health provisions. It then examines poverty and the high level of income inequality in the district. Finally, it discusses the implications of the analysis for poverty reduction more generally.
