Aurel Croissant
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199249596
- eISBN:
- 9780191600012
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199249598.003.0014
- Subject:
- Political Science, Reference
Includes all relevant information on national elections and referendums held in Mongolia since formal independence in 1921. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Mongolia's political history, ...
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Includes all relevant information on national elections and referendums held in Mongolia since formal independence in 1921. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Mongolia's political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for candidates and/or parties in parliamentary and presidential elections and referendums at both the national and regional level, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).Less
Includes all relevant information on national elections and referendums held in Mongolia since formal independence in 1921. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Mongolia's political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for candidates and/or parties in parliamentary and presidential elections and referendums at both the national and regional level, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
Rebecca M. Empson
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197264737
- eISBN:
- 9780191753992
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264737.003.0002
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Asian Cultural Anthropology
This chapter presents narratives concerned with people's past experiences of loss and migration. This is explored through the prism of their current interstitial position as an ethnic minority living ...
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This chapter presents narratives concerned with people's past experiences of loss and migration. This is explored through the prism of their current interstitial position as an ethnic minority living in Mongolia's far countryside. Narratives about the Buriad's sustained persecution by the Mongolian state are often evoked as a means by which to objectify themselves as different from other Mongolians. In contrast, narratives of continuity revolving around the tracing of clans and genealogies are used to highlight connections to a wider Buriad diaspora. Focusing on the way in which people define themselves against or alongside others, the chapter reveals some of the idioms by which people evoke different kinds of personhood. These narratives provide a background against which ideas of separation and containment can be used to think through other aspects of Buriad social life.Less
This chapter presents narratives concerned with people's past experiences of loss and migration. This is explored through the prism of their current interstitial position as an ethnic minority living in Mongolia's far countryside. Narratives about the Buriad's sustained persecution by the Mongolian state are often evoked as a means by which to objectify themselves as different from other Mongolians. In contrast, narratives of continuity revolving around the tracing of clans and genealogies are used to highlight connections to a wider Buriad diaspora. Focusing on the way in which people define themselves against or alongside others, the chapter reveals some of the idioms by which people evoke different kinds of personhood. These narratives provide a background against which ideas of separation and containment can be used to think through other aspects of Buriad social life.
Trent Pomplun
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195377866
- eISBN:
- 9780199869466
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195377866.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
Desideri flees the capital to escape the Zünghar invasion of 1717 in the fourth chapter, which will largely be taken up by Desideri's narrative of the carnage that followed. This chapter outlines the ...
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Desideri flees the capital to escape the Zünghar invasion of 1717 in the fourth chapter, which will largely be taken up by Desideri's narrative of the carnage that followed. This chapter outlines the dominant ideological and political myths of seventeenth and early eighteenth century Tibet, especially those involving the Dalai Lamas, and addresses the missionary's understanding of the uniquely Tibetan understanding of reincarnation. This approach synthesizes much of the new research being done in Tibetan Studies today and introduces the reader to many of the ideas that the young Jesuit would later present to his European readers. The violent political struggles of seventeenth and eighteenth‐century Tibet also allow the reader to discern the political motives behind Desideri's writing that will be outlined in the fifth chapter and will set the stage for an assessment of his capacities as an historian.Less
Desideri flees the capital to escape the Zünghar invasion of 1717 in the fourth chapter, which will largely be taken up by Desideri's narrative of the carnage that followed. This chapter outlines the dominant ideological and political myths of seventeenth and early eighteenth century Tibet, especially those involving the Dalai Lamas, and addresses the missionary's understanding of the uniquely Tibetan understanding of reincarnation. This approach synthesizes much of the new research being done in Tibetan Studies today and introduces the reader to many of the ideas that the young Jesuit would later present to his European readers. The violent political struggles of seventeenth and eighteenth‐century Tibet also allow the reader to discern the political motives behind Desideri's writing that will be outlined in the fifth chapter and will set the stage for an assessment of his capacities as an historian.
Catherine A. Johnson
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199234387
- eISBN:
- 9780191740619
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199234387.003.0167
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
This chapter explores the factors that affect how people living in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, gain access to social capital. It studies two measures of social capital, namely the variety of different ...
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This chapter explores the factors that affect how people living in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, gain access to social capital. It studies two measures of social capital, namely the variety of different positions to which people have access and the access to occupations in the position generator. It briefly describes the social and economic background of Mongolia and looks at the diversity and influence of social resources in the country.Less
This chapter explores the factors that affect how people living in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, gain access to social capital. It studies two measures of social capital, namely the variety of different positions to which people have access and the access to occupations in the position generator. It briefly describes the social and economic background of Mongolia and looks at the diversity and influence of social resources in the country.
Timothy Brook, Michael van Walt van Praag, and Miek Boltjes (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780226562629
- eISBN:
- 9780226562933
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226562933.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This book presents a new framework for understanding the history of interpolity relations in Inner and East Asia. It is intended to inspire a less politicized approach to the Asian past and to help ...
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This book presents a new framework for understanding the history of interpolity relations in Inner and East Asia. It is intended to inspire a less politicized approach to the Asian past and to help address challenges in the region today. The premise is that relations between rulers and states in Asia from the thirteenth century to the twentieth are best analyzed in terms of the interactions of three “worlds”—the Chinggisid Mongol world, the Confucian Sinic world, and the Tibetan Buddhist world. Each constituted a distinct form of civilizational authority and a legal order. Together they mutually shaped the context in which Great States since the Mongol empire emerged and their rulers claimed universal mandates. Tracing the complex relationships among Mongol khans, Tibetan Buddhist hierarchs, Chinese emperors, and Manchu rulers helps to make sense of the past and explain the narratives that feed conflicts today. Although the rules governing these relationships collapsed as states in Asia adapted to European conventions, older expectations continue to exert a meaningful hold on political imaginations in Asia. Recognizing this history is essential for moving beyond the status quo and the use of force.Less
This book presents a new framework for understanding the history of interpolity relations in Inner and East Asia. It is intended to inspire a less politicized approach to the Asian past and to help address challenges in the region today. The premise is that relations between rulers and states in Asia from the thirteenth century to the twentieth are best analyzed in terms of the interactions of three “worlds”—the Chinggisid Mongol world, the Confucian Sinic world, and the Tibetan Buddhist world. Each constituted a distinct form of civilizational authority and a legal order. Together they mutually shaped the context in which Great States since the Mongol empire emerged and their rulers claimed universal mandates. Tracing the complex relationships among Mongol khans, Tibetan Buddhist hierarchs, Chinese emperors, and Manchu rulers helps to make sense of the past and explain the narratives that feed conflicts today. Although the rules governing these relationships collapsed as states in Asia adapted to European conventions, older expectations continue to exert a meaningful hold on political imaginations in Asia. Recognizing this history is essential for moving beyond the status quo and the use of force.
Peter Biller
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199265596
- eISBN:
- 9780191699085
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199265596.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History, History of Ideas
By 1300, medieval men and women were beginning to measure multitude, counting, for example, numbers of boys and girls being baptized. Their mental capacity to grapple with population, to get its ...
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By 1300, medieval men and women were beginning to measure multitude, counting, for example, numbers of boys and girls being baptized. Their mental capacity to grapple with population, to get its measure, was developing and this book describes how medieval people thought about population through both the texts which contained their thought and the medieval realities which shaped it. They found many topics, such as the history of population and variations between polygamy, monogamy and virginity, through theology. Crusade and travel literature supplied the themes of Muslim polygamy, military numbers, the colonization of the Holy Land, and the populations of Mongolia and China. Translations of Aristotle provided not only new themes but also a new vocabulary with which to think about population. This book challenges the view that medieval thought was fundamentally abstract. It investigates medieval thought's capacity to deal with concrete contemporary realities, and sets academic discussions of population alongside the medieval facts of ‘birth, and copulation, and death’.Less
By 1300, medieval men and women were beginning to measure multitude, counting, for example, numbers of boys and girls being baptized. Their mental capacity to grapple with population, to get its measure, was developing and this book describes how medieval people thought about population through both the texts which contained their thought and the medieval realities which shaped it. They found many topics, such as the history of population and variations between polygamy, monogamy and virginity, through theology. Crusade and travel literature supplied the themes of Muslim polygamy, military numbers, the colonization of the Holy Land, and the populations of Mongolia and China. Translations of Aristotle provided not only new themes but also a new vocabulary with which to think about population. This book challenges the view that medieval thought was fundamentally abstract. It investigates medieval thought's capacity to deal with concrete contemporary realities, and sets academic discussions of population alongside the medieval facts of ‘birth, and copulation, and death’.
Mette M. High
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781501707544
- eISBN:
- 9781501708121
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501707544.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Asian Cultural Anthropology
Mongolia over the last decade has seen a substantial and ongoing gold rush. The wide-spread mining of gold looks at first glance to be a blessing for a desperately poor and largely pastoralist ...
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Mongolia over the last decade has seen a substantial and ongoing gold rush. The wide-spread mining of gold looks at first glance to be a blessing for a desperately poor and largely pastoralist country. Volatility and uncertainty as well as political and economic turmoil led many people to join the hopeful search for gold. This activity poses an intense moral problem; in the “land of dust,” disturbing the ground and extracting the precious metal is widely believed to have calamitous consequences. With gold retaining strong ties to the landscape and its many spirit beings, the fortune of the precious metal is inseparable from the fears that surround mining. This book considers the results of several years of fieldwork in Mongolia, time spent with the “ninjas,” as the miners are known locally, as well as the people who disapprove of their illegal activities and warn of the retribution that the land and its inhabitants may suffer as a result. As such, the book is a well-structured read on the Mongolian gold rush and the spirit forces that underpin it. It provides a uniquely up-close and personal view onto gold mining and its international circuitry, based on a sensitive study of Mongolian sociality, miners, religious knowledge and practice, and ways of envisioning and experiencing what counts as “value” in the Mongolian gold rush today.Less
Mongolia over the last decade has seen a substantial and ongoing gold rush. The wide-spread mining of gold looks at first glance to be a blessing for a desperately poor and largely pastoralist country. Volatility and uncertainty as well as political and economic turmoil led many people to join the hopeful search for gold. This activity poses an intense moral problem; in the “land of dust,” disturbing the ground and extracting the precious metal is widely believed to have calamitous consequences. With gold retaining strong ties to the landscape and its many spirit beings, the fortune of the precious metal is inseparable from the fears that surround mining. This book considers the results of several years of fieldwork in Mongolia, time spent with the “ninjas,” as the miners are known locally, as well as the people who disapprove of their illegal activities and warn of the retribution that the land and its inhabitants may suffer as a result. As such, the book is a well-structured read on the Mongolian gold rush and the spirit forces that underpin it. It provides a uniquely up-close and personal view onto gold mining and its international circuitry, based on a sensitive study of Mongolian sociality, miners, religious knowledge and practice, and ways of envisioning and experiencing what counts as “value” in the Mongolian gold rush today.
Jonathan Schlesinger
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780804799966
- eISBN:
- 9781503600683
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804799966.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
Based on three years of archival research, A World Trimmed with Fur uses Chinese, Manchu, Mongolian records to rethink China’s environmental history in the years 1760-1830, when a rush for natural ...
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Based on three years of archival research, A World Trimmed with Fur uses Chinese, Manchu, Mongolian records to rethink China’s environmental history in the years 1760-1830, when a rush for natural resources transformed both China and its borderlands. We tend to tell China’s environmental history in this period with settlers in mind: in the Qing empire’s frontiers, we are told, people like the Manchus, Mongols, and Tibetans maintained separate and untouched homelands before modern Chinese immigrants developed them. This book argues instead that the very notion of the untouched, like distinctions between Manchus, Mongols, and Chinese, was itself a product of empire and an invention of the boom years. Stunning reports poured into Beijing during these years: mussels disappeared from the wild; mushroom pickers destroyed the steppe; trappers killed the last fur-bearing animals. The empire’s response, in turn, was dramatic. In Mongolia and the northern borderlands, the court backed a so-called “purification” campaign to repatriate undocumented Chinese, investigate Mongols collaborators, and restore the land to a “pure” and pristine form. In the Northeast, the Qing state mobilized around efforts to establish controls on immigration and trade, control pearling, and allow mussel beds to revive. Results were mixed. Conservation succeeded in some regions; others were emptied of fur-bearing animals, stripped of mussels, or left bare around abandoned camps. We thus can ask: what did it mean for the land to be “pristine”?Less
Based on three years of archival research, A World Trimmed with Fur uses Chinese, Manchu, Mongolian records to rethink China’s environmental history in the years 1760-1830, when a rush for natural resources transformed both China and its borderlands. We tend to tell China’s environmental history in this period with settlers in mind: in the Qing empire’s frontiers, we are told, people like the Manchus, Mongols, and Tibetans maintained separate and untouched homelands before modern Chinese immigrants developed them. This book argues instead that the very notion of the untouched, like distinctions between Manchus, Mongols, and Chinese, was itself a product of empire and an invention of the boom years. Stunning reports poured into Beijing during these years: mussels disappeared from the wild; mushroom pickers destroyed the steppe; trappers killed the last fur-bearing animals. The empire’s response, in turn, was dramatic. In Mongolia and the northern borderlands, the court backed a so-called “purification” campaign to repatriate undocumented Chinese, investigate Mongols collaborators, and restore the land to a “pure” and pristine form. In the Northeast, the Qing state mobilized around efforts to establish controls on immigration and trade, control pearling, and allow mussel beds to revive. Results were mixed. Conservation succeeded in some regions; others were emptied of fur-bearing animals, stripped of mussels, or left bare around abandoned camps. We thus can ask: what did it mean for the land to be “pristine”?
Melissa F. Baird
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780813056562
- eISBN:
- 9780813053479
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813056562.001.0001
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Historical Archaeology
What are the cultural politics of making place? How do we reconcile the heritage landscapes we encounter in our work with their sociopolitical and historical contexts? What avenues are there to ...
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What are the cultural politics of making place? How do we reconcile the heritage landscapes we encounter in our work with their sociopolitical and historical contexts? What avenues are there to grapple with and present contemporary concerns? Critical Theory and the Anthropology of Heritage Landscapes examines landscapes as heritage and shows how these are engaged in a field of power. It argues that to not locate the political contexts of heritage work has consequences. Research experiences in Indigenous and descendant heritage landscapes in Alaska, Mongolia, and Western Australia serve as touchstones to show how heritage landscapes are enmeshed in political and environmental struggles: climate change, oil spills, environmental degradation, political instability, identity politics, and resource extraction. Drawing on the emergent field of critical heritage theory and using the metaphor of the resource frontier, Critical Theory and the Anthropology of Heritage Landscapes shows how these “new heritage landscapes” are also increasingly imbricated in development and extractive projects. Heritage experts, private and extractive interests, government representatives, and descendant groups negotiate and broker, promote and contest, and create value and meaning. In the process, changes in heritage legislation and corporate heritage strategies create significant changes that, in some cases, have reframed Indigenous lands and heritage as resources.Less
What are the cultural politics of making place? How do we reconcile the heritage landscapes we encounter in our work with their sociopolitical and historical contexts? What avenues are there to grapple with and present contemporary concerns? Critical Theory and the Anthropology of Heritage Landscapes examines landscapes as heritage and shows how these are engaged in a field of power. It argues that to not locate the political contexts of heritage work has consequences. Research experiences in Indigenous and descendant heritage landscapes in Alaska, Mongolia, and Western Australia serve as touchstones to show how heritage landscapes are enmeshed in political and environmental struggles: climate change, oil spills, environmental degradation, political instability, identity politics, and resource extraction. Drawing on the emergent field of critical heritage theory and using the metaphor of the resource frontier, Critical Theory and the Anthropology of Heritage Landscapes shows how these “new heritage landscapes” are also increasingly imbricated in development and extractive projects. Heritage experts, private and extractive interests, government representatives, and descendant groups negotiate and broker, promote and contest, and create value and meaning. In the process, changes in heritage legislation and corporate heritage strategies create significant changes that, in some cases, have reframed Indigenous lands and heritage as resources.
Jonathan S. Addleton
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9789888139941
- eISBN:
- 9789888180868
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888139941.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter focuses on trade and investment ties between Mongolia and the United States as Mongolia itself moves increasingly from development to commercial relationships. During the early 1990s, ...
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This chapter focuses on trade and investment ties between Mongolia and the United States as Mongolia itself moves increasingly from development to commercial relationships. During the early 1990s, American businessmen were already active in Urga as Ulaanbaatar was then known, promoting trade ties, developing transportation links and speculating about potential mineral wealth. In more recent years, trade ties have expanded significantly as US companies such as Caterpillar, Boeing and General Electric increase their exports to Mongolia. While US investment in mining still lags behind, economic growth fuelled by Mongolia's mineral wealth continues to offer economic opportunity while also helping to strengthen political ties between the two countries.Less
This chapter focuses on trade and investment ties between Mongolia and the United States as Mongolia itself moves increasingly from development to commercial relationships. During the early 1990s, American businessmen were already active in Urga as Ulaanbaatar was then known, promoting trade ties, developing transportation links and speculating about potential mineral wealth. In more recent years, trade ties have expanded significantly as US companies such as Caterpillar, Boeing and General Electric increase their exports to Mongolia. While US investment in mining still lags behind, economic growth fuelled by Mongolia's mineral wealth continues to offer economic opportunity while also helping to strengthen political ties between the two countries.
Christopher Kaplonski
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824838560
- eISBN:
- 9780824869663
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824838560.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Asian Cultural Anthropology
In The lama question Chris Kaplonski examines the struggle between the new socialist government, which came to power following the overthrow of a Buddhist theocracy, and the dominant Buddhist ...
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In The lama question Chris Kaplonski examines the struggle between the new socialist government, which came to power following the overthrow of a Buddhist theocracy, and the dominant Buddhist establishment for the hearts and the minds of the populace in early socialist Mongolia (1924–1940). Spread over a decade and a half, the contest between the socialist government and Buddhists ultimately resulted in the death of approximately 18,000 Buddhist monks during an eighteen month period in the late 1930s. Drawing on hitherto unused archives, the book explores in unprecedented detail the policies that led to the mass repressions in the late 1930s, and the destruction of over 700 monastic compounds. Kaplonski examines the interaction between claims for legitimacy by the nascent government and the state of exception as a response to crisis to argue that the contingent and threatened nature of the socialist state led to a reluctance to acknowledge the challenges that threatened it. The use of physical violence was the last resort of the state, not a tool of the strong. What is new and challenging about the Mongolian case is precisely the efforts the socialist government spent on not using physical violence against the Buddhists.Less
In The lama question Chris Kaplonski examines the struggle between the new socialist government, which came to power following the overthrow of a Buddhist theocracy, and the dominant Buddhist establishment for the hearts and the minds of the populace in early socialist Mongolia (1924–1940). Spread over a decade and a half, the contest between the socialist government and Buddhists ultimately resulted in the death of approximately 18,000 Buddhist monks during an eighteen month period in the late 1930s. Drawing on hitherto unused archives, the book explores in unprecedented detail the policies that led to the mass repressions in the late 1930s, and the destruction of over 700 monastic compounds. Kaplonski examines the interaction between claims for legitimacy by the nascent government and the state of exception as a response to crisis to argue that the contingent and threatened nature of the socialist state led to a reluctance to acknowledge the challenges that threatened it. The use of physical violence was the last resort of the state, not a tool of the strong. What is new and challenging about the Mongolian case is precisely the efforts the socialist government spent on not using physical violence against the Buddhists.
Franck Billé
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824839826
- eISBN:
- 9780824869618
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824839826.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Asian Cultural Anthropology
This book is a timely and groundbreaking study of the anti-Chinese sentiments currently widespread in Mongolia. Graffiti calling for the removal of Chinese dot the urban landscape, songs about ...
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This book is a timely and groundbreaking study of the anti-Chinese sentiments currently widespread in Mongolia. Graffiti calling for the removal of Chinese dot the urban landscape, songs about killing the Chinese are played in public spaces, and rumors concerning Chinese plans to take over the country and exterminate the Mongols are rife. Such violent anti-Chinese feelings are frequently explained as a consequence of China’s meteoric economic development, a cause of much anxiety for her immediate neighbors and particularly for Mongolia, a large but sparsely populated country that is rich in mineral resources. Other analysts point to deeply entrenched antagonisms and to centuries of hostility between the two groups, implying unbridgeable cultural differences. This book challenges these reductive explanations by arguing that anti-Chinese sentiments are not a new phenomenon but go back to the late socialist period (1960–1990) when Mongolia’s political and cultural life was deeply intertwined with Russia’s. Through an in-depth analysis of media discourses, the book shows how stereotypes of the Chinese emerged through an internalization of Russian ideas of Asia, and how they can easily extend to other Asian groups such as Koreans or Vietnamese. The book argues that the anti-Chinese attitudes of Mongols reflect an essential desire to distance themselves from Asia overall and to reject their own Asianness. The spectral presence of China, imagined to be everywhere and potentially in everyone, thus produces a pervasive climate of mistrust, suspicion, and paranoia.Less
This book is a timely and groundbreaking study of the anti-Chinese sentiments currently widespread in Mongolia. Graffiti calling for the removal of Chinese dot the urban landscape, songs about killing the Chinese are played in public spaces, and rumors concerning Chinese plans to take over the country and exterminate the Mongols are rife. Such violent anti-Chinese feelings are frequently explained as a consequence of China’s meteoric economic development, a cause of much anxiety for her immediate neighbors and particularly for Mongolia, a large but sparsely populated country that is rich in mineral resources. Other analysts point to deeply entrenched antagonisms and to centuries of hostility between the two groups, implying unbridgeable cultural differences. This book challenges these reductive explanations by arguing that anti-Chinese sentiments are not a new phenomenon but go back to the late socialist period (1960–1990) when Mongolia’s political and cultural life was deeply intertwined with Russia’s. Through an in-depth analysis of media discourses, the book shows how stereotypes of the Chinese emerged through an internalization of Russian ideas of Asia, and how they can easily extend to other Asian groups such as Koreans or Vietnamese. The book argues that the anti-Chinese attitudes of Mongols reflect an essential desire to distance themselves from Asia overall and to reject their own Asianness. The spectral presence of China, imagined to be everywhere and potentially in everyone, thus produces a pervasive climate of mistrust, suspicion, and paranoia.
Faye Yuan Kleeman
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824838607
- eISBN:
- 9780824871482
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824838607.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This book examines the creation of an East Asian cultural sphere by the Japanese imperial project in the first half of the twentieth century. It seeks to re-read the “Greater East Asian Co-prosperity ...
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This book examines the creation of an East Asian cultural sphere by the Japanese imperial project in the first half of the twentieth century. It seeks to re-read the “Greater East Asian Co-prosperity Sphere” not as a mere political and ideological concept but as the potential site of a vibrant and productive space that accommodated transcultural interaction and transformation. By reorienting the focus of (post)colonial studies from the macro-narrative of political economy, military institutions, and socio-political dynamics, it uncovers a cultural and personal understanding of life in the Japanese empire. Mediated by a shared aspiration for modernity, a connectedness fostered by new media, and a mobility that encouraged travel within the empire, an East Asian contact zone was shared by a generation and served as the proto-environment that presaged the cultural and media convergences currently taking place in twenty-first-century Northeast Asia. The negative impact of Japanese imperialism on both nations and societies has been amply demonstrated and cannot be denied, but this book focuses on the opportunities and unique experiences it afforded a number of extraordinary individuals to provide a fuller picture of Japanese colonial culture. By observing the empire—from Tokyo to remote Mongolia and colonial Taiwan, from the turn of the twentieth century to the postwar era—the book explores an area of colonial experience that straddles the public and the private, the national and the personal, thereby revealing a new aspect of the colonial condition and its postcolonial implications.Less
This book examines the creation of an East Asian cultural sphere by the Japanese imperial project in the first half of the twentieth century. It seeks to re-read the “Greater East Asian Co-prosperity Sphere” not as a mere political and ideological concept but as the potential site of a vibrant and productive space that accommodated transcultural interaction and transformation. By reorienting the focus of (post)colonial studies from the macro-narrative of political economy, military institutions, and socio-political dynamics, it uncovers a cultural and personal understanding of life in the Japanese empire. Mediated by a shared aspiration for modernity, a connectedness fostered by new media, and a mobility that encouraged travel within the empire, an East Asian contact zone was shared by a generation and served as the proto-environment that presaged the cultural and media convergences currently taking place in twenty-first-century Northeast Asia. The negative impact of Japanese imperialism on both nations and societies has been amply demonstrated and cannot be denied, but this book focuses on the opportunities and unique experiences it afforded a number of extraordinary individuals to provide a fuller picture of Japanese colonial culture. By observing the empire—from Tokyo to remote Mongolia and colonial Taiwan, from the turn of the twentieth century to the postwar era—the book explores an area of colonial experience that straddles the public and the private, the national and the personal, thereby revealing a new aspect of the colonial condition and its postcolonial implications.
Jonathan S. Addleton
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9789888139941
- eISBN:
- 9789888180868
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888139941.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
Mongolia and the United States provides a pioneering firsthand look at the remarkable growth in ties between two countries separated by vast distances that yet share a growing list of interests and ...
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Mongolia and the United States provides a pioneering firsthand look at the remarkable growth in ties between two countries separated by vast distances that yet share a growing list of interests and values. While maintaining positive ties with its two powerful neighbors, China and Russia, Mongolia has sought “third neighbors” to help provide balance. For its part, the United States responded by supporting Mongolia as an emerging democracy while strengthening development and commercial relations. People-to-people ties have also expanded, as has a security partnership that supports Mongolia's emergence as a provider of military peacekeepers in Afghanistan, Kosovo, Darfur, and elsewhere. A magnet for foreign investment, Mongolia is one of the world's fastest-growing economies. Against this backdrop, partnerships developed between the United States and Mongolia since 1987 reflect the variety of ways in which diplomatic engagement can help set the stage for more dramatic and far-reaching changes.Less
Mongolia and the United States provides a pioneering firsthand look at the remarkable growth in ties between two countries separated by vast distances that yet share a growing list of interests and values. While maintaining positive ties with its two powerful neighbors, China and Russia, Mongolia has sought “third neighbors” to help provide balance. For its part, the United States responded by supporting Mongolia as an emerging democracy while strengthening development and commercial relations. People-to-people ties have also expanded, as has a security partnership that supports Mongolia's emergence as a provider of military peacekeepers in Afghanistan, Kosovo, Darfur, and elsewhere. A magnet for foreign investment, Mongolia is one of the world's fastest-growing economies. Against this backdrop, partnerships developed between the United States and Mongolia since 1987 reflect the variety of ways in which diplomatic engagement can help set the stage for more dramatic and far-reaching changes.
Piotr Migon
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780199273683
- eISBN:
- 9780191917615
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199273683.003.0010
- Subject:
- Earth Sciences and Geography, Physical Geography and Topography
Weathering is a necessary precursor for landform development. However, in the context of granite it acquires a particular importance for various reasons. First, many ...
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Weathering is a necessary precursor for landform development. However, in the context of granite it acquires a particular importance for various reasons. First, many granite terrains show an extensive development of deep weathering profiles, which can be extremely varied in terms of their depth, vertical zonation, degree of rock decomposition, and mineralogical and chemical change. Moreover, the transitional zone between the weathering mantle and the solid rock, for which the term ‘weathering front’ is used (Mabbutt, 1961b), may be very thin. There is now sufficient evidence that many geomorphic features of granite landscapes, including boulders, domes, and plains, have been sculpted at the solid rock/weathering mantle interface and they are essentially elements of an exposed weathering front. Therefore, the origin of granite landscapes cannot be satisfactorily explained and understood without a proper understanding of the phenomenon of deep weathering. Second, granites break down via a range of weathering mechanisms, both physical and chemical, which interact to produce an extreme diversity of small-scale surface features and minor landforms. In this respect, it is only limestones and some sandstones which show a similar wealth of weathering-related surface phenomena. Third, both superficial and deep weathering of granite act very selectively, exploiting a variety of structural and textural features, including fractures, microfractures, veins, enclaves, and textural inhomogeneities. In effect, the patterns of rock breakdown may differ very much between adjacent localities, and so the resultant landforms differ. In the context of deep weathering, selectivity is evident in significant changes of profile thickness and its properties over short distances, and in the presence of unweathered compartments (corestones) within an altered rock mass. Fourth, it is emphasized that granites are particularly sensitive to the amount of moisture in the environment (Bremer, 1971; Twidale, 1982). They alter very fast in moist environments, whereas moisture deficit enhances rock resistance and makes it very durable. Hence, a bare rock slope shedding rainwater and drying up quickly after rain will be very much immune to weathering, whereas at its foot a surplus of moisture will accelerate decomposition.
Less
Weathering is a necessary precursor for landform development. However, in the context of granite it acquires a particular importance for various reasons. First, many granite terrains show an extensive development of deep weathering profiles, which can be extremely varied in terms of their depth, vertical zonation, degree of rock decomposition, and mineralogical and chemical change. Moreover, the transitional zone between the weathering mantle and the solid rock, for which the term ‘weathering front’ is used (Mabbutt, 1961b), may be very thin. There is now sufficient evidence that many geomorphic features of granite landscapes, including boulders, domes, and plains, have been sculpted at the solid rock/weathering mantle interface and they are essentially elements of an exposed weathering front. Therefore, the origin of granite landscapes cannot be satisfactorily explained and understood without a proper understanding of the phenomenon of deep weathering. Second, granites break down via a range of weathering mechanisms, both physical and chemical, which interact to produce an extreme diversity of small-scale surface features and minor landforms. In this respect, it is only limestones and some sandstones which show a similar wealth of weathering-related surface phenomena. Third, both superficial and deep weathering of granite act very selectively, exploiting a variety of structural and textural features, including fractures, microfractures, veins, enclaves, and textural inhomogeneities. In effect, the patterns of rock breakdown may differ very much between adjacent localities, and so the resultant landforms differ. In the context of deep weathering, selectivity is evident in significant changes of profile thickness and its properties over short distances, and in the presence of unweathered compartments (corestones) within an altered rock mass. Fourth, it is emphasized that granites are particularly sensitive to the amount of moisture in the environment (Bremer, 1971; Twidale, 1982). They alter very fast in moist environments, whereas moisture deficit enhances rock resistance and makes it very durable. Hence, a bare rock slope shedding rainwater and drying up quickly after rain will be very much immune to weathering, whereas at its foot a surplus of moisture will accelerate decomposition.
Morris Rossabi
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520243996
- eISBN:
- 9780520938625
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520243996.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
Land-locked between its giant neighbors, Russia and China, Mongolia was the first Asian country to adopt communism and the first to abandon it. When the Soviet Union collapsed in the early 1990s, ...
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Land-locked between its giant neighbors, Russia and China, Mongolia was the first Asian country to adopt communism and the first to abandon it. When the Soviet Union collapsed in the early 1990s, Mongolia turned to international financial agencies — including the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the Asian Development Bank — for help in compensating for the economic changes caused by disruptions in the communist world. This book explores the effects of the withdrawal of Soviet assistance, the role of international financial agencies in supporting a pure market economy, and the ways that new policies have led to greater political freedom but also to unemployment, poverty, increasingly inequitable distribution of income, and deterioration in the education, health, and well-being of Mongolian society. This book demonstrates that the agencies providing grants and loans insisted on Mongolia's adherence to a set of policies that did not generally take into account the country's unique heritage and society. As the text details this painful transition from a collective to a capitalist economy, it also analyzes the cultural effects of the sudden opening of Mongolia to democracy. It looks at the broader implications of Mongolia's international situation and considers its future, particularly in relation to China.Less
Land-locked between its giant neighbors, Russia and China, Mongolia was the first Asian country to adopt communism and the first to abandon it. When the Soviet Union collapsed in the early 1990s, Mongolia turned to international financial agencies — including the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the Asian Development Bank — for help in compensating for the economic changes caused by disruptions in the communist world. This book explores the effects of the withdrawal of Soviet assistance, the role of international financial agencies in supporting a pure market economy, and the ways that new policies have led to greater political freedom but also to unemployment, poverty, increasingly inequitable distribution of income, and deterioration in the education, health, and well-being of Mongolian society. This book demonstrates that the agencies providing grants and loans insisted on Mongolia's adherence to a set of policies that did not generally take into account the country's unique heritage and society. As the text details this painful transition from a collective to a capitalist economy, it also analyzes the cultural effects of the sudden opening of Mongolia to democracy. It looks at the broader implications of Mongolia's international situation and considers its future, particularly in relation to China.
Robert M. Torrance
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520081321
- eISBN:
- 9780520920163
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520081321.003.0011
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
This chapter states that with the gradual spread of Lamaist Buddhism northward to Mongolia and Siberia, not only those who adopted (and adapted) the new religion, but others who presumably retained ...
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This chapter states that with the gradual spread of Lamaist Buddhism northward to Mongolia and Siberia, not only those who adopted (and adapted) the new religion, but others who presumably retained ancestral shaman practices, were deeply influenced by it. Given the wide diffusion of a clearly ancient shamanic complex from Lapland eastward to Greenland (hence far beyond Buddhist influences), this conclusion is untenable; but the undoubted impact of Lamaism on Mongolian and Tungus shamanism suggests a complex and reciprocal relation between them. For the Lamaist Buddhism that spread to the north had already been profoundly influenced, as seen by ancient Tibetan Bon shamanism. In most of northern Eurasia and much of Central Asia, shamanism has been practiced either as a component of tribal religion, or in conjunction with Christianity, Islam, or Buddhism into recent times.Less
This chapter states that with the gradual spread of Lamaist Buddhism northward to Mongolia and Siberia, not only those who adopted (and adapted) the new religion, but others who presumably retained ancestral shaman practices, were deeply influenced by it. Given the wide diffusion of a clearly ancient shamanic complex from Lapland eastward to Greenland (hence far beyond Buddhist influences), this conclusion is untenable; but the undoubted impact of Lamaism on Mongolian and Tungus shamanism suggests a complex and reciprocal relation between them. For the Lamaist Buddhism that spread to the north had already been profoundly influenced, as seen by ancient Tibetan Bon shamanism. In most of northern Eurasia and much of Central Asia, shamanism has been practiced either as a component of tribal religion, or in conjunction with Christianity, Islam, or Buddhism into recent times.
Jonathan S. Addleton
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9789888139941
- eISBN:
- 9789888180868
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888139941.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter briefly describes early encounters between the United States and Mongolia, starting in 1862 when possibly the first American citizen to ever visit Mongolia was granted a travel pass to ...
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This chapter briefly describes early encounters between the United States and Mongolia, starting in 1862 when possibly the first American citizen to ever visit Mongolia was granted a travel pass to travel from China to Siberia via “Outer Mongolia.” Other early connections are also brought to life, including an early account by the American journalist Thomas Knox (1835–1896); a description by future president Herbert Hoover of his unlikely meeting with the Bogd Khan at Gandaan Monastery; reflections by the American diplomat and Tibetan specialist William Rockhill on the Mongolian quest for independence; the adventures of the Swedish-American missionary and entrepreneur Frans Larson; the explorations of Roy Chapman Andrews in search of dinosaur bones in the Gobi; and the historic visit to Ulaanbaatar by US Vice President Henry Wallace in 1944.Less
This chapter briefly describes early encounters between the United States and Mongolia, starting in 1862 when possibly the first American citizen to ever visit Mongolia was granted a travel pass to travel from China to Siberia via “Outer Mongolia.” Other early connections are also brought to life, including an early account by the American journalist Thomas Knox (1835–1896); a description by future president Herbert Hoover of his unlikely meeting with the Bogd Khan at Gandaan Monastery; reflections by the American diplomat and Tibetan specialist William Rockhill on the Mongolian quest for independence; the adventures of the Swedish-American missionary and entrepreneur Frans Larson; the explorations of Roy Chapman Andrews in search of dinosaur bones in the Gobi; and the historic visit to Ulaanbaatar by US Vice President Henry Wallace in 1944.
Jonathan S. Addleton
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9789888139941
- eISBN:
- 9789888180868
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888139941.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter recounts early diplomatic contacts between the United States and Mongolia following Mongolia's own reassertion of independence in the early 1900s, when its new leaders actively sought ...
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This chapter recounts early diplomatic contacts between the United States and Mongolia following Mongolia's own reassertion of independence in the early 1900s, when its new leaders actively sought American support. Several American diplomats endorsed this effort and the United States briefly opened a consulate in Kalgan in Inner Mongolia, initially headed by the American diplomat Samuel Sokobin. However, hoped-for steps for more formal relations were delayed as Mongolia fell within the Soviet sphere of influence and remained there throughout the Cold War period. Mutual recognition finally came in January 1987, followed by the opening of new embassies in both Washington and Ulaanbaatar.Less
This chapter recounts early diplomatic contacts between the United States and Mongolia following Mongolia's own reassertion of independence in the early 1900s, when its new leaders actively sought American support. Several American diplomats endorsed this effort and the United States briefly opened a consulate in Kalgan in Inner Mongolia, initially headed by the American diplomat Samuel Sokobin. However, hoped-for steps for more formal relations were delayed as Mongolia fell within the Soviet sphere of influence and remained there throughout the Cold War period. Mutual recognition finally came in January 1987, followed by the opening of new embassies in both Washington and Ulaanbaatar.
Jonathan S. Addleton
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9789888139941
- eISBN:
- 9789888180868
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888139941.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter assesses the movement for democracy that took hold in Mongolia in the early 1990s along with US efforts to help support it. With the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet ...
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This chapter assesses the movement for democracy that took hold in Mongolia in the early 1990s along with US efforts to help support it. With the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union, Mongolia embarked on a new path - one that involved both a market economy and representative democracy. Along with other countries, the United States offered diplomatic support, reflected in part in a series of high level visits involving Secretaries of State Baker (1990, 1991), Albright (1998), Rice (2005) and Clinton (2012) as well as First Lady Hilary Clinton (1995), President George Bush (2005) and Vice President Joe Biden (2011). Every Mongolian president and most prime ministers during this period also visited Washington, DC. Such visits reflected deepening diplomatic ties and shared understanding across a range of other issues and concerns, including those related to human rights, civil society, terrorism and nuclear proliferation.Less
This chapter assesses the movement for democracy that took hold in Mongolia in the early 1990s along with US efforts to help support it. With the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union, Mongolia embarked on a new path - one that involved both a market economy and representative democracy. Along with other countries, the United States offered diplomatic support, reflected in part in a series of high level visits involving Secretaries of State Baker (1990, 1991), Albright (1998), Rice (2005) and Clinton (2012) as well as First Lady Hilary Clinton (1995), President George Bush (2005) and Vice President Joe Biden (2011). Every Mongolian president and most prime ministers during this period also visited Washington, DC. Such visits reflected deepening diplomatic ties and shared understanding across a range of other issues and concerns, including those related to human rights, civil society, terrorism and nuclear proliferation.
