Sydney D. Bailey and Sam Daws
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198280736
- eISBN:
- 9780191598746
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198280734.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The Procedure of the UN Security Council is the definitive book of its kind and has been widely used by UN practitioners and scholars for over twenty years. This new revised and ...
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The Procedure of the UN Security Council is the definitive book of its kind and has been widely used by UN practitioners and scholars for over twenty years. This new revised and thoroughly updated third edition encompasses the many changes in Council procedure that have occurred since the end of the Cold War, which ushered in new possibilities for international co‐operation, and increased recourse to the UN. The last decade has seen the Gulf War and a plethora of new and often complex peacekeeping operations, from Bosnia to Rwanda, and such increased demands and associated expectations have placed a spotlight on the role and functioning of the Security Council. Recent years have seen a greater recourse to informal consultations of Council members prior to Council meetings, and the search for consensual Council decision‐making has led to differences of opinion on both procedural and substantive matters being dealt with largely during such consultations. This has produced calls from non‐members for greater Council transparency. Other proposals, both from within and outside the UN, have advocated reforms to the Council's composition or working methods to ensure its continued effectiveness and legitimacy. The new edition attempts to reflect the many recent developments in the procedure of the Security Council, while still reflecting the considerable continuity that exists with the past. In particular, to illustrate and illuminate aspects of Council procedure, many examples have been used from the UN's early years, since this was the time when many of the original precedents were created. Some of the anecdotes that touch on the human side of Council diplomacy have also been retained. The new edition includes new information on the following: the Provisional Rules of Procedure; public and private meetings; consultations and briefings with non‐members and troop‐contributors, including transparency, Presidential briefings, and orientation debates; informal consultations and ‘Arria formula’ meetings; the appointment of the Secretary‐General of the UN; relationships with the UN General Assembly, the UN International Court of Justice, the UN Trusteeship Council, and the UN Military Staff Committee; subsidiary organs, including sanctions committees; the veto and Security Council membership; Chapter VII resolutions, UN peacekeeping and UN‐authorized enforcement; Council enlargement and de jure and de facto Charter amendments; changes in Council documentation; and ad hoc and regional groupings in the Council.Less
The Procedure of the UN Security Council is the definitive book of its kind and has been widely used by UN practitioners and scholars for over twenty years. This new revised and thoroughly updated third edition encompasses the many changes in Council procedure that have occurred since the end of the Cold War, which ushered in new possibilities for international co‐operation, and increased recourse to the UN. The last decade has seen the Gulf War and a plethora of new and often complex peacekeeping operations, from Bosnia to Rwanda, and such increased demands and associated expectations have placed a spotlight on the role and functioning of the Security Council. Recent years have seen a greater recourse to informal consultations of Council members prior to Council meetings, and the search for consensual Council decision‐making has led to differences of opinion on both procedural and substantive matters being dealt with largely during such consultations. This has produced calls from non‐members for greater Council transparency. Other proposals, both from within and outside the UN, have advocated reforms to the Council's composition or working methods to ensure its continued effectiveness and legitimacy. The new edition attempts to reflect the many recent developments in the procedure of the Security Council, while still reflecting the considerable continuity that exists with the past. In particular, to illustrate and illuminate aspects of Council procedure, many examples have been used from the UN's early years, since this was the time when many of the original precedents were created. Some of the anecdotes that touch on the human side of Council diplomacy have also been retained. The new edition includes new information on the following: the Provisional Rules of Procedure; public and private meetings; consultations and briefings with non‐members and troop‐contributors, including transparency, Presidential briefings, and orientation debates; informal consultations and ‘Arria formula’ meetings; the appointment of the Secretary‐General of the UN; relationships with the UN General Assembly, the UN International Court of Justice, the UN Trusteeship Council, and the UN Military Staff Committee; subsidiary organs, including sanctions committees; the veto and Security Council membership; Chapter VII resolutions, UN peacekeeping and UN‐authorized enforcement; Council enlargement and de jure and de facto Charter amendments; changes in Council documentation; and ad hoc and regional groupings in the Council.
Richard M. Pious
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199217977
- eISBN:
- 9780191711541
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199217977.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter focuses on the president's use of prerogative powers and the treatment of detainees in the war on terror. President Bush asserted his prerogative power in interpreting and reinterpreting ...
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This chapter focuses on the president's use of prerogative powers and the treatment of detainees in the war on terror. President Bush asserted his prerogative power in interpreting and reinterpreting conventions and customary international law obligations, and in interpreting the obligations of government officials to execute faithfully statute law, the Uniform Code of Military Justice, and various directives. It is argued that officials at the highest levels of government made decisions based on the constitutional authority of the president (as administration lawyers defined it) that left open the probability that detainees would be subjected to inhuman treatment and torture as defined by international law. The chapter explores why the issue of the treatment of prisoners has not risen to the level of an Iran-Contra affair and what the reaction tells us about the politics of prerogative power.Less
This chapter focuses on the president's use of prerogative powers and the treatment of detainees in the war on terror. President Bush asserted his prerogative power in interpreting and reinterpreting conventions and customary international law obligations, and in interpreting the obligations of government officials to execute faithfully statute law, the Uniform Code of Military Justice, and various directives. It is argued that officials at the highest levels of government made decisions based on the constitutional authority of the president (as administration lawyers defined it) that left open the probability that detainees would be subjected to inhuman treatment and torture as defined by international law. The chapter explores why the issue of the treatment of prisoners has not risen to the level of an Iran-Contra affair and what the reaction tells us about the politics of prerogative power.
Sydney D. Bailey and Sam Daws
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198280736
- eISBN:
- 9780191598746
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198280734.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Discusses relations of the UN Security Council with other organs. The first organ discussed is the UN Military Staff Committee, for which a chronology of activities and instructions is given for the ...
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Discusses relations of the UN Security Council with other organs. The first organ discussed is the UN Military Staff Committee, for which a chronology of activities and instructions is given for the period 1946–1996. The next is the UN General Assembly: aspects of this body discussed include elections and appointments, annual and special reports, threats to peace and security, special sessions, subsidiary organs, action relating to UN membership, financing peacekeeping operations, and the election of non‐members of the Council. Other organs discussed are the UN Economic and Social Council, the UN Trusteeship Council (now of historical interest only), the UN International Court of Justice, and non‐governmental organizations. The final section of the chapter discusses the appointment of the Secretary‐General of the UN.Less
Discusses relations of the UN Security Council with other organs. The first organ discussed is the UN Military Staff Committee, for which a chronology of activities and instructions is given for the period 1946–1996. The next is the UN General Assembly: aspects of this body discussed include elections and appointments, annual and special reports, threats to peace and security, special sessions, subsidiary organs, action relating to UN membership, financing peacekeeping operations, and the election of non‐members of the Council. Other organs discussed are the UN Economic and Social Council, the UN Trusteeship Council (now of historical interest only), the UN International Court of Justice, and non‐governmental organizations. The final section of the chapter discusses the appointment of the Secretary‐General of the UN.
Gary Herrigel
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199557738
- eISBN:
- 9780191720871
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199557738.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
The chapter analyzes the interaction of American Military Occupying authorities in Germany and Japan with indigenous stakeholders in the steel industry. German and Japanese steel industries are ...
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The chapter analyzes the interaction of American Military Occupying authorities in Germany and Japan with indigenous stakeholders in the steel industry. German and Japanese steel industries are radically recomposed through processes of creative reflection and interaction among all the playersLess
The chapter analyzes the interaction of American Military Occupying authorities in Germany and Japan with indigenous stakeholders in the steel industry. German and Japanese steel industries are radically recomposed through processes of creative reflection and interaction among all the players
Toni Hustead
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199573349
- eISBN:
- 9780191721946
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199573349.003.0008
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Public Management, Pensions and Pension Management
Most US federal retirement plans are now fully funded, but since plan assets must legally be invested in federal securities, fund surpluses are used to reduce overall federal budget deficits. As a ...
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Most US federal retirement plans are now fully funded, but since plan assets must legally be invested in federal securities, fund surpluses are used to reduce overall federal budget deficits. As a result, current taxpayers are not charged with the cost of future federal retirement obligations. Nevertheless, federal rules do require the employing federal agency to budget for current personnel’s accruing liability of retirement promises. Therefore, policy decisions regarding the number of federal civilian and military personnel and the design of their retirement benefits may be made with a better understanding of the costs.Less
Most US federal retirement plans are now fully funded, but since plan assets must legally be invested in federal securities, fund surpluses are used to reduce overall federal budget deficits. As a result, current taxpayers are not charged with the cost of future federal retirement obligations. Nevertheless, federal rules do require the employing federal agency to budget for current personnel’s accruing liability of retirement promises. Therefore, policy decisions regarding the number of federal civilian and military personnel and the design of their retirement benefits may be made with a better understanding of the costs.
Geoffrey Blest
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206996
- eISBN:
- 9780191677427
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206996.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter discusses the contributions of the international Courts in relation to the clarification and development of the law of war with the possible exception of the Nuremberg Principles. It ...
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This chapter discusses the contributions of the international Courts in relation to the clarification and development of the law of war with the possible exception of the Nuremberg Principles. It explains that the Nuremberg Principles originated in a Resolution of the General Assembly (Resolution 95, adopted on 11 November 1946). It notes that the resolution is reaffirmed in some fashion by the UN's International Law Commission in mid-1950. It clarifies that the GA's unanimous vote ‘indicated subscription by a large number of States to the substantive law of war crimes, including the principle of individual criminal responsibility, and to the lawful exercise of criminal jurisdiction over such individuals’. It emphasizes that in the International Military tribunals known to history as the Nuremberg and Tokyo trials, defendants were also tried for other alleged offences. It stresses the importance of determining the relationship of those other offences with the law of war.Less
This chapter discusses the contributions of the international Courts in relation to the clarification and development of the law of war with the possible exception of the Nuremberg Principles. It explains that the Nuremberg Principles originated in a Resolution of the General Assembly (Resolution 95, adopted on 11 November 1946). It notes that the resolution is reaffirmed in some fashion by the UN's International Law Commission in mid-1950. It clarifies that the GA's unanimous vote ‘indicated subscription by a large number of States to the substantive law of war crimes, including the principle of individual criminal responsibility, and to the lawful exercise of criminal jurisdiction over such individuals’. It emphasizes that in the International Military tribunals known to history as the Nuremberg and Tokyo trials, defendants were also tried for other alleged offences. It stresses the importance of determining the relationship of those other offences with the law of war.
Frederic Wakeman
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520234079
- eISBN:
- 9780520928763
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520234079.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
The most feared man in China, Dai Li, was chief of Chiang Kai-shek's secret service during World War II. This sweeping biography of “China's Himmler”, based on recently opened intelligence archives, ...
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The most feared man in China, Dai Li, was chief of Chiang Kai-shek's secret service during World War II. This sweeping biography of “China's Himmler”, based on recently opened intelligence archives, traces Dai's rise from obscurity as a rural hooligan and Green Gang blood-brother to commander of the paramilitary units of the Blue Shirts and of the dreaded Military Statistics Bureau: the world's largest spy and counterespionage organization of its time. In addition to exposing the inner workings of the secret police, whose death squads, kidnappings, torture, and omnipresent surveillance terrorized critics of the Nationalist regime, Dai Li's personal story opens a unique window on the clandestine history of China's Republican period. This study uncovers the origins of the Cold War in the interactions of Chinese and American special services operatives who cooperated with Dai Li in the resistance to the Japanese invasion in the 1930s and who laid the groundwork for an ongoing alliance against the Communists during the revolution that followed in the 1940s. The book illustrates how the anti-Communist activities Dai Li led altered the balance of power within the Chinese Communist Party, setting the stage for Mao Zedong's rise to supremacy. It reveals a complex and remarkable personality that masked a dark presence in modern China—one that still pervades the secret services on both sides of the Taiwan Strait. The book illuminates a previously little-understood world as it discloses the details of Chinese secret service trade-craft.Less
The most feared man in China, Dai Li, was chief of Chiang Kai-shek's secret service during World War II. This sweeping biography of “China's Himmler”, based on recently opened intelligence archives, traces Dai's rise from obscurity as a rural hooligan and Green Gang blood-brother to commander of the paramilitary units of the Blue Shirts and of the dreaded Military Statistics Bureau: the world's largest spy and counterespionage organization of its time. In addition to exposing the inner workings of the secret police, whose death squads, kidnappings, torture, and omnipresent surveillance terrorized critics of the Nationalist regime, Dai Li's personal story opens a unique window on the clandestine history of China's Republican period. This study uncovers the origins of the Cold War in the interactions of Chinese and American special services operatives who cooperated with Dai Li in the resistance to the Japanese invasion in the 1930s and who laid the groundwork for an ongoing alliance against the Communists during the revolution that followed in the 1940s. The book illustrates how the anti-Communist activities Dai Li led altered the balance of power within the Chinese Communist Party, setting the stage for Mao Zedong's rise to supremacy. It reveals a complex and remarkable personality that masked a dark presence in modern China—one that still pervades the secret services on both sides of the Taiwan Strait. The book illuminates a previously little-understood world as it discloses the details of Chinese secret service trade-craft.
James D. Tracy
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199209118
- eISBN:
- 9780191706134
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199209118.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
In the forty years between 1520 and 1559, the Habsburg and Valois dynasties were at war for twenty years. This struggle for hegemony in Europe entailed not just recurring warfare along the ...
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In the forty years between 1520 and 1559, the Habsburg and Valois dynasties were at war for twenty years. This struggle for hegemony in Europe entailed not just recurring warfare along the Franco‐Netherlandish frontier, but also a leapfrogging competition in military technology (artillery, and fortresses built to withstand bombardment) and military organization (building mercenary armies from specialized units recruited in different nations). In the 1540s and especially the 1550s, French attacks came by sea as well as by land, forcing the Netherlands government, for the first time, to think about how to control the North Sea. At sea and on land, commanders who acquired up‐to‐date military skills by fighting for the Habsburgs in the 1550s would in the 1570s fight one another.Less
In the forty years between 1520 and 1559, the Habsburg and Valois dynasties were at war for twenty years. This struggle for hegemony in Europe entailed not just recurring warfare along the Franco‐Netherlandish frontier, but also a leapfrogging competition in military technology (artillery, and fortresses built to withstand bombardment) and military organization (building mercenary armies from specialized units recruited in different nations). In the 1540s and especially the 1550s, French attacks came by sea as well as by land, forcing the Netherlands government, for the first time, to think about how to control the North Sea. At sea and on land, commanders who acquired up‐to‐date military skills by fighting for the Habsburgs in the 1550s would in the 1570s fight one another.
Ellen D. Tillman
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781469626956
- eISBN:
- 9781469628127
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469626956.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Military History
The U.S. policy of “Dollar Diplomacy” was designed to replace “dollars for bullets,” to guarantee economic and political stability in the Caribbean without intrusive and increasingly controversial ...
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The U.S. policy of “Dollar Diplomacy” was designed to replace “dollars for bullets,” to guarantee economic and political stability in the Caribbean without intrusive and increasingly controversial military interventions. Using military and government records from Dominican and US archives, this work investigates the extent to which early twentieth-century U.S. involvement in the Dominican Republic fundamentally changed the course of Dominican history and the conduct of U.S. foreign policy. In the Dominican Republic, successive interventions contributed to a drastic shifting of the social order, as well as centralized state power through the military, which Rafael Trujillo leveraged in his rise to dictatorship in the 1920s. Ultimately, this study demonstrates, the overthrow of the social order resulted not from military planning, but from the unplanned and uncoordinated interactions and negotiations between U.S. Marine Corps military occupation initiatives and Dominican society. This work provides insight into Dominican history and early U.S. attempts to use military force to reform other nations, but also offers a unique view of the power and goals of U.S. Navy officers and administrators during a period of expansive naval growth and concern about Caribbean security.Less
The U.S. policy of “Dollar Diplomacy” was designed to replace “dollars for bullets,” to guarantee economic and political stability in the Caribbean without intrusive and increasingly controversial military interventions. Using military and government records from Dominican and US archives, this work investigates the extent to which early twentieth-century U.S. involvement in the Dominican Republic fundamentally changed the course of Dominican history and the conduct of U.S. foreign policy. In the Dominican Republic, successive interventions contributed to a drastic shifting of the social order, as well as centralized state power through the military, which Rafael Trujillo leveraged in his rise to dictatorship in the 1920s. Ultimately, this study demonstrates, the overthrow of the social order resulted not from military planning, but from the unplanned and uncoordinated interactions and negotiations between U.S. Marine Corps military occupation initiatives and Dominican society. This work provides insight into Dominican history and early U.S. attempts to use military force to reform other nations, but also offers a unique view of the power and goals of U.S. Navy officers and administrators during a period of expansive naval growth and concern about Caribbean security.
Michael E. Lynch
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780813177984
- eISBN:
- 9780813177991
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813177984.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This biography examines the long career of Lt. Gen. Edward M. Almond, who was born to a family of modest means in rural Virginia. His early education at the Virginia Military Institute, steeped him ...
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This biography examines the long career of Lt. Gen. Edward M. Almond, who was born to a family of modest means in rural Virginia. His early education at the Virginia Military Institute, steeped him in Confederate lore and nurtured his “can do” attitude, natural aggressiveness, demanding personality and sometimes self-serving nature. These qualities later earned him the sobriquet “Sic’em, Ned,” which stuck with him for the remainder of his career.
Almond commanded the African-American 92nd Infantry Division during World War II. The division failed in combat and was re-organized, after which it contained one white, one black, and the Army’s only Japanese-American (Nisei) regiment. The years since that war have seen the glorification of the “Greatest Generation,” with all racist notions and ideas “whitewashed” with a veneer of honor.
When war came to Korea, Almond commanded X Corps in the Inchon invasion, liberation of Seoul, race to the Yalu. When the Chinese entered the war and sent the US Army into retreat, Almond mounted one of the largest evacuations in history at Hungnam -- but not before the disaster at Chosin claimed the lives of hundreds of soldiers and marines.
This book reveals Almond as a man who stubbornly held onto bigoted attitudes about race, but also exhibited an unfaltering commitment to the military profession. Often viewed as the “Army’s racist,” Almond reflected the attitudes of the Army and society. This book places Almond in a broader context and presents a more complete picture of this flawed man yet gifted officer.Less
This biography examines the long career of Lt. Gen. Edward M. Almond, who was born to a family of modest means in rural Virginia. His early education at the Virginia Military Institute, steeped him in Confederate lore and nurtured his “can do” attitude, natural aggressiveness, demanding personality and sometimes self-serving nature. These qualities later earned him the sobriquet “Sic’em, Ned,” which stuck with him for the remainder of his career.
Almond commanded the African-American 92nd Infantry Division during World War II. The division failed in combat and was re-organized, after which it contained one white, one black, and the Army’s only Japanese-American (Nisei) regiment. The years since that war have seen the glorification of the “Greatest Generation,” with all racist notions and ideas “whitewashed” with a veneer of honor.
When war came to Korea, Almond commanded X Corps in the Inchon invasion, liberation of Seoul, race to the Yalu. When the Chinese entered the war and sent the US Army into retreat, Almond mounted one of the largest evacuations in history at Hungnam -- but not before the disaster at Chosin claimed the lives of hundreds of soldiers and marines.
This book reveals Almond as a man who stubbornly held onto bigoted attitudes about race, but also exhibited an unfaltering commitment to the military profession. Often viewed as the “Army’s racist,” Almond reflected the attitudes of the Army and society. This book places Almond in a broader context and presents a more complete picture of this flawed man yet gifted officer.
James McDermott
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719084775
- eISBN:
- 9781781702673
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719084775.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Military History
Military Service Tribunals were formed following the introduction of conscription in January 1916, to consider applications for exemption from men deemed by the new legislation to have enlisted. ...
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Military Service Tribunals were formed following the introduction of conscription in January 1916, to consider applications for exemption from men deemed by the new legislation to have enlisted. Swiftly, they gained two opposing yet equally unflattering reputations. In the eyes of the military, they were soft, obstructionist ‘old duffers’. To most of the men who came before them, the Tribunals were the unfeeling civilian arm of a remorseless grinding machine. This book, utilizing a rare surviving set of Tribunal records, challenges both perspectives. The Tribunals were charged with balancing the needs of the army with those of the localities from which their members were drawn; they received instructions, recommendations and polite guidance from their masters at Whitehall, yet each was in effect a sovereign body whose decisions could not be overturned other than by appeal to similar bodies. Wielding unprecedented power yet acutely sensitive to the contradictions inherent in their task, they were obliged, often at a conveyer belt's pace, to make decisions that often determined the fate of men, their families, and ultimately, their communities. That some of these decisions were capricious or even wrong is indisputable; the sparse historiography of the Tribunals has too often focused upon the idiosyncratic example while ignoring the wider, adverse impact of imprecise legislation, government hand-washing and short-term military exigencies. Evaluating in depth that impact, and illuminating the social dynamics which often marked proceedings in the Tribunal chamber, this study attempts to redress the balance of an enduringly damning historical judgment.Less
Military Service Tribunals were formed following the introduction of conscription in January 1916, to consider applications for exemption from men deemed by the new legislation to have enlisted. Swiftly, they gained two opposing yet equally unflattering reputations. In the eyes of the military, they were soft, obstructionist ‘old duffers’. To most of the men who came before them, the Tribunals were the unfeeling civilian arm of a remorseless grinding machine. This book, utilizing a rare surviving set of Tribunal records, challenges both perspectives. The Tribunals were charged with balancing the needs of the army with those of the localities from which their members were drawn; they received instructions, recommendations and polite guidance from their masters at Whitehall, yet each was in effect a sovereign body whose decisions could not be overturned other than by appeal to similar bodies. Wielding unprecedented power yet acutely sensitive to the contradictions inherent in their task, they were obliged, often at a conveyer belt's pace, to make decisions that often determined the fate of men, their families, and ultimately, their communities. That some of these decisions were capricious or even wrong is indisputable; the sparse historiography of the Tribunals has too often focused upon the idiosyncratic example while ignoring the wider, adverse impact of imprecise legislation, government hand-washing and short-term military exigencies. Evaluating in depth that impact, and illuminating the social dynamics which often marked proceedings in the Tribunal chamber, this study attempts to redress the balance of an enduringly damning historical judgment.
Donald Bloxham
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198208723
- eISBN:
- 9780191717017
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208723.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter studies the prosecution of prominent war criminals within the context of the broader trial policy of the British and Americans. It brings out the distinctly American flavour of the ...
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This chapter studies the prosecution of prominent war criminals within the context of the broader trial policy of the British and Americans. It brings out the distinctly American flavour of the International Military Tribunal (IMT) concept, particularly the controversial strategy employed to ensnare the diverse individuals and organizations brought to trial and simultaneously to scrutinize the history of Nazism. The chapter proceeds to examine the interrelationship of trial strategy and broader political aims and influences, and the way in which these combined to shape the subsequent Nuremberg programme. Alongside this analysis, it considers the course of the British Royal Warrant trial series and how that defined itself in regard to further prosecutions of ‘major’ and other important war criminals.Less
This chapter studies the prosecution of prominent war criminals within the context of the broader trial policy of the British and Americans. It brings out the distinctly American flavour of the International Military Tribunal (IMT) concept, particularly the controversial strategy employed to ensnare the diverse individuals and organizations brought to trial and simultaneously to scrutinize the history of Nazism. The chapter proceeds to examine the interrelationship of trial strategy and broader political aims and influences, and the way in which these combined to shape the subsequent Nuremberg programme. Alongside this analysis, it considers the course of the British Royal Warrant trial series and how that defined itself in regard to further prosecutions of ‘major’ and other important war criminals.
Donald Bloxham
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198208723
- eISBN:
- 9780191717017
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208723.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter considers the role of the early trials in the formation of the representation of the Nazi camps in the earliest and most widely publicized war crimes trials. It focuses on the IMT and ...
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This chapter considers the role of the early trials in the formation of the representation of the Nazi camps in the earliest and most widely publicized war crimes trials. It focuses on the IMT and the ‘Belsen’ cases, and to a lesser extent, on the first Dachau trial. As a consequence both of their timing and their subject-matter, and in Germany in part as a result of the Allied control of the news media, these three commanded the most widespread attention of any trials of the period. The chapter culminates in an examination of what was effectively a non-representation at the trials: that of the Polish extermination centres of Belzec, Sobibor, and Treblinka. Besides the IMT trial, it brings in consideration of the first and fourth of the subsequent Nuremberg proceedings. These were, respectively, the Medical trial and the Pohl trial against members of the SS Business Administration Head Office, the organization that administered the concentration camps from March 1942 onwards. The chapter shows how the trials avoided consideration of the clearest signifier of Nazi genocidal antisemitism. Trial policy was implicated in the process of conflation and homogenization that characterized occupation policy as a whole and that created the enduring camp trope. This process was one that would have wide-ranging ramifications in a world where victimhood was fast becoming ready political currency.Less
This chapter considers the role of the early trials in the formation of the representation of the Nazi camps in the earliest and most widely publicized war crimes trials. It focuses on the IMT and the ‘Belsen’ cases, and to a lesser extent, on the first Dachau trial. As a consequence both of their timing and their subject-matter, and in Germany in part as a result of the Allied control of the news media, these three commanded the most widespread attention of any trials of the period. The chapter culminates in an examination of what was effectively a non-representation at the trials: that of the Polish extermination centres of Belzec, Sobibor, and Treblinka. Besides the IMT trial, it brings in consideration of the first and fourth of the subsequent Nuremberg proceedings. These were, respectively, the Medical trial and the Pohl trial against members of the SS Business Administration Head Office, the organization that administered the concentration camps from March 1942 onwards. The chapter shows how the trials avoided consideration of the clearest signifier of Nazi genocidal antisemitism. Trial policy was implicated in the process of conflation and homogenization that characterized occupation policy as a whole and that created the enduring camp trope. This process was one that would have wide-ranging ramifications in a world where victimhood was fast becoming ready political currency.
Matthew M. Briones
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691129488
- eISBN:
- 9781400842216
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691129488.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter examines how the resettlement of West Coast Japanese Americans in the Midwest and Northeast after internment irrevocably transformed the population of Japanese Chicagoans. As both Allan ...
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This chapter examines how the resettlement of West Coast Japanese Americans in the Midwest and Northeast after internment irrevocably transformed the population of Japanese Chicagoans. As both Allan Austin and Gary Okihiro have demonstrated, many young Nisei managed to leave the camps earlier than expected by filing education waivers. They matriculated predominantly at midwestern and East Coast schools, and some of their campmates were recruited for Japanese-language immersion at the Military Intelligence Service Language School, based at Camp Savage, Minnesota. Yet residual delinquency among Nisei bachelors and the lack of children's playgrounds still made the North Side area less than appealing to Nisei families; hence, another critical mass of Japanese Americans congregated on the South Side.Less
This chapter examines how the resettlement of West Coast Japanese Americans in the Midwest and Northeast after internment irrevocably transformed the population of Japanese Chicagoans. As both Allan Austin and Gary Okihiro have demonstrated, many young Nisei managed to leave the camps earlier than expected by filing education waivers. They matriculated predominantly at midwestern and East Coast schools, and some of their campmates were recruited for Japanese-language immersion at the Military Intelligence Service Language School, based at Camp Savage, Minnesota. Yet residual delinquency among Nisei bachelors and the lack of children's playgrounds still made the North Side area less than appealing to Nisei families; hence, another critical mass of Japanese Americans congregated on the South Side.
Yan Xu
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780813176741
- eISBN:
- 9780813176772
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813176741.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
Yan Xu’s book The Soldier Image and State-Building in Modern China, 1924–1945 focuses on the connection between soldiers, urban publics, and party governments of wartime China in an effort to provide ...
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Yan Xu’s book The Soldier Image and State-Building in Modern China, 1924–1945 focuses on the connection between soldiers, urban publics, and party governments of wartime China in an effort to provide a nuanced analysis of the complicated state-society relations. Xu structured this work in a way that united the chapters through the multiple soldier figures in China and the imagery cast upon them due to wars. Xu scrutinizes how political, social, and literary perspectives influenced the rhetoric and ideal of the soldier figure. Xu’s book works chronologically from the initial start-up of the prestigious Whampoa Military Academy in the 1920s, to the issue and revision of compulsory conscription laws in the 1930s, to the urban intellectuals and professionals serving and writing about the soldiers during the Second Sino-Japanese War, to the students conscripted into the army during the later years of the war. Xu integrates the party struggles into the analysis of wartime China by devoting the last chapter to the creation of the soldier image by the Chinese Communists. Xu highlights how crucial the construction of the discourse on the soldier image was to the state-building processes for both Chinese Nationalists and Communists. The Soldier Image and State-Building in Modern China, 1924–1945, fosters insight into the 1920s-40s of modern China that uncovers how war operates as a cultural event rather than simply one utilized for political strategy.Less
Yan Xu’s book The Soldier Image and State-Building in Modern China, 1924–1945 focuses on the connection between soldiers, urban publics, and party governments of wartime China in an effort to provide a nuanced analysis of the complicated state-society relations. Xu structured this work in a way that united the chapters through the multiple soldier figures in China and the imagery cast upon them due to wars. Xu scrutinizes how political, social, and literary perspectives influenced the rhetoric and ideal of the soldier figure. Xu’s book works chronologically from the initial start-up of the prestigious Whampoa Military Academy in the 1920s, to the issue and revision of compulsory conscription laws in the 1930s, to the urban intellectuals and professionals serving and writing about the soldiers during the Second Sino-Japanese War, to the students conscripted into the army during the later years of the war. Xu integrates the party struggles into the analysis of wartime China by devoting the last chapter to the creation of the soldier image by the Chinese Communists. Xu highlights how crucial the construction of the discourse on the soldier image was to the state-building processes for both Chinese Nationalists and Communists. The Soldier Image and State-Building in Modern China, 1924–1945, fosters insight into the 1920s-40s of modern China that uncovers how war operates as a cultural event rather than simply one utilized for political strategy.
William C. Sylvan and Francis G. Smith
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813125251
- eISBN:
- 9780813135038
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813125251.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This section provides the biography of Courtney Hicks Hodges, who was born in Perry, Georgia, on January 5, 1887. It tells us that he entered the United States Military Academy at West Point, New ...
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This section provides the biography of Courtney Hicks Hodges, who was born in Perry, Georgia, on January 5, 1887. It tells us that he entered the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, with the incoming class of 1908 in June 1904, a member of the same class as George S. Patton Jr. The section notes that Hodges was “found deficient” in mathematics, as was Patton, and left West Point following his plebe year of 1904–5. It further notes that Hodges enlisted in the army as a private in Company L, Seventeenth Infantry, and was commissioned a second lieutenant of infantry on November 13, 1909; served in the Philippines and the Mexican Punitive Expedition, and in France during World War I; and received a Distinguished Service Cross for valor during the Meuse–Argonne operation.Less
This section provides the biography of Courtney Hicks Hodges, who was born in Perry, Georgia, on January 5, 1887. It tells us that he entered the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, with the incoming class of 1908 in June 1904, a member of the same class as George S. Patton Jr. The section notes that Hodges was “found deficient” in mathematics, as was Patton, and left West Point following his plebe year of 1904–5. It further notes that Hodges enlisted in the army as a private in Company L, Seventeenth Infantry, and was commissioned a second lieutenant of infantry on November 13, 1909; served in the Philippines and the Mexican Punitive Expedition, and in France during World War I; and received a Distinguished Service Cross for valor during the Meuse–Argonne operation.
Kim Oosterlinck
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780300190915
- eISBN:
- 9780300220933
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300190915.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This is a book about hope and international finance. The repudiation of Russia’s debt by the Bolsheviks in 1918 affected French investors for several generations. The reason for this was the sheer ...
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This is a book about hope and international finance. The repudiation of Russia’s debt by the Bolsheviks in 1918 affected French investors for several generations. The reason for this was the sheer volume of money lent by institutional investors and private citizens alike. This book focuses on the reasons which prompted French investors to hope they would eventually be repaid. In this financial context, hope was reflected in the fluctuations of Russian bond prices. Indeed, in view of the extreme nature of the repudiation, the prices of Russian sovereign debt experienced only a modest decline. As a matter of fact, they actually increased after the repudiation, and their yields were well below those observed nowadays when sovereign debts are repudiated. Far from being a sign of irrational behaviour, this trend can be attributed to expectations that one or more extreme events could occur. Governments have four key incentives to repay their debts: fear of a loss of reputation and consequent exclusion from capital markets; fear of armed intervention; trade sanctions; and seizure of collateral. In the Russian case, investors remained hopeful for the aforementioned reasons but they also hoped that a third-party government would stand in for the Russian government and fulfil its obligations. This book assesses the relative weight of each of these reasons to hope and shows why investors refused to view their repudiated bonds as valueless.Less
This is a book about hope and international finance. The repudiation of Russia’s debt by the Bolsheviks in 1918 affected French investors for several generations. The reason for this was the sheer volume of money lent by institutional investors and private citizens alike. This book focuses on the reasons which prompted French investors to hope they would eventually be repaid. In this financial context, hope was reflected in the fluctuations of Russian bond prices. Indeed, in view of the extreme nature of the repudiation, the prices of Russian sovereign debt experienced only a modest decline. As a matter of fact, they actually increased after the repudiation, and their yields were well below those observed nowadays when sovereign debts are repudiated. Far from being a sign of irrational behaviour, this trend can be attributed to expectations that one or more extreme events could occur. Governments have four key incentives to repay their debts: fear of a loss of reputation and consequent exclusion from capital markets; fear of armed intervention; trade sanctions; and seizure of collateral. In the Russian case, investors remained hopeful for the aforementioned reasons but they also hoped that a third-party government would stand in for the Russian government and fulfil its obligations. This book assesses the relative weight of each of these reasons to hope and shows why investors refused to view their repudiated bonds as valueless.
Ina Zweiniger‐Bargielowska
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199280520
- eISBN:
- 9780191594878
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199280520.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
The conclusion discusses military medical examination statistics during the Second World War. These point towards considerable advances in public health compared with the First World War and, for the ...
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The conclusion discusses military medical examination statistics during the Second World War. These point towards considerable advances in public health compared with the First World War and, for the first time, the examinations also included women. Nevertheless, the trend towards greater gender equality only went so far and the traditional roles of male breadwinner and female dependant were woven into the fabric of the postwar welfare state. In these altered circumstances, the social imperialist ideology and holistic notions of health, which had emerged around the turn of the century, disintegrated. The conclusion traces the biographies and postwar history of the leading activists and organizations discussed in this volume. The book ends by commenting on the inherent dilemma of modernity, namely the complex relationship between economic growth, technological progress, health, and well‐being exemplified by the rise of degenerative diseases in the age of affluence.Less
The conclusion discusses military medical examination statistics during the Second World War. These point towards considerable advances in public health compared with the First World War and, for the first time, the examinations also included women. Nevertheless, the trend towards greater gender equality only went so far and the traditional roles of male breadwinner and female dependant were woven into the fabric of the postwar welfare state. In these altered circumstances, the social imperialist ideology and holistic notions of health, which had emerged around the turn of the century, disintegrated. The conclusion traces the biographies and postwar history of the leading activists and organizations discussed in this volume. The book ends by commenting on the inherent dilemma of modernity, namely the complex relationship between economic growth, technological progress, health, and well‐being exemplified by the rise of degenerative diseases in the age of affluence.
Xiaobing Li
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780813177946
- eISBN:
- 9780813177953
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813177946.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Asian Studies
As a Communist state bordering Vietnam, China actively supported Ho Chi Minh’s wars against France in 1950–1954 and then America in 1965–1970. This book uses new Communist sources to offer an ...
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As a Communist state bordering Vietnam, China actively supported Ho Chi Minh’s wars against France in 1950–1954 and then America in 1965–1970. This book uses new Communist sources to offer an unprecedented Chinese military perspective on the Vietnam War. By documenting the level of Chinese military assistance to Vietnam, it reveals the extent to which the Chinese support of Ho’s military and political objective in the wars was a crucial and indispensable factor in North Vietnam’s victory. The study offers an overview and the particulars of Chinese aid to Ho’s army, or PAVN, in terms of training, weaponry, logistics, advisors, and technology during its transformative years of 1950–1956 in depth and detail based on a foundation of multiple documentary sources, memoirs, interviews, and secondary sources both in China and in Vietnam. With Chinese assistance, the PAVN experienced three important transformative changes from a peasant, rebellion force to a regular, national army. In retrospect, international Communist support to North Vietnam proved to be the decisive edge that enabled the PAVN, or NVA, to survive the American Rolling Thunder bombing campaign and helped the NLF, also known as the Viet Cong, to prevail in the war of attrition and eventually defeat South Vietnam. An international perspective may help students and the public in the West to gain a better understanding of America’s long war.Less
As a Communist state bordering Vietnam, China actively supported Ho Chi Minh’s wars against France in 1950–1954 and then America in 1965–1970. This book uses new Communist sources to offer an unprecedented Chinese military perspective on the Vietnam War. By documenting the level of Chinese military assistance to Vietnam, it reveals the extent to which the Chinese support of Ho’s military and political objective in the wars was a crucial and indispensable factor in North Vietnam’s victory. The study offers an overview and the particulars of Chinese aid to Ho’s army, or PAVN, in terms of training, weaponry, logistics, advisors, and technology during its transformative years of 1950–1956 in depth and detail based on a foundation of multiple documentary sources, memoirs, interviews, and secondary sources both in China and in Vietnam. With Chinese assistance, the PAVN experienced three important transformative changes from a peasant, rebellion force to a regular, national army. In retrospect, international Communist support to North Vietnam proved to be the decisive edge that enabled the PAVN, or NVA, to survive the American Rolling Thunder bombing campaign and helped the NLF, also known as the Viet Cong, to prevail in the war of attrition and eventually defeat South Vietnam. An international perspective may help students and the public in the West to gain a better understanding of America’s long war.
Michael Peppard
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780300213997
- eISBN:
- 9780300216516
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300213997.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
This chapter interprets the painting of David and Goliath on the south wall of the baptistery. Having been situated underneath a niche that probably held oil for anointing, the painting of David ...
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This chapter interprets the painting of David and Goliath on the south wall of the baptistery. Having been situated underneath a niche that probably held oil for anointing, the painting of David slaying Goliath can be connected both to its biblical narrative and the anointing rite of Christian initiation. The manifold meanings of anointing in early Christianity, and specifically in Syria, suggest connections to health, warfare, and marriage. In addition, the “seal” of anointing enacts the proprietary “mark” or “brand” applied to animals, such as sheep. As for the figure of David’s connection to baptism, the chapter contextualizes his legacy as both shepherd and warrior within the militaristic ethos of Dura-Europos. Through comparisons with the Psalms, local synagogue art, and Roman historical sources about war with Persia, the painting of David and Goliath is shown to be an appropriate, if unexpected, choice for this baptistery.Less
This chapter interprets the painting of David and Goliath on the south wall of the baptistery. Having been situated underneath a niche that probably held oil for anointing, the painting of David slaying Goliath can be connected both to its biblical narrative and the anointing rite of Christian initiation. The manifold meanings of anointing in early Christianity, and specifically in Syria, suggest connections to health, warfare, and marriage. In addition, the “seal” of anointing enacts the proprietary “mark” or “brand” applied to animals, such as sheep. As for the figure of David’s connection to baptism, the chapter contextualizes his legacy as both shepherd and warrior within the militaristic ethos of Dura-Europos. Through comparisons with the Psalms, local synagogue art, and Roman historical sources about war with Persia, the painting of David and Goliath is shown to be an appropriate, if unexpected, choice for this baptistery.
