Paula C. Clarke
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198229926
- eISBN:
- 9780191678943
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198229926.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
This account of the careers of two brothers, Tommaso and Niccolò Soderini, and their relationship with the Medici family opens up a new perspective on the political world of Renaissance Florence. The ...
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This account of the careers of two brothers, Tommaso and Niccolò Soderini, and their relationship with the Medici family opens up a new perspective on the political world of Renaissance Florence. The Soderini were at different times supporters and adversaries of the Medici, whose rise to power remains the subject of historical debate. Based on hitherto unpublished sources, particularly from the archives of Florence and Milan, this book examines the nature of the ascendancy of the Medici and of the opposition to them, the sources of their power, the operation of their system of patronage, the bonds connecting one of the most successful political elites in Renaissance Italy, and the development of the political institutions of the Florentine state. It contributes to our understanding of the political and constitutional history of Florence.Less
This account of the careers of two brothers, Tommaso and Niccolò Soderini, and their relationship with the Medici family opens up a new perspective on the political world of Renaissance Florence. The Soderini were at different times supporters and adversaries of the Medici, whose rise to power remains the subject of historical debate. Based on hitherto unpublished sources, particularly from the archives of Florence and Milan, this book examines the nature of the ascendancy of the Medici and of the opposition to them, the sources of their power, the operation of their system of patronage, the bonds connecting one of the most successful political elites in Renaissance Italy, and the development of the political institutions of the Florentine state. It contributes to our understanding of the political and constitutional history of Florence.
Daniel H. Williams
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198264644
- eISBN:
- 9780191682735
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198264644.003.0010
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies
This chapter summarizes the discussions in the preceding chapters. The historical reconstruction of the years 360–87 challenged assumptions resulting from the ‘triumphalist’ model, namely, that the ...
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This chapter summarizes the discussions in the preceding chapters. The historical reconstruction of the years 360–87 challenged assumptions resulting from the ‘triumphalist’ model, namely, that the west had always been sympathetic to Nicene Christianity and that its complete subjugation of Homoian Arianism was accomplished soon after the loss of its political support under the Emperor Constantius. The early career of Ambrose was construed in a way that radically diverged from the heroic caricature exhibited in presentations overly dependent on hagiographic literature. It was also shown that the synod of Aquileia, organized by Ambrose and composed mainly of fellow north Italian bishops, did not end the conflict with the Homoians as he had certainly hoped. On the contrary, the synod seems to have acted as a lightning rod, charging renewed Homoian efforts against Ambrose. An event that marked the political demise of Homoianism in the west was Maximus' invasion in the summer of 387 and Theodosius' subsequent occupation of the western provinces after his defeat of Maximus.Less
This chapter summarizes the discussions in the preceding chapters. The historical reconstruction of the years 360–87 challenged assumptions resulting from the ‘triumphalist’ model, namely, that the west had always been sympathetic to Nicene Christianity and that its complete subjugation of Homoian Arianism was accomplished soon after the loss of its political support under the Emperor Constantius. The early career of Ambrose was construed in a way that radically diverged from the heroic caricature exhibited in presentations overly dependent on hagiographic literature. It was also shown that the synod of Aquileia, organized by Ambrose and composed mainly of fellow north Italian bishops, did not end the conflict with the Homoians as he had certainly hoped. On the contrary, the synod seems to have acted as a lightning rod, charging renewed Homoian efforts against Ambrose. An event that marked the political demise of Homoianism in the west was Maximus' invasion in the summer of 387 and Theodosius' subsequent occupation of the western provinces after his defeat of Maximus.
David Albert Jones
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199287154
- eISBN:
- 9780191713231
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199287154.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
At least two well-developed bodies of literature have emerged on practical questions relating to death, one the concern of psychology, the other the concern of ethics. These flow from two basic ...
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At least two well-developed bodies of literature have emerged on practical questions relating to death, one the concern of psychology, the other the concern of ethics. These flow from two basic questions: how can we live well in the face of death? and when, if ever, is it legitimate deliberately to bring human life to an end? The perspective of faith can help to assess and evaluate the many, sometimes conflicting, responses to these questions of different schools of psychology and of philosophy. The method adopted by this book is to consider the distinct theological approaches to death shown by four outstanding Christian thinkers: Ambrose of Milan, Augustine of Hippo, Thomas Aquinas, and Karl Rahner.Less
At least two well-developed bodies of literature have emerged on practical questions relating to death, one the concern of psychology, the other the concern of ethics. These flow from two basic questions: how can we live well in the face of death? and when, if ever, is it legitimate deliberately to bring human life to an end? The perspective of faith can help to assess and evaluate the many, sometimes conflicting, responses to these questions of different schools of psychology and of philosophy. The method adopted by this book is to consider the distinct theological approaches to death shown by four outstanding Christian thinkers: Ambrose of Milan, Augustine of Hippo, Thomas Aquinas, and Karl Rahner.
Kevin Madigan
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195322743
- eISBN:
- 9780199785407
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195322743.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
This chapter provides a rich exegetical context for Thomas's exegesis of Luke 2:52. Only in this context can the distinctiveness and originality of Thomas's position be appreciated. It is argued that ...
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This chapter provides a rich exegetical context for Thomas's exegesis of Luke 2:52. Only in this context can the distinctiveness and originality of Thomas's position be appreciated. It is argued that although Thomas borrows elements from the interpretations of Ambrose of Milan and John of Damascus, the figures with whom Thomas begins his mature discussion, he differs from both in significant ways. Having outlined the major patristic interpretations of the verse, the positions of four major thinkers from the high-scholastic period (Peter Lombard, Albertus Magnus, Bonaventure, and the early Thomas himself) are then analyzed. It is shown that all four thinkers denied that Jesus progressed in knowledge, at least in the sense that he passed from ignorance of something to knowledge of it. Thomas's disagreement with his patristic predecessors and his scholastic contemporaries is also considered.Less
This chapter provides a rich exegetical context for Thomas's exegesis of Luke 2:52. Only in this context can the distinctiveness and originality of Thomas's position be appreciated. It is argued that although Thomas borrows elements from the interpretations of Ambrose of Milan and John of Damascus, the figures with whom Thomas begins his mature discussion, he differs from both in significant ways. Having outlined the major patristic interpretations of the verse, the positions of four major thinkers from the high-scholastic period (Peter Lombard, Albertus Magnus, Bonaventure, and the early Thomas himself) are then analyzed. It is shown that all four thinkers denied that Jesus progressed in knowledge, at least in the sense that he passed from ignorance of something to knowledge of it. Thomas's disagreement with his patristic predecessors and his scholastic contemporaries is also considered.
Kevin Madigan
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195322743
- eISBN:
- 9780199785407
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195322743.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
The Arian writers made much of the blunt admission by Jesus that he was ignorant of the Day of Judgment. This chapter examines orthodox responses to the charge that this was proof of the inferiority ...
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The Arian writers made much of the blunt admission by Jesus that he was ignorant of the Day of Judgment. This chapter examines orthodox responses to the charge that this was proof of the inferiority of the Incarnate Word's nature.Less
The Arian writers made much of the blunt admission by Jesus that he was ignorant of the Day of Judgment. This chapter examines orthodox responses to the charge that this was proof of the inferiority of the Incarnate Word's nature.
Gerardo Patriotta
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199275243
- eISBN:
- 9780191719684
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199275243.003.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy
This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the nature of knowledge in organizations, based on an essay by Czech writer Milan Kundera, which examined a novel written at the beginning of the ...
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This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the nature of knowledge in organizations, based on an essay by Czech writer Milan Kundera, which examined a novel written at the beginning of the century by Jaromir John. The frustration of the character depicted in the story is linked to the present book. The purpose and scope of the book, reasons for focusing on the automotive sector, and structure and content of the book are presented.Less
This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the nature of knowledge in organizations, based on an essay by Czech writer Milan Kundera, which examined a novel written at the beginning of the century by Jaromir John. The frustration of the character depicted in the story is linked to the present book. The purpose and scope of the book, reasons for focusing on the automotive sector, and structure and content of the book are presented.
Bernard Green
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199534951
- eISBN:
- 9780191715990
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199534951.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies
Leo the Great was the beneficiary of the consolidation over the course of the preceding century of the power of the papacy in Rome and the Christianization of the city. That process reveals the ...
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Leo the Great was the beneficiary of the consolidation over the course of the preceding century of the power of the papacy in Rome and the Christianization of the city. That process reveals the impact of Ambrose of Milan on the Roman Church and its policy towards the ascetic movement. Leo was heavily influenced by Ambrose and by Augustine of Hippo. His first encounters with theological debate were the Pelagian and Nestorian controversies, where he engaged Cassian as an advisor. He took an admiring though limited view of Cyril of Alexandria but misunderstood the weaknesses in Nestorius'thought. As pope, he preached a civic Christianity, accessible to all citizens, baptizing the virtues of the classical and civic past. His sermons are now dated and reveal the evolution of his thought as he worked out a soteriology that gave full value to both the divinity and humanity of Christ, especially in reaction to Manichaeism. In the crisis that led to Chalcedon, his earlier misunderstanding of Nestorius affected the content of his Tome, which was atypical of the Christology and soteriology he had developed in his earlier preaching. Its emphasis on the distinction of the two natures was an uncharacteristic attempt to respond to both Eutyches and Nestorius, as he understood them. In the light of Chalcedon, he produced a revised statement of Christology, the Letter to the Palestinian monks, which is both more accomplished and better aligned with his characteristic thought.Less
Leo the Great was the beneficiary of the consolidation over the course of the preceding century of the power of the papacy in Rome and the Christianization of the city. That process reveals the impact of Ambrose of Milan on the Roman Church and its policy towards the ascetic movement. Leo was heavily influenced by Ambrose and by Augustine of Hippo. His first encounters with theological debate were the Pelagian and Nestorian controversies, where he engaged Cassian as an advisor. He took an admiring though limited view of Cyril of Alexandria but misunderstood the weaknesses in Nestorius'thought. As pope, he preached a civic Christianity, accessible to all citizens, baptizing the virtues of the classical and civic past. His sermons are now dated and reveal the evolution of his thought as he worked out a soteriology that gave full value to both the divinity and humanity of Christ, especially in reaction to Manichaeism. In the crisis that led to Chalcedon, his earlier misunderstanding of Nestorius affected the content of his Tome, which was atypical of the Christology and soteriology he had developed in his earlier preaching. Its emphasis on the distinction of the two natures was an uncharacteristic attempt to respond to both Eutyches and Nestorius, as he understood them. In the light of Chalcedon, he produced a revised statement of Christology, the Letter to the Palestinian monks, which is both more accomplished and better aligned with his characteristic thought.
Bernard Green
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199534951
- eISBN:
- 9780191715990
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199534951.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies
The subsequent four cycles of sermons showed the refinement and development of Leo's thought as he sought to coordinate the divine and human natures of Christ into a coherent soteriology. The ...
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The subsequent four cycles of sermons showed the refinement and development of Leo's thought as he sought to coordinate the divine and human natures of Christ into a coherent soteriology. The influence of Ambrose and Hilary of Poitiers were apparent in addition to Augustine. He was engaged in conflict with Manichaeism, which led him to stress the humanity of Christ. Sermons on the Transfiguration and the Ascension are of particular interest in showing his mature understanding of soteriology grounded in Christology.Less
The subsequent four cycles of sermons showed the refinement and development of Leo's thought as he sought to coordinate the divine and human natures of Christ into a coherent soteriology. The influence of Ambrose and Hilary of Poitiers were apparent in addition to Augustine. He was engaged in conflict with Manichaeism, which led him to stress the humanity of Christ. Sermons on the Transfiguration and the Ascension are of particular interest in showing his mature understanding of soteriology grounded in Christology.
Carl L. Beckwith
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199551644
- eISBN:
- 9780191720789
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199551644.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies
This chapter discusses the place of Photinus of Sirmium in the fourth-century Trinitarian debates and examines the historical and theological situation in the West at the synods of Arles (353), Milan ...
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This chapter discusses the place of Photinus of Sirmium in the fourth-century Trinitarian debates and examines the historical and theological situation in the West at the synods of Arles (353), Milan (355), and Béziers (356).Less
This chapter discusses the place of Photinus of Sirmium in the fourth-century Trinitarian debates and examines the historical and theological situation in the West at the synods of Arles (353), Milan (355), and Béziers (356).
Edward A. Siecienski
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195372045
- eISBN:
- 9780199777297
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372045.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
Although a few important elements remain shrouded in mystery, the history of the filioque in the West is a relatively well documented phenomenon. Although there are a few scattered references to the ...
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Although a few important elements remain shrouded in mystery, the history of the filioque in the West is a relatively well documented phenomenon. Although there are a few scattered references to the relationship of Son and Spirit in the writings of the apologists, the story of filioque begins with Tertullian, as Latin theology began to link the understanding of God’s very nature (i.e., the theology) and the biblical revelation that the Holy Spirit is given to the Church by both the Father and the Son. Although the Latin fathers (e.g., Ambrose) increasingly used language that could be thought to support the filioque, it was Augustine of Hippo who first explicitly spoke of the Spirit proceeding from both the Father and the Son, and who later became the patristic authority for the orthodoxy of the filioque. By the seventh century not only was the filioque part of the creed in many parts of the West, but also considered part of the apostolic faith.Less
Although a few important elements remain shrouded in mystery, the history of the filioque in the West is a relatively well documented phenomenon. Although there are a few scattered references to the relationship of Son and Spirit in the writings of the apologists, the story of filioque begins with Tertullian, as Latin theology began to link the understanding of God’s very nature (i.e., the theology) and the biblical revelation that the Holy Spirit is given to the Church by both the Father and the Son. Although the Latin fathers (e.g., Ambrose) increasingly used language that could be thought to support the filioque, it was Augustine of Hippo who first explicitly spoke of the Spirit proceeding from both the Father and the Son, and who later became the patristic authority for the orthodoxy of the filioque. By the seventh century not only was the filioque part of the creed in many parts of the West, but also considered part of the apostolic faith.
Jane Black
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199565290
- eISBN:
- 9780191721861
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199565290.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
This volume charts the rise and decline of absolutism in Milan from the early fourteenth to the early sixteenth century. The study shows how authority above the law, once the preserve of pope and ...
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This volume charts the rise and decline of absolutism in Milan from the early fourteenth to the early sixteenth century. The study shows how authority above the law, once the preserve of pope and emperor, was claimed by the ruling Milanese dynasties, the Visconti and the Sforza, and why this privilege was finally abandoned by Francesco II Sforza (d. 1535), the last duke. As new rulers, the Visconti and the Sforza had had to impose their regime by rewarding supporters at the expense of opponents. That process required absolute power (also known as plenitude of power), meaning the capacity to laws and the rights of subjects, including titles to property. The basis for such power reflected the changing status of Milanese rulers, first as signori and then as dukes. Contemporary lawyers were at first prepared to overturn established doctrines in support of the free use of absolute power: even Baldo degli Ubaldi accepted the latest teaching. But eventually lawyers regretted the new approach, reasserting the traditional principle that laws could not be set aside without compelling justification. The Visconti and the Sforza also saw the dangers of absolute power: as legitimate princes they were meant to champion law and justice, not condone arbitrary acts that disregarded basic rights. Black traces the application of plenitude of power in day‐to‐day government, and demonstrates how the rulers of Milan kept pace with the initial acceptance and subsequent rejection by lawyers of the concept of absolute power.Less
This volume charts the rise and decline of absolutism in Milan from the early fourteenth to the early sixteenth century. The study shows how authority above the law, once the preserve of pope and emperor, was claimed by the ruling Milanese dynasties, the Visconti and the Sforza, and why this privilege was finally abandoned by Francesco II Sforza (d. 1535), the last duke. As new rulers, the Visconti and the Sforza had had to impose their regime by rewarding supporters at the expense of opponents. That process required absolute power (also known as plenitude of power), meaning the capacity to laws and the rights of subjects, including titles to property. The basis for such power reflected the changing status of Milanese rulers, first as signori and then as dukes. Contemporary lawyers were at first prepared to overturn established doctrines in support of the free use of absolute power: even Baldo degli Ubaldi accepted the latest teaching. But eventually lawyers regretted the new approach, reasserting the traditional principle that laws could not be set aside without compelling justification. The Visconti and the Sforza also saw the dangers of absolute power: as legitimate princes they were meant to champion law and justice, not condone arbitrary acts that disregarded basic rights. Black traces the application of plenitude of power in day‐to‐day government, and demonstrates how the rulers of Milan kept pace with the initial acceptance and subsequent rejection by lawyers of the concept of absolute power.
Richard Osborne
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195181296
- eISBN:
- 9780199851416
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195181296.003.0029
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
In all other respects the operas are complementary, contrasted versions of the semiseria genre, with its unpredictable mix of comedy, drama, melodrama, and incipient tragedy. The orderliness which ...
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In all other respects the operas are complementary, contrasted versions of the semiseria genre, with its unpredictable mix of comedy, drama, melodrama, and incipient tragedy. The orderliness which the Milan judges had noted in Giovanni Gherardini’s work was a particular virtue in the case of La gazza ladra. The story centers on a country community, subject to the king but dominated by its bustling, sadistic mayor, a kind of rustic Scarpia. There are times when, by recognizing its roots in French melodrame, La gazza ladra ends up anticipating the Italian verismo style. In most other respects La gazza ladra is an opera formulated on classical lines. There are no flights of musico-ornithological fancy for the eponymous magpie, nor are Gioachino Rossini’s own forms—duets, trios, set-piece finales, and the like—sacrificed to short-term considerations of realism.Less
In all other respects the operas are complementary, contrasted versions of the semiseria genre, with its unpredictable mix of comedy, drama, melodrama, and incipient tragedy. The orderliness which the Milan judges had noted in Giovanni Gherardini’s work was a particular virtue in the case of La gazza ladra. The story centers on a country community, subject to the king but dominated by its bustling, sadistic mayor, a kind of rustic Scarpia. There are times when, by recognizing its roots in French melodrame, La gazza ladra ends up anticipating the Italian verismo style. In most other respects La gazza ladra is an opera formulated on classical lines. There are no flights of musico-ornithological fancy for the eponymous magpie, nor are Gioachino Rossini’s own forms—duets, trios, set-piece finales, and the like—sacrificed to short-term considerations of realism.
Richard Finn Op
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199283606
- eISBN:
- 9780191712692
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199283606.003.0006
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter looks at how Christian and classical patterns of benefaction interacted in the moral authority and writings of three major Christian thinkers: Basil of Caesarea, civic patron, bishop, ...
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This chapter looks at how Christian and classical patterns of benefaction interacted in the moral authority and writings of three major Christian thinkers: Basil of Caesarea, civic patron, bishop, and founder of a famous hostel for the destitute, the Basileiados; Ambrose of Milan, who adapted many of Basil's themes and diatribes on almsgiving for a Latin audience; and Jerome, the fierce advocate of a radical asceticism. Old and new patterns generated controversy over the proper form of Christian generosity towards the poor on the part of bishops, virgins, and lay patrons. Partly in response to such controversy, leading churchmen revised an older moral philosophy to stress the cooperative nature of Christian almsgiving and its superiority over pagan ethics.Less
This chapter looks at how Christian and classical patterns of benefaction interacted in the moral authority and writings of three major Christian thinkers: Basil of Caesarea, civic patron, bishop, and founder of a famous hostel for the destitute, the Basileiados; Ambrose of Milan, who adapted many of Basil's themes and diatribes on almsgiving for a Latin audience; and Jerome, the fierce advocate of a radical asceticism. Old and new patterns generated controversy over the proper form of Christian generosity towards the poor on the part of bishops, virgins, and lay patrons. Partly in response to such controversy, leading churchmen revised an older moral philosophy to stress the cooperative nature of Christian almsgiving and its superiority over pagan ethics.
Lewis Ayres
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780198755067
- eISBN:
- 9780191602788
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198755066.003.0011
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies
Begins with a discussion of Gregory Nazianzen’s preaching in Constantinople and the theology of the Theological Orations. Considers the imperial definition of Nicaea ‘orthodoxy’ in the early 380s. ...
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Begins with a discussion of Gregory Nazianzen’s preaching in Constantinople and the theology of the Theological Orations. Considers the imperial definition of Nicaea ‘orthodoxy’ in the early 380s. These definitions attempt to embody the pro-Nicene logic or grammar that had become the understood context for interpreting Nicaea. A discussion of the Council of Constantinople in 381 is followed by a discussion of Latin theology during the 365–400 period. In this discussion, the author focuses on Ambrose of Milan. Ends by arguing that the story of these controversies and of the non-Nicene theology should not be seen as ending in 381. By the early 380s the pro-Nicene ‘solution’ that endured had emerged, but argument and controversy continued.Less
Begins with a discussion of Gregory Nazianzen’s preaching in Constantinople and the theology of the Theological Orations. Considers the imperial definition of Nicaea ‘orthodoxy’ in the early 380s. These definitions attempt to embody the pro-Nicene logic or grammar that had become the understood context for interpreting Nicaea. A discussion of the Council of Constantinople in 381 is followed by a discussion of Latin theology during the 365–400 period. In this discussion, the author focuses on Ambrose of Milan. Ends by arguing that the story of these controversies and of the non-Nicene theology should not be seen as ending in 381. By the early 380s the pro-Nicene ‘solution’ that endured had emerged, but argument and controversy continued.
Henry Chadwick
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199246953
- eISBN:
- 9780191600463
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199246955.003.0033
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
The council held at Serdica (modern Sofia) in the 340s on the initiative of the emperors Constans and Constantius II was meant to be an ecumenical gathering, but split into an eastern synod and a ...
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The council held at Serdica (modern Sofia) in the 340s on the initiative of the emperors Constans and Constantius II was meant to be an ecumenical gathering, but split into an eastern synod and a western synod, meeting separately. The emperors' plans for reconciliation were destroyed by western intransigence and the eastern refusal to hold communion with Athanasius and Marcellus. The western statement of faith exacerbated disagreement on the nature of the Trinity and the authority of Rome. A synod at Milan in 345 confirmed that for Rome and the west the Nicene Creed had become the crucial test of orthodoxy.Less
The council held at Serdica (modern Sofia) in the 340s on the initiative of the emperors Constans and Constantius II was meant to be an ecumenical gathering, but split into an eastern synod and a western synod, meeting separately. The emperors' plans for reconciliation were destroyed by western intransigence and the eastern refusal to hold communion with Athanasius and Marcellus. The western statement of faith exacerbated disagreement on the nature of the Trinity and the authority of Rome. A synod at Milan in 345 confirmed that for Rome and the west the Nicene Creed had become the crucial test of orthodoxy.
Ivor J. Davidson
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- August 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199245789
- eISBN:
- 9780191601453
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199245789.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies
Ambrose's purpose is not to build bridges between Cicero and Christ, but to replace Cicero's work with a new Christian account of duties, designed to show the gospel's social triumph in a transformed ...
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Ambrose's purpose is not to build bridges between Cicero and Christ, but to replace Cicero's work with a new Christian account of duties, designed to show the gospel's social triumph in a transformed Roman Empire. His text is intended for a variety of readerships: the clergy of Milan and Northern Italy; educated lay Christians; and interested secular sophisticates such as Symmachus.Less
Ambrose's purpose is not to build bridges between Cicero and Christ, but to replace Cicero's work with a new Christian account of duties, designed to show the gospel's social triumph in a transformed Roman Empire. His text is intended for a variety of readerships: the clergy of Milan and Northern Italy; educated lay Christians; and interested secular sophisticates such as Symmachus.
Tom Scott
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199274604
- eISBN:
- 9780191738685
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199274604.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This chapter surveys the Italian cities during their principal period of territorial consolidation and/or outreach beyond their own contadi. That occurred in many cases during a time of economic ...
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This chapter surveys the Italian cities during their principal period of territorial consolidation and/or outreach beyond their own contadi. That occurred in many cases during a time of economic downturn and increasing costs of war, before the demographic crisis of the Black Death. There emerged both regional states (Venice, Milan, Florence) and city‐based dynastic principalities (Este, Gonzaga), as well as condottiere‐signorie in central Italy. A triangular relationship developed between dominant cities, subordinate cities, and the latter's contadi; these did not necessarily regard their former civic overlords as better masters than the regional capitals. Wide variations in the economic and administrative policies of and within the regional city‐states emerged. At the same time, several city‐states survived as independent republics.Less
This chapter surveys the Italian cities during their principal period of territorial consolidation and/or outreach beyond their own contadi. That occurred in many cases during a time of economic downturn and increasing costs of war, before the demographic crisis of the Black Death. There emerged both regional states (Venice, Milan, Florence) and city‐based dynastic principalities (Este, Gonzaga), as well as condottiere‐signorie in central Italy. A triangular relationship developed between dominant cities, subordinate cities, and the latter's contadi; these did not necessarily regard their former civic overlords as better masters than the regional capitals. Wide variations in the economic and administrative policies of and within the regional city‐states emerged. At the same time, several city‐states survived as independent republics.
Susan R. Holman
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195139129
- eISBN:
- 9780199834310
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195139127.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies
The Cappadocian texts on poverty include an economic construct of the poor as fiscal body, defining themselves according to their penury and being defined as currency and inflationary debt. This ...
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The Cappadocian texts on poverty include an economic construct of the poor as fiscal body, defining themselves according to their penury and being defined as currency and inflationary debt. This chapter considers Basil of Caesarea's homilies 6 and 7, appealing to those with wealth, Gregory of Nazianzus's poem “Adversus opem amantes,” Basil's two sermons on Psalm 14 concerning justice, usury, and debt, Gregory of Nyssa's sermon “Against Usury,” Ambrose of Milan's dependence on Basil in his sermon on Tobit, and the exegetical use of texts on the biblical patriarch Joseph's grain policy in Egypt. These texts illustrate Basil's dominant concern for civic justice and social economic reform to solve the problem of poverty in the community.Less
The Cappadocian texts on poverty include an economic construct of the poor as fiscal body, defining themselves according to their penury and being defined as currency and inflationary debt. This chapter considers Basil of Caesarea's homilies 6 and 7, appealing to those with wealth, Gregory of Nazianzus's poem “Adversus opem amantes,” Basil's two sermons on Psalm 14 concerning justice, usury, and debt, Gregory of Nyssa's sermon “Against Usury,” Ambrose of Milan's dependence on Basil in his sermon on Tobit, and the exegetical use of texts on the biblical patriarch Joseph's grain policy in Egypt. These texts illustrate Basil's dominant concern for civic justice and social economic reform to solve the problem of poverty in the community.
Christopher Storrs
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199246373
- eISBN:
- 9780191715242
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199246373.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
For too long the history of seventeenth-century Spain has been dismissed as a story of imperial decline after the achievement of the sixteenth century. Resilience of the Spanish monarchy presents a ...
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For too long the history of seventeenth-century Spain has been dismissed as a story of imperial decline after the achievement of the sixteenth century. Resilience of the Spanish monarchy presents a fresh appraisal of the survival of Spain and its European and overseas empire under the last Spanish Habsburg, Carlos II (1665–1700). Hitherto it has largely been assumed that in the ‘Age of Louis XIV’ Spain collapsed as a military and naval power, and only retained its empire because states which had hitherto opposed Spanish hegemony came to its aid. Spain's allies did play a role, but this view seriously underestimates the efforts of Carlos II and his ministers to find men for Spain's various armies – in Flanders, Lombardy and Catalonia – and to ensure a continued naval presence in the Atlantic and the Mediterranean. These commitments were costly, adding to the fiscal pressure upon Carlos's subjects, and to political tensions within the monarchy, but Spain managed the burden of imperial defence more successfully than has been acknowledged. This was due to various factors, including the continued contribution of Castile and American silver, some administrative development, and the contribution of both the non-Castilian territories within Spain and the non-Spanish territories within Europe, such as Naples. This book revises our understanding of the last decades of Habsburg Spain, which is shown to have been a state and society more committed to the retention of empire and more successful in doing so than a preoccupation with the ‘decline of Spain’ has recognised.Less
For too long the history of seventeenth-century Spain has been dismissed as a story of imperial decline after the achievement of the sixteenth century. Resilience of the Spanish monarchy presents a fresh appraisal of the survival of Spain and its European and overseas empire under the last Spanish Habsburg, Carlos II (1665–1700). Hitherto it has largely been assumed that in the ‘Age of Louis XIV’ Spain collapsed as a military and naval power, and only retained its empire because states which had hitherto opposed Spanish hegemony came to its aid. Spain's allies did play a role, but this view seriously underestimates the efforts of Carlos II and his ministers to find men for Spain's various armies – in Flanders, Lombardy and Catalonia – and to ensure a continued naval presence in the Atlantic and the Mediterranean. These commitments were costly, adding to the fiscal pressure upon Carlos's subjects, and to political tensions within the monarchy, but Spain managed the burden of imperial defence more successfully than has been acknowledged. This was due to various factors, including the continued contribution of Castile and American silver, some administrative development, and the contribution of both the non-Castilian territories within Spain and the non-Spanish territories within Europe, such as Naples. This book revises our understanding of the last decades of Habsburg Spain, which is shown to have been a state and society more committed to the retention of empire and more successful in doing so than a preoccupation with the ‘decline of Spain’ has recognised.
Jason M. Wirth
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780823268207
- eISBN:
- 9780823272471
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823268207.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, World Literature
This study attempts to understand, through both a careful reading of Milan Kundera’s oeuvre as well as a consideration of the Continental philosophical tradition, the place that Kundera calls “the ...
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This study attempts to understand, through both a careful reading of Milan Kundera’s oeuvre as well as a consideration of the Continental philosophical tradition, the place that Kundera calls “the universe of the novel.” It argues that Kundera transforms—not applies—philosophical reflection within the art form of the novel. As Kundera argued in The Art of the Novel: “The moment it becomes part of a novel, reflection changes its essence. Outside the novel, we’re in the realm of affirmation: everyone is sure of his statements: the politician, the philosopher, the concierge. Within the universe of the novel, however, no one affirms: it is the realm of play and of hypotheses. In the novel, then, reflection is essentially inquiring, hypothetical.” This work is not a philosophical consideration of Kundera’s work, but rather a reflection on the relationship between philosophy and the universe of the novel as it opens up in Kundera’s writing (as well as that of his self-identified progenitors). It does not seek to give philosophy the last word, but rather to open a space between these two universes and then to speak both to and from it.Less
This study attempts to understand, through both a careful reading of Milan Kundera’s oeuvre as well as a consideration of the Continental philosophical tradition, the place that Kundera calls “the universe of the novel.” It argues that Kundera transforms—not applies—philosophical reflection within the art form of the novel. As Kundera argued in The Art of the Novel: “The moment it becomes part of a novel, reflection changes its essence. Outside the novel, we’re in the realm of affirmation: everyone is sure of his statements: the politician, the philosopher, the concierge. Within the universe of the novel, however, no one affirms: it is the realm of play and of hypotheses. In the novel, then, reflection is essentially inquiring, hypothetical.” This work is not a philosophical consideration of Kundera’s work, but rather a reflection on the relationship between philosophy and the universe of the novel as it opens up in Kundera’s writing (as well as that of his self-identified progenitors). It does not seek to give philosophy the last word, but rather to open a space between these two universes and then to speak both to and from it.
