Manuel Castells and Pekka Himanen
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199256990
- eISBN:
- 9780191698415
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199256990.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Information Technology
Silicon Valley has been considered as the model that societies must imitate to succeed in the information age. However, recently another alternative has attracted strong international interest: the ...
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Silicon Valley has been considered as the model that societies must imitate to succeed in the information age. However, recently another alternative has attracted strong international interest: the Finnish model. This is equally dynamic in technological and economic terms, but combines the information society with the welfare state. This book looks at what the Finnish model really is. The chapters analyse the factors that have enabled Nokia to become the world's leading telecommunications company, for example, and Linux to become the biggest challenger to Microsoft in the operating systems market. They discuss the development of Nokia and the Finnish innovation model, with important lessons for businesses and national technology policies. However, the Finnish model's most radical and interesting feature is its attempt to combine technological and economic success with social justice and equality. The book shows how Finland has uniquely created a ‘virtuous cycle’ out of the information society and the welfare state: the successful information society makes the continued financing of the welfare state possible and the welfare state generates well-educated people in good shape for the information society's continued success. This model has significant implications for all societies where policy debates about the information society and/or public policy are on the agenda. Ultimately, the Finnish model proves that there is no one model for the information age, but that there is room for different policies and values.Less
Silicon Valley has been considered as the model that societies must imitate to succeed in the information age. However, recently another alternative has attracted strong international interest: the Finnish model. This is equally dynamic in technological and economic terms, but combines the information society with the welfare state. This book looks at what the Finnish model really is. The chapters analyse the factors that have enabled Nokia to become the world's leading telecommunications company, for example, and Linux to become the biggest challenger to Microsoft in the operating systems market. They discuss the development of Nokia and the Finnish innovation model, with important lessons for businesses and national technology policies. However, the Finnish model's most radical and interesting feature is its attempt to combine technological and economic success with social justice and equality. The book shows how Finland has uniquely created a ‘virtuous cycle’ out of the information society and the welfare state: the successful information society makes the continued financing of the welfare state possible and the welfare state generates well-educated people in good shape for the information society's continued success. This model has significant implications for all societies where policy debates about the information society and/or public policy are on the agenda. Ultimately, the Finnish model proves that there is no one model for the information age, but that there is room for different policies and values.
Michael J. North and Charles M. Macal
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195172119
- eISBN:
- 9780199789894
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195172119.003.0008
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy
This chapter considers desktop tools for agent-based modeling and simulation. Two simple but complete examples, Microsoft Excel agent spreadsheet models, are detailed. General tools such as ...
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This chapter considers desktop tools for agent-based modeling and simulation. Two simple but complete examples, Microsoft Excel agent spreadsheet models, are detailed. General tools such as Mathematica and MATLAB and specialized tools such as Repast for Python Scripting (Repast Py), NetLogo, and StarLogo are discussed.Less
This chapter considers desktop tools for agent-based modeling and simulation. Two simple but complete examples, Microsoft Excel agent spreadsheet models, are detailed. General tools such as Mathematica and MATLAB and specialized tools such as Repast for Python Scripting (Repast Py), NetLogo, and StarLogo are discussed.
Peter A. Gloor
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195304121
- eISBN:
- 9780199789771
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304121.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation
This chapter uses examples from history to show how creativity, collaboration, and communication — in networks of people — have advanced civilization through to some of the greatest innovations of ...
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This chapter uses examples from history to show how creativity, collaboration, and communication — in networks of people — have advanced civilization through to some of the greatest innovations of all time. Each example from history illustrates one of the key elements of COIN DNA. The chapter begins with how Homo sapiens eclipsed Neanderthals, and what this tells us about collaboration. Other examples from history include the Fugger banking empire of the German Renaissance period, Marco Polo, and the Rothschilds. The traits that make collaboration on the Internet so powerful, Linux, software patents, and Intel Research are discussed. Three additional examples — a campaign for the Kenyan parliament, Microsoft (both positive and negative aspects), and a “consul” that links entrepreneurs in the United States and Switzerland — expand the discussion of DNA and provide real-world, contemporary examples of how creativity, collaboration, and communication lead to innovation.Less
This chapter uses examples from history to show how creativity, collaboration, and communication — in networks of people — have advanced civilization through to some of the greatest innovations of all time. Each example from history illustrates one of the key elements of COIN DNA. The chapter begins with how Homo sapiens eclipsed Neanderthals, and what this tells us about collaboration. Other examples from history include the Fugger banking empire of the German Renaissance period, Marco Polo, and the Rothschilds. The traits that make collaboration on the Internet so powerful, Linux, software patents, and Intel Research are discussed. Three additional examples — a campaign for the Kenyan parliament, Microsoft (both positive and negative aspects), and a “consul” that links entrepreneurs in the United States and Switzerland — expand the discussion of DNA and provide real-world, contemporary examples of how creativity, collaboration, and communication lead to innovation.
Michael A. Carrier
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195342581
- eISBN:
- 9780199867035
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342581.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Intellectual Property, IT, and Media Law
Intellectual property (IP) maintained its predominance over antitrust in the first decade of the 21st century. This chapter starts by looking at Microsoft, the most prominent antitrust case in recent ...
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Intellectual property (IP) maintained its predominance over antitrust in the first decade of the 21st century. This chapter starts by looking at Microsoft, the most prominent antitrust case in recent years, exploring the IP aspects of the U.S. and European Union cases. It then examines innovation markets, standard-setting organizations, and patent pools before concluding with settlements and other activity in the pharmaceutical industry.Less
Intellectual property (IP) maintained its predominance over antitrust in the first decade of the 21st century. This chapter starts by looking at Microsoft, the most prominent antitrust case in recent years, exploring the IP aspects of the U.S. and European Union cases. It then examines innovation markets, standard-setting organizations, and patent pools before concluding with settlements and other activity in the pharmaceutical industry.
Eleanor M. Fox
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195372823
- eISBN:
- 9780199871773
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372823.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Behavioural Economics
This paper defines various concepts of efficiency and then demonstrates how conservative economic approaches have led to wrong results in several important cases. It asks: What is efficiency? Can ...
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This paper defines various concepts of efficiency and then demonstrates how conservative economic approaches have led to wrong results in several important cases. It asks: What is efficiency? Can antitrust law produce efficiency, and how does it try to do so? It observes that one way antitrust pursues efficiency is by choosing a proxy; notably, either trust in the dynamic of the competition process or trust in (even) the dominant firm. By case examples, it shows the effect of conservative economics in choosing as the proxy trust in the dominant firm. It argues that this phenomenon has produced the Efficiency Paradox: In the name of efficiency, conservative theories of antitrust cut off the most promising paths to efficiency. It is suggested that we can eliminate the Efficiency Paradox by readjusting the pendulum to give more regard to the incentives of mavericks and challengers and less regard to the freedom and autonomy of dominant firms.Less
This paper defines various concepts of efficiency and then demonstrates how conservative economic approaches have led to wrong results in several important cases. It asks: What is efficiency? Can antitrust law produce efficiency, and how does it try to do so? It observes that one way antitrust pursues efficiency is by choosing a proxy; notably, either trust in the dynamic of the competition process or trust in (even) the dominant firm. By case examples, it shows the effect of conservative economics in choosing as the proxy trust in the dominant firm. It argues that this phenomenon has produced the Efficiency Paradox: In the name of efficiency, conservative theories of antitrust cut off the most promising paths to efficiency. It is suggested that we can eliminate the Efficiency Paradox by readjusting the pendulum to give more regard to the incentives of mavericks and challengers and less regard to the freedom and autonomy of dominant firms.
Harvey J. Goldschmid
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195372823
- eISBN:
- 9780199871773
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372823.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Behavioural Economics
This paper observes the absence in recent years of serious enforcement of section 2. With respect to Justice Scalia's extensive comments in the Trinko decision about the value of aggressive behavior ...
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This paper observes the absence in recent years of serious enforcement of section 2. With respect to Justice Scalia's extensive comments in the Trinko decision about the value of aggressive behavior leading to monopoly power, it notes the total absence in the Scalia opinion of any concern with the anticonsumer side of monopoly power—“excessive prices, misallocation of resources, and loss of dynamic efficiency.” That style of passive acceptance follows from one of the basic canons of conservative economic analysis—the theory that if a monopolist tries to take advantage of its market position, new entry and market corrections will automatically appear and make section 2 law enforcement largely unnecessary. The paper advocates a balancing test, citing language in Aspen Ski and Microsoft as a more sensible approach to dominant firm behavior than the rigid passive approach to enforcement, based on general Chicago School scholarship. With respect to recent cases, it notes that a benign attitude toward unreasonable behavior by a monopolist throws into doubt the unanimous opinion of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals finding that Microsoft had violated section 2.Less
This paper observes the absence in recent years of serious enforcement of section 2. With respect to Justice Scalia's extensive comments in the Trinko decision about the value of aggressive behavior leading to monopoly power, it notes the total absence in the Scalia opinion of any concern with the anticonsumer side of monopoly power—“excessive prices, misallocation of resources, and loss of dynamic efficiency.” That style of passive acceptance follows from one of the basic canons of conservative economic analysis—the theory that if a monopolist tries to take advantage of its market position, new entry and market corrections will automatically appear and make section 2 law enforcement largely unnecessary. The paper advocates a balancing test, citing language in Aspen Ski and Microsoft as a more sensible approach to dominant firm behavior than the rigid passive approach to enforcement, based on general Chicago School scholarship. With respect to recent cases, it notes that a benign attitude toward unreasonable behavior by a monopolist throws into doubt the unanimous opinion of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals finding that Microsoft had violated section 2.
Stephen Calkins
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195372823
- eISBN:
- 9780199871773
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372823.003.0012
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Behavioural Economics
This paper focuses on case law concerning vertical arrangements and exclusive dealing law. It begins by providing an overview of older Supreme Court case law. It then examines appellate court's ...
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This paper focuses on case law concerning vertical arrangements and exclusive dealing law. It begins by providing an overview of older Supreme Court case law. It then examines appellate court's alterations to standards regarding exclusive dealing and vertical arrangements in Microsoft and Dentsply.Less
This paper focuses on case law concerning vertical arrangements and exclusive dealing law. It begins by providing an overview of older Supreme Court case law. It then examines appellate court's alterations to standards regarding exclusive dealing and vertical arrangements in Microsoft and Dentsply.
Simon Domberger
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198774570
- eISBN:
- 9780191596148
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198774575.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
This first section of the book introduces the central issues of contracting out by asking ‘Why make when you can buy?’ This chapter begins by outlining a handful of contracting examples, most of ...
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This first section of the book introduces the central issues of contracting out by asking ‘Why make when you can buy?’ This chapter begins by outlining a handful of contracting examples, most of which have been successful (Microsoft customer support, USA; Mambo Graphics, Australia; Marks & Spencer, UK), but one outright failure is also included (vehicle maintenance in Fairfax County, Virginia, USA). The chapter goes on to suggest what may have been the crucial elements of contracting decisions that resulted in success or failure. This provides an initial glimpse of the themes, the development of which is the main purpose of the book. The chapter also outlines the approach that will be taken in the book, which is not a contracting out manual, but an analytical tool to facilitate strategic thinking about contracting out.Less
This first section of the book introduces the central issues of contracting out by asking ‘Why make when you can buy?’ This chapter begins by outlining a handful of contracting examples, most of which have been successful (Microsoft customer support, USA; Mambo Graphics, Australia; Marks & Spencer, UK), but one outright failure is also included (vehicle maintenance in Fairfax County, Virginia, USA). The chapter goes on to suggest what may have been the crucial elements of contracting decisions that resulted in success or failure. This provides an initial glimpse of the themes, the development of which is the main purpose of the book. The chapter also outlines the approach that will be taken in the book, which is not a contracting out manual, but an analytical tool to facilitate strategic thinking about contracting out.
Joshua A. Braun
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780300197501
- eISBN:
- 9780300216240
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300197501.003.0004
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
This chapter focuses on the construction of MSNBC.com's web video player, the primary means by which NBC's cable news and broadcast news programs were made available to users and audiences online. ...
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This chapter focuses on the construction of MSNBC.com's web video player, the primary means by which NBC's cable news and broadcast news programs were made available to users and audiences online. More specifically, it examines the video player's interface and other features in order to elucidate the complex relationships, interests, and motivations devoted to the design of the everyday objects used in online distribution. It also considers the importance of syndication to MSNBC's web presence and how MSNBC.com was able to dramatically expand the reach of its online video by pushing clips to other web properties in Microsoft's online services division, including Bing and MSN.Less
This chapter focuses on the construction of MSNBC.com's web video player, the primary means by which NBC's cable news and broadcast news programs were made available to users and audiences online. More specifically, it examines the video player's interface and other features in order to elucidate the complex relationships, interests, and motivations devoted to the design of the everyday objects used in online distribution. It also considers the importance of syndication to MSNBC's web presence and how MSNBC.com was able to dramatically expand the reach of its online video by pushing clips to other web properties in Microsoft's online services division, including Bing and MSN.
Peter Manning
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199746392
- eISBN:
- 9780199332496
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199746392.003.0016
- Subject:
- Music, Theory, Analysis, Composition, Popular
The early years of the microcomputer were characterized by a proliferation of machine architectures, each associated with a unique set of operating characteristics. As a result, many models enjoyed a ...
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The early years of the microcomputer were characterized by a proliferation of machine architectures, each associated with a unique set of operating characteristics. As a result, many models enjoyed a relatively short production life, which in turn militated against the development of suitably robust and well-crafted software tools, especially in more specialist areas of activity such as music. By the dawn of the MIDI era, however, the design and development of these prototypes for the personal computer was proceeding on a more rational basis. Manufacturers had started to concentrate on generic approaches to the production of new models, in many instances designed specifically to accommodate applications developed for earlier technologies. These in turn facilitated early versions of the two architectures that have dominated subsequent developments to the present day, one pioneered by Apple, the other by Microsoft. Such environments were soon to prove increasingly attractive to musical applications, not least those that used the personal computer to control the functional characteristics of MIDI-based hardware. These included the control of performance characteristics using sequencing software, and also the editing of sound samples.Less
The early years of the microcomputer were characterized by a proliferation of machine architectures, each associated with a unique set of operating characteristics. As a result, many models enjoyed a relatively short production life, which in turn militated against the development of suitably robust and well-crafted software tools, especially in more specialist areas of activity such as music. By the dawn of the MIDI era, however, the design and development of these prototypes for the personal computer was proceeding on a more rational basis. Manufacturers had started to concentrate on generic approaches to the production of new models, in many instances designed specifically to accommodate applications developed for earlier technologies. These in turn facilitated early versions of the two architectures that have dominated subsequent developments to the present day, one pioneered by Apple, the other by Microsoft. Such environments were soon to prove increasingly attractive to musical applications, not least those that used the personal computer to control the functional characteristics of MIDI-based hardware. These included the control of performance characteristics using sequencing software, and also the editing of sound samples.
Patrick Crogan
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780816653348
- eISBN:
- 9781452946146
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816653348.003.0004
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
This chapter presents a comparative analysis of two products of the military-entertainment complex—Microsoft Combat Flight Simulator 2: WWII Pacific Theater (2000) and the film Pearl Harbor ...
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This chapter presents a comparative analysis of two products of the military-entertainment complex—Microsoft Combat Flight Simulator 2: WWII Pacific Theater (2000) and the film Pearl Harbor (2000)—that remediate narrative and interactive forms of temporal engagement in different but symptomatically related ways. While Pearl Harbor does not literally engage the viewer interactively in real time, it stimulates aspects of a realtime aesthetic. Microsoft Combat Flight Simulator 2, a game that uses the Microsoft Flight Simulator game engine, simulates narrativity through its historical realtime recreation of the air war in the Pacific during World War II. They are both exemplary instances of the reorientation to historical temporality underway in and through the military-entertainment complex.Less
This chapter presents a comparative analysis of two products of the military-entertainment complex—Microsoft Combat Flight Simulator 2: WWII Pacific Theater (2000) and the film Pearl Harbor (2000)—that remediate narrative and interactive forms of temporal engagement in different but symptomatically related ways. While Pearl Harbor does not literally engage the viewer interactively in real time, it stimulates aspects of a realtime aesthetic. Microsoft Combat Flight Simulator 2, a game that uses the Microsoft Flight Simulator game engine, simulates narrativity through its historical realtime recreation of the air war in the Pacific during World War II. They are both exemplary instances of the reorientation to historical temporality underway in and through the military-entertainment complex.
August Turak
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231160629
- eISBN:
- 9780231535229
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231160629.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility
This chapter describes a transformational model of human motivation that defines the “what” of service and selflessness and shows why this management philosophy is critical to the business success of ...
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This chapter describes a transformational model of human motivation that defines the “what” of service and selflessness and shows why this management philosophy is critical to the business success of the monastic tradition. More specifically, it examines the goat-rodeo mentality that has been fueling Microsoft's explosive growth. The real secret to Microsoft's success was that Bill Gates and his executive team managed to connect their corporate mission to these transformational experiences: a transformational organization. This chapter considers two kinds of transformational organizations and how the goat-rodeos idea contributed to their success. In contrast to unconsciously transformational corporate success stories, which are typically short lived, consciously transformational organizations display an amazing ability to thrive over long periods of time. Despite obvious differences relative to their specific missions, all consciously transformational organizations have three things in common: a high, overarching mission worthy of being selflessly served; personal transformation as part of the mission; and a methodology for bringing transformation about.Less
This chapter describes a transformational model of human motivation that defines the “what” of service and selflessness and shows why this management philosophy is critical to the business success of the monastic tradition. More specifically, it examines the goat-rodeo mentality that has been fueling Microsoft's explosive growth. The real secret to Microsoft's success was that Bill Gates and his executive team managed to connect their corporate mission to these transformational experiences: a transformational organization. This chapter considers two kinds of transformational organizations and how the goat-rodeos idea contributed to their success. In contrast to unconsciously transformational corporate success stories, which are typically short lived, consciously transformational organizations display an amazing ability to thrive over long periods of time. Despite obvious differences relative to their specific missions, all consciously transformational organizations have three things in common: a high, overarching mission worthy of being selflessly served; personal transformation as part of the mission; and a methodology for bringing transformation about.
William H. Page and John E. Lopatka
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226644639
- eISBN:
- 9780226644653
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226644653.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Company and Commercial Law
In 1998, the United States Department of Justice and state antitrust agencies charged that Microsoft was monopolizing the market for personal computer operating systems. More than ten years later, ...
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In 1998, the United States Department of Justice and state antitrust agencies charged that Microsoft was monopolizing the market for personal computer operating systems. More than ten years later, the case is still the defining antitrust litigation of our era. This book contributes to the debate over the future of antitrust policy by examining the implications of the litigation from the perspective of consumer welfare. The authors trace the development of the case from its conceptual origins through the trial and the key decisions on both liability and remedies. They argue that, at critical points, the legal system failed consumers by overrating government's ability to influence outcomes in a dynamic market.Less
In 1998, the United States Department of Justice and state antitrust agencies charged that Microsoft was monopolizing the market for personal computer operating systems. More than ten years later, the case is still the defining antitrust litigation of our era. This book contributes to the debate over the future of antitrust policy by examining the implications of the litigation from the perspective of consumer welfare. The authors trace the development of the case from its conceptual origins through the trial and the key decisions on both liability and remedies. They argue that, at critical points, the legal system failed consumers by overrating government's ability to influence outcomes in a dynamic market.
Adrian Mackenzie
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262062749
- eISBN:
- 9780262273343
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262062749.003.0021
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
This chapter begins with the brief discussion of a characteristic called the “otherness” side of software and broadly discusses the internationalization or i18n of the software industry across the ...
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This chapter begins with the brief discussion of a characteristic called the “otherness” side of software and broadly discusses the internationalization or i18n of the software industry across the globe. It states that through internationalization, the designing process of software can be localized to different regions and languages across the globe in a cost-effective manner and without software engineering changes. The chapter also examines how the contributions of software platforms like Microsoft, Ubuntu, Java, and others changed the architecture, development, and design phases of the software. The conclusion notes that security issues and other problem areas affect the universality of software.Less
This chapter begins with the brief discussion of a characteristic called the “otherness” side of software and broadly discusses the internationalization or i18n of the software industry across the globe. It states that through internationalization, the designing process of software can be localized to different regions and languages across the globe in a cost-effective manner and without software engineering changes. The chapter also examines how the contributions of software platforms like Microsoft, Ubuntu, Java, and others changed the architecture, development, and design phases of the software. The conclusion notes that security issues and other problem areas affect the universality of software.
Morten Breinbjerg
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262062749
- eISBN:
- 9780262273343
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262062749.003.0035
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
In this chapter, the author explains the unique sounds that are assigned to the program events, such as start-up and shut-off tones in the Windows computers; he describes this concept with reference ...
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In this chapter, the author explains the unique sounds that are assigned to the program events, such as start-up and shut-off tones in the Windows computers; he describes this concept with reference to the Microsoft Windows operating system. The author describes the scenario that the event sounds inform a computer status such as battery low, access denied, etc.; in the next parts of the chapter, he also expresses his views on the other aesthetic uses. The chapter focuses on how sounds are used and for what reasons, along with their other semiotic uses. The concluding part of the chapter states that these sounds have become part of the day-to-day computing process and can be personalized, modified, and even replaced.Less
In this chapter, the author explains the unique sounds that are assigned to the program events, such as start-up and shut-off tones in the Windows computers; he describes this concept with reference to the Microsoft Windows operating system. The author describes the scenario that the event sounds inform a computer status such as battery low, access denied, etc.; in the next parts of the chapter, he also expresses his views on the other aesthetic uses. The chapter focuses on how sounds are used and for what reasons, along with their other semiotic uses. The concluding part of the chapter states that these sounds have become part of the day-to-day computing process and can be personalized, modified, and even replaced.
Neal Feigenson and Christina Spiesel
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814727584
- eISBN:
- 9780814728567
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814727584.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Philosophy of Law
This chapter focuses on the lawyers' use of new media to explain their cases to their audiences. It considers several case studies that illustrate how the ability of lawyers to teach the case to ...
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This chapter focuses on the lawyers' use of new media to explain their cases to their audiences. It considers several case studies that illustrate how the ability of lawyers to teach the case to mediators, arbitrators, judges, and jurors is enhanced by digital technologies such as Microsoft PowerPoint and Adobe Illustrator, trial presentation software like TrialDirector, and animation programs. By putting information on screens, mobilizing and juxtaposing evidence, combining verbal and pictorial information, creating sequences of pictures, interacting with their displays, and animating elements of pictures or entire presentations, lawyers teach differently and better. The chapter concludes by discussing how digitization is transforming not only how legal decision makers learn about case-relevant reality but also the very nature of what counts as reliable legal knowledge.Less
This chapter focuses on the lawyers' use of new media to explain their cases to their audiences. It considers several case studies that illustrate how the ability of lawyers to teach the case to mediators, arbitrators, judges, and jurors is enhanced by digital technologies such as Microsoft PowerPoint and Adobe Illustrator, trial presentation software like TrialDirector, and animation programs. By putting information on screens, mobilizing and juxtaposing evidence, combining verbal and pictorial information, creating sequences of pictures, interacting with their displays, and animating elements of pictures or entire presentations, lawyers teach differently and better. The chapter concludes by discussing how digitization is transforming not only how legal decision makers learn about case-relevant reality but also the very nature of what counts as reliable legal knowledge.
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226644639
- eISBN:
- 9780226644653
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226644653.003.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Company and Commercial Law
This chapter explores the ideological origins of the monopolization law and reports the century-long history of the government's efforts to enforce it. It then addresses the convergence of political, ...
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This chapter explores the ideological origins of the monopolization law and reports the century-long history of the government's efforts to enforce it. It then addresses the convergence of political, theoretical, and competitive trends that persuaded the Antitrust Division to revive the tradition of the public monopolization enforcement by filing the Microsoft case. United States v. Microsoft is part of a long tradition of public monopolization enforcement that began in the late nineteenth century and gained a renewed urgency in the latter years of the New Deal. Ideology played a crucial role in the origins of antitrust. The repeated failures of public monopolization enforcement show the shortcomings of the law's definition of monopolization. The Chicago School's analysis influenced both antitrust law and enforcement policy. The Microsoft case rested on a new and exciting economic theory that was the height of fashion in legal scholarship.Less
This chapter explores the ideological origins of the monopolization law and reports the century-long history of the government's efforts to enforce it. It then addresses the convergence of political, theoretical, and competitive trends that persuaded the Antitrust Division to revive the tradition of the public monopolization enforcement by filing the Microsoft case. United States v. Microsoft is part of a long tradition of public monopolization enforcement that began in the late nineteenth century and gained a renewed urgency in the latter years of the New Deal. Ideology played a crucial role in the origins of antitrust. The repeated failures of public monopolization enforcement show the shortcomings of the law's definition of monopolization. The Chicago School's analysis influenced both antitrust law and enforcement policy. The Microsoft case rested on a new and exciting economic theory that was the height of fashion in legal scholarship.
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226644639
- eISBN:
- 9780226644653
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226644653.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, Company and Commercial Law
This chapter investigates the key rulings on liability and remedies in the government case. It explores the decisions of both Judge Thomas Penfield Jackson and Judge Colleen Kollar-Kotelly on ...
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This chapter investigates the key rulings on liability and remedies in the government case. It explores the decisions of both Judge Thomas Penfield Jackson and Judge Colleen Kollar-Kotelly on questions of remedy, and the decisions of the court of appeals reviewing them. The chapter also reports the legacy of the government case in the hundreds of private lawsuits in state and federal court, and in the European Commission's Microsoft case. Judge Jackson pointed to direct evidence that Microsoft exercised monopoly power, and concluded that Microsoft had monopoly power as a matter of law as well as fact. He found that Microsoft also prevented original equipment manufacturers from altering the initial boot sequence of Windows, rejecting the notion that consumers benefited from Microsoft's actions. Microsoft has appealed the commission decision to the European Court of First Instance.Less
This chapter investigates the key rulings on liability and remedies in the government case. It explores the decisions of both Judge Thomas Penfield Jackson and Judge Colleen Kollar-Kotelly on questions of remedy, and the decisions of the court of appeals reviewing them. The chapter also reports the legacy of the government case in the hundreds of private lawsuits in state and federal court, and in the European Commission's Microsoft case. Judge Jackson pointed to direct evidence that Microsoft exercised monopoly power, and concluded that Microsoft had monopoly power as a matter of law as well as fact. He found that Microsoft also prevented original equipment manufacturers from altering the initial boot sequence of Windows, rejecting the notion that consumers benefited from Microsoft's actions. Microsoft has appealed the commission decision to the European Court of First Instance.
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226644639
- eISBN:
- 9780226644653
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226644653.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Company and Commercial Law
This chapter, which investigates the markets at issue in Microsoft, also discusses the warring concepts of the operating system and its relationship to middleware, such as the browser and Java. It ...
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This chapter, which investigates the markets at issue in Microsoft, also discusses the warring concepts of the operating system and its relationship to middleware, such as the browser and Java. It then reports the economic concepts, particularly the theory of network effects, that guided the framing of markets, and examines critically how courts defined the markets for operating systems and middleware. Microsoft was criticized for failing to incorporate some functions into earlier versions of Windows. The development of the operating system responds to both technological changes and consumer preferences. The court's emphasis on network effects obscures the influence of other economic conditions on the market. Microsoft undoubtedly had the power profitably to raise the price of Windows for a significant period of time without inducing consumers to switch to an alternative operating system. Software developers produce applications that are specific to and run on top of media players.Less
This chapter, which investigates the markets at issue in Microsoft, also discusses the warring concepts of the operating system and its relationship to middleware, such as the browser and Java. It then reports the economic concepts, particularly the theory of network effects, that guided the framing of markets, and examines critically how courts defined the markets for operating systems and middleware. Microsoft was criticized for failing to incorporate some functions into earlier versions of Windows. The development of the operating system responds to both technological changes and consumer preferences. The court's emphasis on network effects obscures the influence of other economic conditions on the market. Microsoft undoubtedly had the power profitably to raise the price of Windows for a significant period of time without inducing consumers to switch to an alternative operating system. Software developers produce applications that are specific to and run on top of media players.
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226644639
- eISBN:
- 9780226644653
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226644653.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Company and Commercial Law
This chapter examines the courts' treatment of Microsoft's integration of the browser and the operating system. It determines three levels of integration: simple bundling of the browser and the ...
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This chapter examines the courts' treatment of Microsoft's integration of the browser and the operating system. It determines three levels of integration: simple bundling of the browser and the operating system; preventing users and original equipment manufacturers from removing visible means of access to the browser; and commingling the code that provides the browser and the operating system's interface. The courts' approaches to the issue of integration evolved during the course of the litigation. Microsoft emphasized a number of benefits of its integration of the browser and the operating system. The courts concluded that Microsoft's efforts to prevent removal of access to the browser or the browser code itself were anticompetitive because they harmed Netscape by limiting its usage share without providing obvious benefits to consumers. Microsoft asserted efficiency justifications for most of its challenged acts, many of which the courts rejected.Less
This chapter examines the courts' treatment of Microsoft's integration of the browser and the operating system. It determines three levels of integration: simple bundling of the browser and the operating system; preventing users and original equipment manufacturers from removing visible means of access to the browser; and commingling the code that provides the browser and the operating system's interface. The courts' approaches to the issue of integration evolved during the course of the litigation. Microsoft emphasized a number of benefits of its integration of the browser and the operating system. The courts concluded that Microsoft's efforts to prevent removal of access to the browser or the browser code itself were anticompetitive because they harmed Netscape by limiting its usage share without providing obvious benefits to consumers. Microsoft asserted efficiency justifications for most of its challenged acts, many of which the courts rejected.
