Sam Glucksberg
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195111095
- eISBN:
- 9780199872107
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195111095.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
The book presents a comprehensive account of how people understand metaphors and idioms in everyday discourse. Traditionally, figurative language has been considered to be derived from and more ...
More
The book presents a comprehensive account of how people understand metaphors and idioms in everyday discourse. Traditionally, figurative language has been considered to be derived from and more complex than literal language. The book presents an alternative view, arguing that figurative language makes use of the same kinds of linguistic and pragmatic operations that are used for literal language. A new theory of metaphor comprehension integrates linguistic, philosophical, and psychological perspectives to account for figurative language use. The theory's central tenet is that everyday conversational metaphors are used spontaneously to create new concepts and categories. Metaphor is special only in the sense that metaphorical categories are salient examples of the things that they represent. These categories get their names from the best examples of those categories. Thus, the literal “shark” can be a metaphor for any vicious and predatory creature. Because the same term, “shark”, is used for both its literal referent and for the metaphorical category, as in “my lawyer is a shark”, such terms have dual-reference. In this way, metaphors simultaneously refer to the abstract metaphorical category and to the most salient literal exemplar of that category, as in the expression “boys (literal) will be boys (metaphorical)”. The book concludes with a comprehensive treatment of idiom use, and an analysis and critique (written by Matthew McGlone) of conceptual metaphor in the context of how people understand both conventional and novel figurative expressions.Less
The book presents a comprehensive account of how people understand metaphors and idioms in everyday discourse. Traditionally, figurative language has been considered to be derived from and more complex than literal language. The book presents an alternative view, arguing that figurative language makes use of the same kinds of linguistic and pragmatic operations that are used for literal language. A new theory of metaphor comprehension integrates linguistic, philosophical, and psychological perspectives to account for figurative language use. The theory's central tenet is that everyday conversational metaphors are used spontaneously to create new concepts and categories. Metaphor is special only in the sense that metaphorical categories are salient examples of the things that they represent. These categories get their names from the best examples of those categories. Thus, the literal “shark” can be a metaphor for any vicious and predatory creature. Because the same term, “shark”, is used for both its literal referent and for the metaphorical category, as in “my lawyer is a shark”, such terms have dual-reference. In this way, metaphors simultaneously refer to the abstract metaphorical category and to the most salient literal exemplar of that category, as in the expression “boys (literal) will be boys (metaphorical)”. The book concludes with a comprehensive treatment of idiom use, and an analysis and critique (written by Matthew McGlone) of conceptual metaphor in the context of how people understand both conventional and novel figurative expressions.
George Cheney, Daniel J. Lair, Dean Ritz, and Brenden E. Kendall
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195182774
- eISBN:
- 9780199871001
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195182774.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Corporate Governance and Accountability
This chapter focuses on the modern organization as a unit of life experience that is taken for granted yet little understood, showing how organizational culture shapes and sustains integrity (or ...
More
This chapter focuses on the modern organization as a unit of life experience that is taken for granted yet little understood, showing how organizational culture shapes and sustains integrity (or doesn't). Considering a number of root metaphors for the organization, including machine, organism, person, and family, the chapter looks at the various ways ethics are cast in each case. Reviewing the typical ways that organizations engage ethics, including through codes of ethics, ethics officers, and the movement toward corporate social responsibility, the chapter concludes that all of them are valuable yet limited in scope. By showing how ethics can be woven into the entire fabric of messages and interactions in an organization, the chapter advances a wider perspective on virtue and culture in organizational life.Less
This chapter focuses on the modern organization as a unit of life experience that is taken for granted yet little understood, showing how organizational culture shapes and sustains integrity (or doesn't). Considering a number of root metaphors for the organization, including machine, organism, person, and family, the chapter looks at the various ways ethics are cast in each case. Reviewing the typical ways that organizations engage ethics, including through codes of ethics, ethics officers, and the movement toward corporate social responsibility, the chapter concludes that all of them are valuable yet limited in scope. By showing how ethics can be woven into the entire fabric of messages and interactions in an organization, the chapter advances a wider perspective on virtue and culture in organizational life.
Christopher Bryan
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195183344
- eISBN:
- 9780199835584
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195183347.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies
Paul writes within the biblical tradition, regarding the state as God’s minister for God’s purposes: therefore the state’s authority is legitimate but open to prophetic challenge. Paul urges ...
More
Paul writes within the biblical tradition, regarding the state as God’s minister for God’s purposes: therefore the state’s authority is legitimate but open to prophetic challenge. Paul urges Christians to pay tax and respect the state’s right to execute “wrath.” Probably he also urges wealthy Christians to benefaction, thereby seeking the good of the city. All this is with a view to the new age that Paul believes is dawning in Christ. Much rhetoric of Pauline proclamation—Jesus as “lord” and “son of God”—resonates with Roman imperial rhetoric: such resonance does not necessarily imply confrontation and may imply approval. Suggestions that Christians’ claims to heavenly “citizenship” were denials of their Roman citizenship involve a failure to understand metaphor. Mere constraints of language obliged Paul to use at times the same vocabulary to speak of the divine as did others. Paul writes only once directly of the Roman state (Rom 13.1–7), and there he is generally positive.Less
Paul writes within the biblical tradition, regarding the state as God’s minister for God’s purposes: therefore the state’s authority is legitimate but open to prophetic challenge. Paul urges Christians to pay tax and respect the state’s right to execute “wrath.” Probably he also urges wealthy Christians to benefaction, thereby seeking the good of the city. All this is with a view to the new age that Paul believes is dawning in Christ. Much rhetoric of Pauline proclamation—Jesus as “lord” and “son of God”—resonates with Roman imperial rhetoric: such resonance does not necessarily imply confrontation and may imply approval. Suggestions that Christians’ claims to heavenly “citizenship” were denials of their Roman citizenship involve a failure to understand metaphor. Mere constraints of language obliged Paul to use at times the same vocabulary to speak of the divine as did others. Paul writes only once directly of the Roman state (Rom 13.1–7), and there he is generally positive.
Siyka Kovacheva, Xavier Rambla, and Marcelo Parreira do Amaral
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781447350361
- eISBN:
- 9781447350699
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447350361.003.0012
- Subject:
- Education, Educational Policy and Politics
The chapter takes stock of the insights produced in the different chapters of this collection and draws conclusions based on three theoretical perspectives that guided our analysis. Each of them ...
More
The chapter takes stock of the insights produced in the different chapters of this collection and draws conclusions based on three theoretical perspectives that guided our analysis. Each of them highlights a few important points that are helpful to make sense of the evidence posited by the thematic chapters. Cultural Political Economy provides crucial insights on the intimate connections between complexity reduction and the institutional normalisation of life courses. Life Course Research sheds light on the equally relevant connections between young adults’ biographies and active learning. Finally, Governance theories account for the regional dimension of lifelong learning policies. Some lessons learned are discussed and a plea to listen to the voices of young adults is made.Less
The chapter takes stock of the insights produced in the different chapters of this collection and draws conclusions based on three theoretical perspectives that guided our analysis. Each of them highlights a few important points that are helpful to make sense of the evidence posited by the thematic chapters. Cultural Political Economy provides crucial insights on the intimate connections between complexity reduction and the institutional normalisation of life courses. Life Course Research sheds light on the equally relevant connections between young adults’ biographies and active learning. Finally, Governance theories account for the regional dimension of lifelong learning policies. Some lessons learned are discussed and a plea to listen to the voices of young adults is made.
Chana Kronfeld
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780804782951
- eISBN:
- 9780804797214
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804782951.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Jewish Studies
Yehuda Amichai (1924-2000) was the foremost Israeli poet of the 20th century and an internationally influential literary figure. The Full Severity of Compassion is a modular retrospective of ...
More
Yehuda Amichai (1924-2000) was the foremost Israeli poet of the 20th century and an internationally influential literary figure. The Full Severity of Compassion is a modular retrospective of Amichai's poetic project. It depicts the poet's life-long struggle against all hierarchical systems of privilege and exclusion, and his search for an alternative “language of love,” as he calls it. The book explores Amichai's fierce avant-garde egalitarianism at it is expressed in a commitment to both accessibility and daring experimentation. Through a series of close readings, the book discusses issues in contemporary literary studies, always theorizing from, rather than into, Amichai's poetry.Less
Yehuda Amichai (1924-2000) was the foremost Israeli poet of the 20th century and an internationally influential literary figure. The Full Severity of Compassion is a modular retrospective of Amichai's poetic project. It depicts the poet's life-long struggle against all hierarchical systems of privilege and exclusion, and his search for an alternative “language of love,” as he calls it. The book explores Amichai's fierce avant-garde egalitarianism at it is expressed in a commitment to both accessibility and daring experimentation. Through a series of close readings, the book discusses issues in contemporary literary studies, always theorizing from, rather than into, Amichai's poetry.
Chana Kronfeld
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780804782951
- eISBN:
- 9780804797214
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804782951.003.0005
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Jewish Studies
Metaphor embodies Amichai's principle of “in-between-ness” and has a significance within his poetic system that far exceeds the rhetorical. Chapter Five focuses on metaphor as the central marker of ...
More
Metaphor embodies Amichai's principle of “in-between-ness” and has a significance within his poetic system that far exceeds the rhetorical. Chapter Five focuses on metaphor as the central marker of liminality, the hyphen of survival and resistance: it must never erase that hyphen, the marker of the disparate domains which it brings together (hence his preference for simile), even while it strives to make the gap between these domains productive of meaning. The ways Amichai's metaphors resist the erasure of difference critiques the vestiges of poststructuralist views, and offer an alternative model based on a historicized, context-sensitive reworking of prototype semantics. Amichai's images, while as novel and surprising as those of any 17th-century metaphysical poet, nevertheless strike us as completely “right,” as visually and experientially familiar, because of their perceptually primary basis and the extensive and rigorous mapping they provide for the distant source and target domains.Less
Metaphor embodies Amichai's principle of “in-between-ness” and has a significance within his poetic system that far exceeds the rhetorical. Chapter Five focuses on metaphor as the central marker of liminality, the hyphen of survival and resistance: it must never erase that hyphen, the marker of the disparate domains which it brings together (hence his preference for simile), even while it strives to make the gap between these domains productive of meaning. The ways Amichai's metaphors resist the erasure of difference critiques the vestiges of poststructuralist views, and offer an alternative model based on a historicized, context-sensitive reworking of prototype semantics. Amichai's images, while as novel and surprising as those of any 17th-century metaphysical poet, nevertheless strike us as completely “right,” as visually and experientially familiar, because of their perceptually primary basis and the extensive and rigorous mapping they provide for the distant source and target domains.
Gerald V. O'Brien
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780719087097
- eISBN:
- 9781781705896
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719087097.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
Many people are shocked upon discovering that tens of thousands of innocent persons in the United States were involuntarily sterilized, forced into institutions, and otherwise maltreated within the ...
More
Many people are shocked upon discovering that tens of thousands of innocent persons in the United States were involuntarily sterilized, forced into institutions, and otherwise maltreated within the course of the eugenic movement (1900-30). Such social control efforts are easier to understand when we consider the variety of dehumanizing and fear-inducing rhetoric propagandists invoke to frame their potential victims. This book details the major rhetorical themes employed within the context of eugenic propaganda, drawing largely on original sources of the period. Early in the twentieth century the term “moron” was developed to describe the primary targets of eugenic control. This book demonstrates how the image of moronity in the United States was shaped by eugenicists. This book will be of interest not only to disability and eugenic scholars and historians, but to anyone who wants to explore the means by which pejorative metaphors are utilized to support social control efforts against vulnerable community groups.Less
Many people are shocked upon discovering that tens of thousands of innocent persons in the United States were involuntarily sterilized, forced into institutions, and otherwise maltreated within the course of the eugenic movement (1900-30). Such social control efforts are easier to understand when we consider the variety of dehumanizing and fear-inducing rhetoric propagandists invoke to frame their potential victims. This book details the major rhetorical themes employed within the context of eugenic propaganda, drawing largely on original sources of the period. Early in the twentieth century the term “moron” was developed to describe the primary targets of eugenic control. This book demonstrates how the image of moronity in the United States was shaped by eugenicists. This book will be of interest not only to disability and eugenic scholars and historians, but to anyone who wants to explore the means by which pejorative metaphors are utilized to support social control efforts against vulnerable community groups.
Anna Kornbluh
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780823254972
- eISBN:
- 9780823261123
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823254972.003.0008
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
Realizing Capital tracks the role of the psychic economy metaphor in naturalizing the economy at the moment when the economy was coming to seem most artificial – the role of a powerful image in ...
More
Realizing Capital tracks the role of the psychic economy metaphor in naturalizing the economy at the moment when the economy was coming to seem most artificial – the role of a powerful image in ‘realizing’ capital for a culture acutely aware of its unreality. The book’s epilogue illuminates how this operation of ideology continues into the twenty-first century in the rhetoric around the 2008 crisis. From Wall Street to Washington D.C., in policy and in academic study, invocations of psychology dispel concerted structural analysis of regulation and leverage, rendering us effectively Victorian. The book exhorts readers to recognize this predicament of thoughts entangled in metaphors, and to claim an alternative Victorian inheritance: the critical agility of literature itself.Less
Realizing Capital tracks the role of the psychic economy metaphor in naturalizing the economy at the moment when the economy was coming to seem most artificial – the role of a powerful image in ‘realizing’ capital for a culture acutely aware of its unreality. The book’s epilogue illuminates how this operation of ideology continues into the twenty-first century in the rhetoric around the 2008 crisis. From Wall Street to Washington D.C., in policy and in academic study, invocations of psychology dispel concerted structural analysis of regulation and leverage, rendering us effectively Victorian. The book exhorts readers to recognize this predicament of thoughts entangled in metaphors, and to claim an alternative Victorian inheritance: the critical agility of literature itself.
Herman Philipse
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199697533
- eISBN:
- 9780191738470
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199697533.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Religion, Metaphysics/Epistemology
Theism can be an existential hypothesis confirmable by empirical evidence only if the reference of the proper name ‘God’ can be spelled out in words that are mostly used literally. However, it is ...
More
Theism can be an existential hypothesis confirmable by empirical evidence only if the reference of the proper name ‘God’ can be spelled out in words that are mostly used literally. However, it is argued in Chapter 7 that all psychological terms characterizing God are used in an irreducibly analogical manner, because by claiming that God is bodiless, theists annul the very conditions for applying psychological predicates to another entity literally. The term ‘person’ as applied to God cannot be used literally either. But if theism can only be formulated in terms that are used in irreducibly analogical ways, it conveys virtually nothing by what it says, so that it cannot be an existential hypothesis that is confirmable by empirical evidence. Richard Swinburne’s attempts to show that theism can be stated in words, most of which are used literally, are criticized, as are his philosophical arguments for substance dualism, which are meant to show that even human identity consists in the continuing life of a spirit, which can exist without a body.Less
Theism can be an existential hypothesis confirmable by empirical evidence only if the reference of the proper name ‘God’ can be spelled out in words that are mostly used literally. However, it is argued in Chapter 7 that all psychological terms characterizing God are used in an irreducibly analogical manner, because by claiming that God is bodiless, theists annul the very conditions for applying psychological predicates to another entity literally. The term ‘person’ as applied to God cannot be used literally either. But if theism can only be formulated in terms that are used in irreducibly analogical ways, it conveys virtually nothing by what it says, so that it cannot be an existential hypothesis that is confirmable by empirical evidence. Richard Swinburne’s attempts to show that theism can be stated in words, most of which are used literally, are criticized, as are his philosophical arguments for substance dualism, which are meant to show that even human identity consists in the continuing life of a spirit, which can exist without a body.
Herman Philipse
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199697533
- eISBN:
- 9780191738470
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199697533.003.0016
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Religion, Metaphysics/Epistemology
After a brief overview of the book, its main conclusions are stated. 1. Theism is not a meaningful theory. So we should become particular semantic atheists. 2. If we assume for the sake of argument ...
More
After a brief overview of the book, its main conclusions are stated. 1. Theism is not a meaningful theory. So we should become particular semantic atheists. 2. If we assume for the sake of argument that theism is a meaningful theory, it has no predictive power with regard to any existing evidence. Because the truth of theism is improbable given the scientific background knowledge concerning the dependence of mental life on brain processes, we should become strong particular atheists. 3. If we assume for the sake of argument that theism not only is meaningful but also has predictive power, we should become strong particular atheists as well, because the empirical arguments against theism outweigh the arguments that support it, and theism is improbable on our background knowledge. If we assume that either (1) or (2, 3) apply mutatis mutandis to all other gods that humanity has worshipped or still reveres, the ultimate conclusion of the book is that if we aim at being reasonable and intellectually conscientious, we should become strong disjunctive universal atheists.Less
After a brief overview of the book, its main conclusions are stated. 1. Theism is not a meaningful theory. So we should become particular semantic atheists. 2. If we assume for the sake of argument that theism is a meaningful theory, it has no predictive power with regard to any existing evidence. Because the truth of theism is improbable given the scientific background knowledge concerning the dependence of mental life on brain processes, we should become strong particular atheists. 3. If we assume for the sake of argument that theism not only is meaningful but also has predictive power, we should become strong particular atheists as well, because the empirical arguments against theism outweigh the arguments that support it, and theism is improbable on our background knowledge. If we assume that either (1) or (2, 3) apply mutatis mutandis to all other gods that humanity has worshipped or still reveres, the ultimate conclusion of the book is that if we aim at being reasonable and intellectually conscientious, we should become strong disjunctive universal atheists.
Celia Britton
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781789620658
- eISBN:
- 9781789623918
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3828/liverpool/9781789620658.003.0013
- Subject:
- Literature, European Literature
Folie, the final part of Marie Chauvet’s trilogy Amour, Colère et Folie (1969), depicts Duvalierist political terror in a small town in Haiti and the futile attempts to resist it by René, the ...
More
Folie, the final part of Marie Chauvet’s trilogy Amour, Colère et Folie (1969), depicts Duvalierist political terror in a small town in Haiti and the futile attempts to resist it by René, the narrator, and his three friends. They are all poets, and René appears to be mad. Ronnie Scharfmann suggests that in this situation of extreme violence the boundaries between madness and sanity become impossible to demarcate, and that René and his friends, in their desperate stance against the Duvalier regime, are heroes. (‘Theorizing Terror: the Discourse of Violence in Marie Chauvet’s Amour Colère Folie’, 1996). Michael Dash, however, sees the text very differently, as parodying the figure of the poet as national hero and portraying René satirically as pathetic and delusional (in The Other America, 1998). But the issue of whether René is mad or not can only be fully explored by examining the language of his narrative in more detail than either Scharfmann or Dash provide. Is his florid, extravagant style meant to be a parody? Is his prolific use of metaphor really in fact metaphorical, or a literal account of his hallucinations? e.g., when he claims to be ‘riding the sun’, is this a self-consciously poetic metaphor or a hallucination? And if the latter, is it parodic? In this chapter I argue that Folie suggests that parody and metaphor are both in some sense incompatible with ‘mad’ discourse, and that therefore the gradual disappearance of these formal features from the text as it progresses provides a way – the only way, in fact – for the reader to chart René’s descent into madness.Less
Folie, the final part of Marie Chauvet’s trilogy Amour, Colère et Folie (1969), depicts Duvalierist political terror in a small town in Haiti and the futile attempts to resist it by René, the narrator, and his three friends. They are all poets, and René appears to be mad. Ronnie Scharfmann suggests that in this situation of extreme violence the boundaries between madness and sanity become impossible to demarcate, and that René and his friends, in their desperate stance against the Duvalier regime, are heroes. (‘Theorizing Terror: the Discourse of Violence in Marie Chauvet’s Amour Colère Folie’, 1996). Michael Dash, however, sees the text very differently, as parodying the figure of the poet as national hero and portraying René satirically as pathetic and delusional (in The Other America, 1998). But the issue of whether René is mad or not can only be fully explored by examining the language of his narrative in more detail than either Scharfmann or Dash provide. Is his florid, extravagant style meant to be a parody? Is his prolific use of metaphor really in fact metaphorical, or a literal account of his hallucinations? e.g., when he claims to be ‘riding the sun’, is this a self-consciously poetic metaphor or a hallucination? And if the latter, is it parodic? In this chapter I argue that Folie suggests that parody and metaphor are both in some sense incompatible with ‘mad’ discourse, and that therefore the gradual disappearance of these formal features from the text as it progresses provides a way – the only way, in fact – for the reader to chart René’s descent into madness.
Ying Xiao
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781496812605
- eISBN:
- 9781496812643
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781496812605.003.0003
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
This chapter revisits Zhang Yimou’s Red Sorghum (1987) and highlights the film’s innovative employments of sound as metaphor and spectacle that speak to the larger issues of gender, sexuality, ...
More
This chapter revisits Zhang Yimou’s Red Sorghum (1987) and highlights the film’s innovative employments of sound as metaphor and spectacle that speak to the larger issues of gender, sexuality, national identity, and human nature. As a formal analysis of the film and its indigenous songs and musical themes exhibits, Zhang Yimou and Zhao Jiping’s idiosyncratic, legendary collaboration and superlative synthesization of image-music-text have not only created an extraordinary spectacle that few other films could match, but have also sparked a new trend of cross-production and cross-fertilization between popular music and film since the late 1980s.Less
This chapter revisits Zhang Yimou’s Red Sorghum (1987) and highlights the film’s innovative employments of sound as metaphor and spectacle that speak to the larger issues of gender, sexuality, national identity, and human nature. As a formal analysis of the film and its indigenous songs and musical themes exhibits, Zhang Yimou and Zhao Jiping’s idiosyncratic, legendary collaboration and superlative synthesization of image-music-text have not only created an extraordinary spectacle that few other films could match, but have also sparked a new trend of cross-production and cross-fertilization between popular music and film since the late 1980s.
Elisabeth El Refaie
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190678173
- eISBN:
- 9780190678203
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190678173.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Psycholinguistics / Neurolinguistics / Cognitive Linguistics
This study uses the analysis of visual metaphor in 35 graphic illness narratives—book-length stories about disease in the comics medium—in order to re-examine embodiment in traditional Conceptual ...
More
This study uses the analysis of visual metaphor in 35 graphic illness narratives—book-length stories about disease in the comics medium—in order to re-examine embodiment in traditional Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) and propose the more nuanced notion of “dynamic embodiment.” Building on recent strands of research within CMT, and drawing on relevant concepts and findings from other disciplines, including psychology, phenomenology, social semiotics, and media theory, the book develops the argument that the experience of one’s own body is constantly adjusting to changes in one’s individual state of health, sociocultural practices, and the activities in which one is engaged at any given moment, including the modes and media that are being used to communicate. This leads to a more fluid and variable relationship between physicality and metaphor use than many CMT scholars assume. For example, representing the experience of cancer through the graphic illness narrative genre draws attention to the unfathomable processes going on beneath the body’s visible surface, particularly now that digital imaging technologies play such a central role in the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. This may lead to a reversal of conventional conceptualizations of knowing and understanding in terms of seeing, so that vision itself becomes the target of metaphorical representations. A novel classification system of visual metaphor, based on a three-way distinction between pictorial, spatial, and stylistic metaphors, is also proposed.Less
This study uses the analysis of visual metaphor in 35 graphic illness narratives—book-length stories about disease in the comics medium—in order to re-examine embodiment in traditional Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) and propose the more nuanced notion of “dynamic embodiment.” Building on recent strands of research within CMT, and drawing on relevant concepts and findings from other disciplines, including psychology, phenomenology, social semiotics, and media theory, the book develops the argument that the experience of one’s own body is constantly adjusting to changes in one’s individual state of health, sociocultural practices, and the activities in which one is engaged at any given moment, including the modes and media that are being used to communicate. This leads to a more fluid and variable relationship between physicality and metaphor use than many CMT scholars assume. For example, representing the experience of cancer through the graphic illness narrative genre draws attention to the unfathomable processes going on beneath the body’s visible surface, particularly now that digital imaging technologies play such a central role in the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. This may lead to a reversal of conventional conceptualizations of knowing and understanding in terms of seeing, so that vision itself becomes the target of metaphorical representations. A novel classification system of visual metaphor, based on a three-way distinction between pictorial, spatial, and stylistic metaphors, is also proposed.
Michael Lucken
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780231172929
- eISBN:
- 9780231540544
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231172929.003.0009
- Subject:
- Art, Art History
Kurosawa's Ikiru
Greg Thomas
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781789620269
- eISBN:
- 9781789629538
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3828/liverpool/9781789620269.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, Poetry
The Edinburgh-based poet Ian Hamilton Finlay was both the first publisher of concrete poetry and the first published concrete poet in Britain. But his interaction with the movement was relatively ...
More
The Edinburgh-based poet Ian Hamilton Finlay was both the first publisher of concrete poetry and the first published concrete poet in Britain. But his interaction with the movement was relatively brief, beginning in the spring of 1962 when he discovered the international style through Edwin Morgan, and coming to an end by the late 1960s. Finlay initially seized on concrete poetry as a means of extending the dimensions of poetry beyond linear verse. He utilised concrete poetry’s capacity to combine linguistic and non-linguistic composition to establish or enrich metaphorical links between disparate objects, phenomena, and cultural contexts. This approach, indebted to classical concrete, reflected both his opposition to the restrictions of Scottish literary culture during the 1960s, and a sense of the value of aesthetic order which had ideological and biographical connotations. But his interaction with the concrete movement quickly became fraught, reflecting both the inbuilt constraints of the style and his opposition to its perceived co-option by the sixties counter-culture. Through his production of card and booklet-poems, followed by poems in glass, wood and stone, and finally, three-dimensional poems set in the landscape around his home at Little Sparta, Finlay moved gradually but decisively away from concrete practice.Less
The Edinburgh-based poet Ian Hamilton Finlay was both the first publisher of concrete poetry and the first published concrete poet in Britain. But his interaction with the movement was relatively brief, beginning in the spring of 1962 when he discovered the international style through Edwin Morgan, and coming to an end by the late 1960s. Finlay initially seized on concrete poetry as a means of extending the dimensions of poetry beyond linear verse. He utilised concrete poetry’s capacity to combine linguistic and non-linguistic composition to establish or enrich metaphorical links between disparate objects, phenomena, and cultural contexts. This approach, indebted to classical concrete, reflected both his opposition to the restrictions of Scottish literary culture during the 1960s, and a sense of the value of aesthetic order which had ideological and biographical connotations. But his interaction with the concrete movement quickly became fraught, reflecting both the inbuilt constraints of the style and his opposition to its perceived co-option by the sixties counter-culture. Through his production of card and booklet-poems, followed by poems in glass, wood and stone, and finally, three-dimensional poems set in the landscape around his home at Little Sparta, Finlay moved gradually but decisively away from concrete practice.
Wendy Anderson, Ellen Bramwell, and Carole Hough (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198744573
- eISBN:
- 9780191805820
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198744573.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics, Lexicography
Metaphor is pervasive in language, and recent interest has focused on the systematic connections between different concepts, such as heat and anger (fuming, inflamed), sight and understanding (clear, ...
More
Metaphor is pervasive in language, and recent interest has focused on the systematic connections between different concepts, such as heat and anger (fuming, inflamed), sight and understanding (clear, see), or bodies and landscape (hill-foot, river-mouth). Lack of a comprehensive data source has made it difficult to obtain an overview of this phenomenon in any language, but this situation was transformed for English by the completion in 2009 of the Historical Thesaurus of English (HT). The only historical thesaurus ever produced for any language, the HT is organized in semantic categories, each containing lists of words used to express a given concept at particular points of time. It is thus possible to compare historical links between categories from a new perspective, gaining fresh insights into how the language has developed. The chapters in this volume derive from the Mapping Metaphor with the Historical Thesaurus project at the University of Glasgow, which has undertaken an empirical investigation of the foundations and nature of metaphor using this unique evidence base. Each chapter offers a case study focusing on metaphor in a different semantic domain of English, including Address, Animals, Authority, Colour, Death, Excitement, Fear, Food, Head, Landscape, Mental Illness, Plants, Reading, Theft, and Weapons. The chapters are grouped into three sections, corresponding to the three main divisions of the HT itself—the External World, the Mental World, and the Social World—and each section is preceded by an introduction setting the chapters within a broader theoretical context.Less
Metaphor is pervasive in language, and recent interest has focused on the systematic connections between different concepts, such as heat and anger (fuming, inflamed), sight and understanding (clear, see), or bodies and landscape (hill-foot, river-mouth). Lack of a comprehensive data source has made it difficult to obtain an overview of this phenomenon in any language, but this situation was transformed for English by the completion in 2009 of the Historical Thesaurus of English (HT). The only historical thesaurus ever produced for any language, the HT is organized in semantic categories, each containing lists of words used to express a given concept at particular points of time. It is thus possible to compare historical links between categories from a new perspective, gaining fresh insights into how the language has developed. The chapters in this volume derive from the Mapping Metaphor with the Historical Thesaurus project at the University of Glasgow, which has undertaken an empirical investigation of the foundations and nature of metaphor using this unique evidence base. Each chapter offers a case study focusing on metaphor in a different semantic domain of English, including Address, Animals, Authority, Colour, Death, Excitement, Fear, Food, Head, Landscape, Mental Illness, Plants, Reading, Theft, and Weapons. The chapters are grouped into three sections, corresponding to the three main divisions of the HT itself—the External World, the Mental World, and the Social World—and each section is preceded by an introduction setting the chapters within a broader theoretical context.
Rachelle Hope Saltzman
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719079771
- eISBN:
- 9781781704080
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719079771.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Social History
‘From Ethos to Mythos: the General Strike and Britishness’ surveys and analyzes the ways that different interest groups have selectively reproduced the story of the 1926 General Strike as a ...
More
‘From Ethos to Mythos: the General Strike and Britishness’ surveys and analyzes the ways that different interest groups have selectively reproduced the story of the 1926 General Strike as a historical and metaphorical symbol. As a cultural product, the strike served and serves to validate the various political perspectives of former volunteers, Marxist historians, amateur historians, the Labour Party, and the Trades Union Congress, as well as museum curators, novelists, playwrights, educators, and restauranteurs. This chapter shows how one event in a nation's history can transform a multi-vocal cultural symbol into a national metaphor, making it available and relevant for present-day pundits, scholars, politicians, educators, and business people to use for redefining British character.Less
‘From Ethos to Mythos: the General Strike and Britishness’ surveys and analyzes the ways that different interest groups have selectively reproduced the story of the 1926 General Strike as a historical and metaphorical symbol. As a cultural product, the strike served and serves to validate the various political perspectives of former volunteers, Marxist historians, amateur historians, the Labour Party, and the Trades Union Congress, as well as museum curators, novelists, playwrights, educators, and restauranteurs. This chapter shows how one event in a nation's history can transform a multi-vocal cultural symbol into a national metaphor, making it available and relevant for present-day pundits, scholars, politicians, educators, and business people to use for redefining British character.
Kristin Scheible
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780231171380
- eISBN:
- 9780231542609
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231171380.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Buddhism
Pāli is not typically considered a language that allows for much literary flourish, but literary moves are made nonetheless: patterns and rhetorical structures introduced in the first chapter ...
More
Pāli is not typically considered a language that allows for much literary flourish, but literary moves are made nonetheless: patterns and rhetorical structures introduced in the first chapter determine how the rest of the historical narrative is literarily conveyed. This chapter argues that structurally significant patterns manifest in the proem itself are what determine the narrative arc of the text, and further explores the metaphor of light as it is employed in the story, paying attention to the way the proems had set up the reader to perceive the transformative richness and practical potential of such metaphors. By exploring this metaphor of light we will see how a certain pattern is developed whereby the physical space of Laṅkā is transformed to a lamp of the dhamma, a cetiya for the future remembrance and representation of the Buddha through relic veneration, while individual hearers are transformed ethically, resulting in the moral community primed for the responsibility of the dhamma. Just as a lamp is primed with oil to effectively receive the flame, so the reader of the Mahāvaṃsa is primed for the full, transformative force of the text by the proem and by the narrative strategies employed.Less
Pāli is not typically considered a language that allows for much literary flourish, but literary moves are made nonetheless: patterns and rhetorical structures introduced in the first chapter determine how the rest of the historical narrative is literarily conveyed. This chapter argues that structurally significant patterns manifest in the proem itself are what determine the narrative arc of the text, and further explores the metaphor of light as it is employed in the story, paying attention to the way the proems had set up the reader to perceive the transformative richness and practical potential of such metaphors. By exploring this metaphor of light we will see how a certain pattern is developed whereby the physical space of Laṅkā is transformed to a lamp of the dhamma, a cetiya for the future remembrance and representation of the Buddha through relic veneration, while individual hearers are transformed ethically, resulting in the moral community primed for the responsibility of the dhamma. Just as a lamp is primed with oil to effectively receive the flame, so the reader of the Mahāvaṃsa is primed for the full, transformative force of the text by the proem and by the narrative strategies employed.
Gerald V. O’Brien
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780719087097
- eISBN:
- 9781781705896
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719087097.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter describes the importance of the war and natural catastrophe metaphors within eugenic writing. Through use of the former, the groups is put forth as acting in opposition to the community, ...
More
This chapter describes the importance of the war and natural catastrophe metaphors within eugenic writing. Through use of the former, the groups is put forth as acting in opposition to the community, and taking action against them is thus a measure of self-defence. The latter theme utilizes natural catastrophe analogies to describe the potential harm group members pose to society.Less
This chapter describes the importance of the war and natural catastrophe metaphors within eugenic writing. Through use of the former, the groups is put forth as acting in opposition to the community, and taking action against them is thus a measure of self-defence. The latter theme utilizes natural catastrophe analogies to describe the potential harm group members pose to society.
Gerald V. O’Brien
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780719087097
- eISBN:
- 9781781705896
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719087097.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter focuses on the use of religious and altruistic metaphors in eugenic writings. Religious terminology and symbols were frequently employed to present eugenic aims as the height of ...
More
This chapter focuses on the use of religious and altruistic metaphors in eugenic writings. Religious terminology and symbols were frequently employed to present eugenic aims as the height of morality, and in keeping with Christian precepts. Related to this, the altruism metaphor presents the image that those controlled by eugenic practices were not victims. Rather, such policies were said to be beneficial for persons with feeble-mindedness, who would agree with such measures if they could employ rational thought.Less
This chapter focuses on the use of religious and altruistic metaphors in eugenic writings. Religious terminology and symbols were frequently employed to present eugenic aims as the height of morality, and in keeping with Christian precepts. Related to this, the altruism metaphor presents the image that those controlled by eugenic practices were not victims. Rather, such policies were said to be beneficial for persons with feeble-mindedness, who would agree with such measures if they could employ rational thought.
