R. R. Palmer
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691161280
- eISBN:
- 9781400850228
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691161280.003.0028
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
This chapter focuses on Switzerland and the Helvetic Republic. Until 1798, all of Switzerland was an incredibly complex mosaic of dissimilar pieces. Over a millennium, there had grown up an ...
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This chapter focuses on Switzerland and the Helvetic Republic. Until 1798, all of Switzerland was an incredibly complex mosaic of dissimilar pieces. Over a millennium, there had grown up an indefinite number of small communities—from cities like Zurich to remote clusters of pastoral families in Alpine valleys—which no longer belonged to the Holy Roman Empire, and did not yet belong politically to anything else. There was no Swiss state, Swiss citizenship, Swiss law, or even Swiss government. However, nowhere else was the impact of certain principles of the Revolution more apparent and more lasting—especially of the principles of legal equality and of the unity and indivisibility of the Republic. The idea of a Swiss people became a reality under the Helvetic Republic, whose main features were confirmed in the Napoleonic Act of Mediation of 1803, and reconfirmed at the Congress of Vienna.Less
This chapter focuses on Switzerland and the Helvetic Republic. Until 1798, all of Switzerland was an incredibly complex mosaic of dissimilar pieces. Over a millennium, there had grown up an indefinite number of small communities—from cities like Zurich to remote clusters of pastoral families in Alpine valleys—which no longer belonged to the Holy Roman Empire, and did not yet belong politically to anything else. There was no Swiss state, Swiss citizenship, Swiss law, or even Swiss government. However, nowhere else was the impact of certain principles of the Revolution more apparent and more lasting—especially of the principles of legal equality and of the unity and indivisibility of the Republic. The idea of a Swiss people became a reality under the Helvetic Republic, whose main features were confirmed in the Napoleonic Act of Mediation of 1803, and reconfirmed at the Congress of Vienna.
Ewan Malcolm and Fiona O'Donnell (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9781845860523
- eISBN:
- 9781474406109
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781845860523.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This book describes how mediation is currently being developed and used in a number of areas in Scotland. Illustrated with case studies drawn from real life, it highlights the basic skills of a ...
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This book describes how mediation is currently being developed and used in a number of areas in Scotland. Illustrated with case studies drawn from real life, it highlights the basic skills of a mediator, explores what works in different practice areas and looks at the things that different mediation approaches have in common, along with the differences between them. As a comparative guide to the different areas of mediation that are developing across Scotland, it gives an overview of the breadth and diversity of mediation in the country. It also provides an insight into the work of the Scottish Mediation Network (SMN). Each of its chapters stand alone, so readers with a particular area of interest can easily find information relevant to their particular field. The contributors to the book are all members of the Scottish Mediation Network Board, the Scottish Mediation Register Standards Board or the SMN staff team.Less
This book describes how mediation is currently being developed and used in a number of areas in Scotland. Illustrated with case studies drawn from real life, it highlights the basic skills of a mediator, explores what works in different practice areas and looks at the things that different mediation approaches have in common, along with the differences between them. As a comparative guide to the different areas of mediation that are developing across Scotland, it gives an overview of the breadth and diversity of mediation in the country. It also provides an insight into the work of the Scottish Mediation Network (SMN). Each of its chapters stand alone, so readers with a particular area of interest can easily find information relevant to their particular field. The contributors to the book are all members of the Scottish Mediation Network Board, the Scottish Mediation Register Standards Board or the SMN staff team.
Jill Stauffer
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780231171502
- eISBN:
- 9780231538732
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231171502.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Uses cases from the US, Uganda and South Africa to show different ways we might use legal and extralegal resources to do better justice, reclaiming retribution as a concern with balancing the scales ...
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Uses cases from the US, Uganda and South Africa to show different ways we might use legal and extralegal resources to do better justice, reclaiming retribution as a concern with balancing the scales that aims to address not only wrongs inflicted by perpetrators but harms undergone by victims and surrounding communities--thus it is one way to address ethical loneliness.Less
Uses cases from the US, Uganda and South Africa to show different ways we might use legal and extralegal resources to do better justice, reclaiming retribution as a concern with balancing the scales that aims to address not only wrongs inflicted by perpetrators but harms undergone by victims and surrounding communities--thus it is one way to address ethical loneliness.
Chana Kronfeld
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780804782951
- eISBN:
- 9780804797214
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804782951.003.0004
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Jewish Studies
Amichai sees the work of translation as a model for the poet's own in-between-ness, as well as for the translator/poet's inescapable secondariness. That the poet, like the translator, plays an ...
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Amichai sees the work of translation as a model for the poet's own in-between-ness, as well as for the translator/poet's inescapable secondariness. That the poet, like the translator, plays an immanently mediational position is a source of comfort rather than anxiety. This view of the poet's role sheds new light on contemporary theories of translation as cultural negotiation and their focus on asymmetrical power relations between source and target language. Amichai's poems about translation are read as celebrating the imperfect “recycling of words,” describing translation as the epitome of all intertextuality, and ultimately of the creative process itself. Through Amichai's ecology of language, the chapter interrogates the ideological blind spots behind the numerous mistranslations that Amichai has been subjected to, not in order to advocate some correct rendition, but rather to suggest the ways in which they express what Gayatri Spivak has termed “the politics of translation.”Less
Amichai sees the work of translation as a model for the poet's own in-between-ness, as well as for the translator/poet's inescapable secondariness. That the poet, like the translator, plays an immanently mediational position is a source of comfort rather than anxiety. This view of the poet's role sheds new light on contemporary theories of translation as cultural negotiation and their focus on asymmetrical power relations between source and target language. Amichai's poems about translation are read as celebrating the imperfect “recycling of words,” describing translation as the epitome of all intertextuality, and ultimately of the creative process itself. Through Amichai's ecology of language, the chapter interrogates the ideological blind spots behind the numerous mistranslations that Amichai has been subjected to, not in order to advocate some correct rendition, but rather to suggest the ways in which they express what Gayatri Spivak has termed “the politics of translation.”
Rainer Kulms
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199653485
- eISBN:
- 9780191758270
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199653485.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Comparative Law, Private International Law
Courts step in when private ordering breaks down. Litigation strategies maximise the parties' utilities, but ignore negative externalities. There is a growing awareness that it is sub-optimal to ...
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Courts step in when private ordering breaks down. Litigation strategies maximise the parties' utilities, but ignore negative externalities. There is a growing awareness that it is sub-optimal to handle conflict by trial. Courts embrace alternative dispute resolution as a mechanism for reducing the judiciary's workload and addressing the challenge of budget cuts. Dispute settlement by self-determination is a private ordering exercise to be preferred over cost-intensive procedures for trials and judicial precedent. This study assesses the economic and constitutional implications of privatising the day in court. Reference is made to US laws (including the Uniform Mediation Act) and to German and European laws (the EU Mediation Directive). Privatisation appears to be the regulatory policy prescription for averting tragedies of the common; but in turn, privatised dispute settlement may also provoke problems of the anti-commons of its own. More attention should be devoted to the private and social costs of a mediation settlement.Less
Courts step in when private ordering breaks down. Litigation strategies maximise the parties' utilities, but ignore negative externalities. There is a growing awareness that it is sub-optimal to handle conflict by trial. Courts embrace alternative dispute resolution as a mechanism for reducing the judiciary's workload and addressing the challenge of budget cuts. Dispute settlement by self-determination is a private ordering exercise to be preferred over cost-intensive procedures for trials and judicial precedent. This study assesses the economic and constitutional implications of privatising the day in court. Reference is made to US laws (including the Uniform Mediation Act) and to German and European laws (the EU Mediation Directive). Privatisation appears to be the regulatory policy prescription for averting tragedies of the common; but in turn, privatised dispute settlement may also provoke problems of the anti-commons of its own. More attention should be devoted to the private and social costs of a mediation settlement.
Markus Roth and David Gherdane
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199653485
- eISBN:
- 9780191758270
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199653485.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Comparative Law, Private International Law
Austria is the European pioneer in mediation law and practice. Austria had already established legal rules for mediation in family law cases back in 1999, and in 2004 it enacted the first mediation ...
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Austria is the European pioneer in mediation law and practice. Austria had already established legal rules for mediation in family law cases back in 1999, and in 2004 it enacted the first mediation act in Europe, the Zivilrechts-Mediations-Gesetz. Austrian mediators are organised into several professional associations; the Österreichische Bundesverband für Mediation (ÖBM) claims to be the biggest special interest group in Austria and in the European Union. The Austrian Act influenced legislation in Europe and serves as a role model, especially for the German Mediation Act (Mediationsgesetz). Unlike the German Mediation Act, which transposed the Mediation Directive into German law, the Austrian Mediation Act relates only to disputes in civil law matters. While the literary translation of the mediation act is ‘Civil Law Mediation Act’, it may be properly referred to as the ‘Mediation Act’ since it is the only Austrian act which deals solely with mediation.Less
Austria is the European pioneer in mediation law and practice. Austria had already established legal rules for mediation in family law cases back in 1999, and in 2004 it enacted the first mediation act in Europe, the Zivilrechts-Mediations-Gesetz. Austrian mediators are organised into several professional associations; the Österreichische Bundesverband für Mediation (ÖBM) claims to be the biggest special interest group in Austria and in the European Union. The Austrian Act influenced legislation in Europe and serves as a role model, especially for the German Mediation Act (Mediationsgesetz). Unlike the German Mediation Act, which transposed the Mediation Directive into German law, the Austrian Mediation Act relates only to disputes in civil law matters. While the literary translation of the mediation act is ‘Civil Law Mediation Act’, it may be properly referred to as the ‘Mediation Act’ since it is the only Austrian act which deals solely with mediation.
Peter Tochtermann
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199653485
- eISBN:
- 9780191758270
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199653485.003.0008
- Subject:
- Law, Comparative Law, Private International Law
Until now mediation has led a quite shadowy existence in Germany and has not yet become a significant part of the legal landscape. This might change in the near future, as the German legislature has ...
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Until now mediation has led a quite shadowy existence in Germany and has not yet become a significant part of the legal landscape. This might change in the near future, as the German legislature has enacted a Mediation Act implementing the EU's Mediation Directive. This chapter examines the changes to the existing legal framework in which mediation is embedded and analyses whether the legislature's attempts to foster the use of mediation will be sufficient to institutionalise mediation and support the vivid mediation movement. Core aspects of the ongoing debate are whether mediation should be offered by judges, how the quality of mediation services might best be ensured and which structures are most promising to significantly further the use of mediation as an alternative to litigation before state courts.Less
Until now mediation has led a quite shadowy existence in Germany and has not yet become a significant part of the legal landscape. This might change in the near future, as the German legislature has enacted a Mediation Act implementing the EU's Mediation Directive. This chapter examines the changes to the existing legal framework in which mediation is embedded and analyses whether the legislature's attempts to foster the use of mediation will be sufficient to institutionalise mediation and support the vivid mediation movement. Core aspects of the ongoing debate are whether mediation should be offered by judges, how the quality of mediation services might best be ensured and which structures are most promising to significantly further the use of mediation as an alternative to litigation before state courts.
Ewan Malcolm
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9781845860523
- eISBN:
- 9781474406109
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781845860523.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This chapter focuses on the Scottish Mediation Network (SMN) and the Scottish Mediation Register (SMR). It begins with a historical background on the SMN before discussing how the SMR works. The ...
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This chapter focuses on the Scottish Mediation Network (SMN) and the Scottish Mediation Register (SMR). It begins with a historical background on the SMN before discussing how the SMR works. The objectives of the SMN are: to promote mediation and other related forms of conflict management for the benefit of the public, individuals and society in Scotland and elsewhere; to encourage awareness, understanding and appropriate use of mediation; to support and promote education, training and research in skills and best practice in the use of mediation; to create and encourage links among the various fields of mediation; and to promote and organise standards of professional conduct and training. The chapter also considers the impact of the European Union Mediation Directive on mediation in Scotland and concludes by discussing the collaboration among mediators in the country.Less
This chapter focuses on the Scottish Mediation Network (SMN) and the Scottish Mediation Register (SMR). It begins with a historical background on the SMN before discussing how the SMR works. The objectives of the SMN are: to promote mediation and other related forms of conflict management for the benefit of the public, individuals and society in Scotland and elsewhere; to encourage awareness, understanding and appropriate use of mediation; to support and promote education, training and research in skills and best practice in the use of mediation; to create and encourage links among the various fields of mediation; and to promote and organise standards of professional conduct and training. The chapter also considers the impact of the European Union Mediation Directive on mediation in Scotland and concludes by discussing the collaboration among mediators in the country.
Delinda Collier
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780816694440
- eISBN:
- 9781452953632
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816694440.001.0001
- Subject:
- Art, Art History
Repainting the Walls of Lunda tells a story of the publication and dissemination of an anthropology book, Paredes Pintadas da Lunda (Painted Walls of Lunda) (1953), which reproduced images of Chokwe ...
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Repainting the Walls of Lunda tells a story of the publication and dissemination of an anthropology book, Paredes Pintadas da Lunda (Painted Walls of Lunda) (1953), which reproduced images of Chokwe wall murals and sand drawings in northeastern Angola—and which was subsequently adapted in post-Independence nationalist art and post-civil war contemporary art. After historicizing the moment of a drastic change in media for the Chokwe images, from sand and hut to book, “analog” to “digital,” I analyze the formal and infrastructural logic of the two dimensional images in their subsequent formats of post-independence canvas paintings and now the Internet. Rather than describing each of these iterations of the Chokwe images as a negation or obliteration of the previous one, I argue that the logic of reproductive media is such that it envelops the past; each mediation adds another layer of context and content to the Chokwe image. The images’ historicity is embedded within these media layers, which many Angolan post-independence artists speak of in terms of ghosts or ancestors when describing their encounter with reproductions of the Chokwe murals. The history of Paredes Pintadas da Lunda and its subsequent use in Angolan art follows the history of the diamond industry in Angola, as the major diamond interests there have funded its dissemination. Thus the infrastructural history of Angola is more than just context for the continual reworking of the Chokwe images.Less
Repainting the Walls of Lunda tells a story of the publication and dissemination of an anthropology book, Paredes Pintadas da Lunda (Painted Walls of Lunda) (1953), which reproduced images of Chokwe wall murals and sand drawings in northeastern Angola—and which was subsequently adapted in post-Independence nationalist art and post-civil war contemporary art. After historicizing the moment of a drastic change in media for the Chokwe images, from sand and hut to book, “analog” to “digital,” I analyze the formal and infrastructural logic of the two dimensional images in their subsequent formats of post-independence canvas paintings and now the Internet. Rather than describing each of these iterations of the Chokwe images as a negation or obliteration of the previous one, I argue that the logic of reproductive media is such that it envelops the past; each mediation adds another layer of context and content to the Chokwe image. The images’ historicity is embedded within these media layers, which many Angolan post-independence artists speak of in terms of ghosts or ancestors when describing their encounter with reproductions of the Chokwe murals. The history of Paredes Pintadas da Lunda and its subsequent use in Angolan art follows the history of the diamond industry in Angola, as the major diamond interests there have funded its dissemination. Thus the infrastructural history of Angola is more than just context for the continual reworking of the Chokwe images.
Liane Schmiedel
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199653485
- eISBN:
- 9780191758270
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199653485.003.0013
- Subject:
- Law, Comparative Law, Private International Law
Alternative dispute resolution has a long-standing tradition within the Netherlands. Consequently, the Netherlands government has actively promoted mediation since the end of the 1990s, instigating ...
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Alternative dispute resolution has a long-standing tradition within the Netherlands. Consequently, the Netherlands government has actively promoted mediation since the end of the 1990s, instigating two pilot programmes in order to integrate (court-annexed) mediation into the system of dispute resolution. Both programmes have been successful, leading not only to the institution of a referral system for court-annexed mediation, but also providing parties without sufficient financial means with legal aid for mediation. So far, the Netherlands have thereby deliberately abstained from a general regulation of mediation and has left this task to private partners, such as the Netherland Mediation Institute and market developments. With the implementation of the EU Mediation Directive, this approach had to change. The article provides the reader with the facts about mediation practice and its development in the Netherlands, including extensive empirical data, but also analyses the forthcoming changes to the (regulatory) system.Less
Alternative dispute resolution has a long-standing tradition within the Netherlands. Consequently, the Netherlands government has actively promoted mediation since the end of the 1990s, instigating two pilot programmes in order to integrate (court-annexed) mediation into the system of dispute resolution. Both programmes have been successful, leading not only to the institution of a referral system for court-annexed mediation, but also providing parties without sufficient financial means with legal aid for mediation. So far, the Netherlands have thereby deliberately abstained from a general regulation of mediation and has left this task to private partners, such as the Netherland Mediation Institute and market developments. With the implementation of the EU Mediation Directive, this approach had to change. The article provides the reader with the facts about mediation practice and its development in the Netherlands, including extensive empirical data, but also analyses the forthcoming changes to the (regulatory) system.
Paul Roquet
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780816692446
- eISBN:
- 9781452953625
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816692446.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Technology and Society
Contemporary life is increasingly shaped through attunement to the atmospheric affordances of the media environment. Ambient Media delves into the use of music, video, film, and literature as tools ...
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Contemporary life is increasingly shaped through attunement to the atmospheric affordances of the media environment. Ambient Media delves into the use of music, video, film, and literature as tools to tune this atmospheric self. The book traces the emergence of mood-regulating media in Japan from the environmental art and Erik Satie boom of the 1960s and 70s to the more recent emphasis on “healing” styles. Focusing on how ambience reshapes those dwelling within it, Ambient Media explores the working of atmospheres designed for affective calm, rhythmic attunement, embodied security, and urban coexistence. The book argues for understanding ambient media as a specifically neoliberal response to mood regulation, serving as a way to atmospherically shape collective behavior while providing resources for emotional autonomy and attention restoration at the individual level. Ambient Media considers the adaptive side of atmosphere as an approach to self-care and social mobility. At the same time, the book considers the limits of mood regulation and the low-affect lifestyle when it comes to interpersonal life. Musicians, video artists, filmmakers, and writers in Japan have expanded on Brian Eno’s original idea of a style affording “calm, and a space to think,” providing materials to cultivate sensory serenity within the uncertain horizons of the contemporary social landscape. Offering a new way of understanding Japanese social demands to “read the air,” the book documents both the adaptive and the alarming sides of this turn to mediated moods.Less
Contemporary life is increasingly shaped through attunement to the atmospheric affordances of the media environment. Ambient Media delves into the use of music, video, film, and literature as tools to tune this atmospheric self. The book traces the emergence of mood-regulating media in Japan from the environmental art and Erik Satie boom of the 1960s and 70s to the more recent emphasis on “healing” styles. Focusing on how ambience reshapes those dwelling within it, Ambient Media explores the working of atmospheres designed for affective calm, rhythmic attunement, embodied security, and urban coexistence. The book argues for understanding ambient media as a specifically neoliberal response to mood regulation, serving as a way to atmospherically shape collective behavior while providing resources for emotional autonomy and attention restoration at the individual level. Ambient Media considers the adaptive side of atmosphere as an approach to self-care and social mobility. At the same time, the book considers the limits of mood regulation and the low-affect lifestyle when it comes to interpersonal life. Musicians, video artists, filmmakers, and writers in Japan have expanded on Brian Eno’s original idea of a style affording “calm, and a space to think,” providing materials to cultivate sensory serenity within the uncertain horizons of the contemporary social landscape. Offering a new way of understanding Japanese social demands to “read the air,” the book documents both the adaptive and the alarming sides of this turn to mediated moods.
Helen Groth, Julian Murphet, and Penelope Hone
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781474416368
- eISBN:
- 9781474434591
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474416368.003.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century Literature and Modernism
This chapter considers what it means to attend to the dynamics and aesthetics of sonic mediation in modern writing, acoustic, and cinematic forms produced from the 1890s through to the mid-twentieth ...
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This chapter considers what it means to attend to the dynamics and aesthetics of sonic mediation in modern writing, acoustic, and cinematic forms produced from the 1890s through to the mid-twentieth century. Tracking the various transformations of the rhythmic or metrical patterning of sound across a range of forms opens up a space for new ways of understanding both the specific sonorous qualities that different modern media are capable of registering, and how sonic transpositions and transferences across media affect the techniques with which human subjects respond to modern soundscapes. We begin with some methodological groundwork for the analysis of literature’s historically complex relationship to extra-literary sounds, and by identifying parallels and divergences with other media, such as the phonograph, radio and cinema. The challenges facing any correlation between modernist technique and the specific soundscapes of modernity are particularly demanding, not least because entirely new storage devices emerged simultaneously to do what literature could not, namely, record them. And yet, it was precisely this challenge that drove writers to engage as never before with what the symbolic apparatus of written language had never yet properly grasped: the vocal textures, rhythmic mechanizations, and stochastic accidents of real, socially embodied sound.Less
This chapter considers what it means to attend to the dynamics and aesthetics of sonic mediation in modern writing, acoustic, and cinematic forms produced from the 1890s through to the mid-twentieth century. Tracking the various transformations of the rhythmic or metrical patterning of sound across a range of forms opens up a space for new ways of understanding both the specific sonorous qualities that different modern media are capable of registering, and how sonic transpositions and transferences across media affect the techniques with which human subjects respond to modern soundscapes. We begin with some methodological groundwork for the analysis of literature’s historically complex relationship to extra-literary sounds, and by identifying parallels and divergences with other media, such as the phonograph, radio and cinema. The challenges facing any correlation between modernist technique and the specific soundscapes of modernity are particularly demanding, not least because entirely new storage devices emerged simultaneously to do what literature could not, namely, record them. And yet, it was precisely this challenge that drove writers to engage as never before with what the symbolic apparatus of written language had never yet properly grasped: the vocal textures, rhythmic mechanizations, and stochastic accidents of real, socially embodied sound.
Helen Groth
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781474416368
- eISBN:
- 9781474434591
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474416368.003.0005
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century Literature and Modernism
Writing in 1932, Christina Stead described the disappointing experience of listening to ‘a gramophone record of James Joyce the English litterateur, reading from his own works, a rare thing costing ...
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Writing in 1932, Christina Stead described the disappointing experience of listening to ‘a gramophone record of James Joyce the English litterateur, reading from his own works, a rare thing costing 200 francs’. The recording Stead was listening to was Joyce’s reading of the ending of the Anna Livia Plurabelle section of Finnegans Wake, a double-sided 12-inch gramophone disc made at C. K. Ogden’s Orthological Institute in 1929. T. S. Eliot, in contrast to Stead, responded positively to the recording expressing the hope that recordings of authors’ voices would soon supplant printed editions of their work. That Eliot’s hope was never realised suggests that many shared Stead’s disappointment. Hearing rather than reading Finnegans Wake only intensified its unsettling affects for Stead, and exposed the technical limitations of the gramophone as a means of enhancing literary experience. This chapter considers Stead’s dilemma as a listener to and reader of Joyce as an exemplary instance of the way early gramophone recordings of modernist texts only served to heighten the experience of modernism’s inaccessibility to the readers that Eliot had hoped it would engage.Less
Writing in 1932, Christina Stead described the disappointing experience of listening to ‘a gramophone record of James Joyce the English litterateur, reading from his own works, a rare thing costing 200 francs’. The recording Stead was listening to was Joyce’s reading of the ending of the Anna Livia Plurabelle section of Finnegans Wake, a double-sided 12-inch gramophone disc made at C. K. Ogden’s Orthological Institute in 1929. T. S. Eliot, in contrast to Stead, responded positively to the recording expressing the hope that recordings of authors’ voices would soon supplant printed editions of their work. That Eliot’s hope was never realised suggests that many shared Stead’s disappointment. Hearing rather than reading Finnegans Wake only intensified its unsettling affects for Stead, and exposed the technical limitations of the gramophone as a means of enhancing literary experience. This chapter considers Stead’s dilemma as a listener to and reader of Joyce as an exemplary instance of the way early gramophone recordings of modernist texts only served to heighten the experience of modernism’s inaccessibility to the readers that Eliot had hoped it would engage.
Andrew O. Winckles
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781789620184
- eISBN:
- 9781789629651
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3828/liverpool/9781789620184.003.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Women's Literature
Chapter One lays out the broad conceptual stakes of the book’s argument, reviews the existing literature on Methodism, Romanticism, and women’s writing, and points to some of the modes of analysis ...
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Chapter One lays out the broad conceptual stakes of the book’s argument, reviews the existing literature on Methodism, Romanticism, and women’s writing, and points to some of the modes of analysis that are pursued in the rest of the book. Furthermore, it lays out the rationale for examining women like Mary Wollstonecraft and Felicia Hemans, who would not have identified as evangelicals, in the context of evangelical women. The goal is not to trace influence, necessarily, but instead to examine how evangelical discourse came to permeate many different aspects of British culture. More broadly speaking this chapter explores of the stakes of the volume and lays out a conceptual framework for understanding how specific changes to the protocols of mediation that Methodists in general, and Methodist women in particular, pioneered can be mapped onto women’s writing more broadly during the long eighteenth-century.Less
Chapter One lays out the broad conceptual stakes of the book’s argument, reviews the existing literature on Methodism, Romanticism, and women’s writing, and points to some of the modes of analysis that are pursued in the rest of the book. Furthermore, it lays out the rationale for examining women like Mary Wollstonecraft and Felicia Hemans, who would not have identified as evangelicals, in the context of evangelical women. The goal is not to trace influence, necessarily, but instead to examine how evangelical discourse came to permeate many different aspects of British culture. More broadly speaking this chapter explores of the stakes of the volume and lays out a conceptual framework for understanding how specific changes to the protocols of mediation that Methodists in general, and Methodist women in particular, pioneered can be mapped onto women’s writing more broadly during the long eighteenth-century.
Andrew O. Winckles
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781789620184
- eISBN:
- 9781789629651
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3828/liverpool/9781789620184.003.0008
- Subject:
- Literature, Women's Literature
This chapter briefly synthesizes the findings of the volume, considering how evangelical media affected British life and letters more broadly during the long eighteenth century. While evangelicalism ...
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This chapter briefly synthesizes the findings of the volume, considering how evangelical media affected British life and letters more broadly during the long eighteenth century. While evangelicalism itself was, and continues to be, a contested category—reading evangelicalism primarily as part of the history of mediation allows us for a better understanding of the enduring power and influence of the movement. It also troubles narratives of secularization in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and better explains the continuing influence of evangelical religion and evangelical media practices today. This chapter reveals that, once a discursive space has been opened up and the outsiders invited in, it can be very difficult to comprehensively close it again.Less
This chapter briefly synthesizes the findings of the volume, considering how evangelical media affected British life and letters more broadly during the long eighteenth century. While evangelicalism itself was, and continues to be, a contested category—reading evangelicalism primarily as part of the history of mediation allows us for a better understanding of the enduring power and influence of the movement. It also troubles narratives of secularization in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and better explains the continuing influence of evangelical religion and evangelical media practices today. This chapter reveals that, once a discursive space has been opened up and the outsiders invited in, it can be very difficult to comprehensively close it again.
Kevin Newmark
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780823240128
- eISBN:
- 9780823240166
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823240128.003.0006
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
The major articulation in Kierkegaard's works occurs as a passage from Greek recollection to Christian repetition. But what exactly does repetition mean in Kierkegaard's writing and to what extent ...
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The major articulation in Kierkegaard's works occurs as a passage from Greek recollection to Christian repetition. But what exactly does repetition mean in Kierkegaard's writing and to what extent would it remain compatible with philosophical discourse, much less Christian orthodoxy? This chapter examines Kierkegaard's “repetition” as a force that propels Greek recollection into historical actuality, though only by placing thought's own history forever beyond all dialectical and religious authority. This force, theorized and exemplified in Repetition, is also inscribed in Fear and Trembling, Kierkegaard's most remarkable treatment of the relation between thought, recollection, mediation, repetition, and history. Abraham's faith involves thought in a collision with the Absolute, one in which history as repetition must re-inaugurate itself at every instant. A consideration of the other two figures taken up again by Kierkegaard's text—Isaac and the ram—suggests how Kierkegaardian repetition opens a mode of historicity as ironic as it is unbelievable.Less
The major articulation in Kierkegaard's works occurs as a passage from Greek recollection to Christian repetition. But what exactly does repetition mean in Kierkegaard's writing and to what extent would it remain compatible with philosophical discourse, much less Christian orthodoxy? This chapter examines Kierkegaard's “repetition” as a force that propels Greek recollection into historical actuality, though only by placing thought's own history forever beyond all dialectical and religious authority. This force, theorized and exemplified in Repetition, is also inscribed in Fear and Trembling, Kierkegaard's most remarkable treatment of the relation between thought, recollection, mediation, repetition, and history. Abraham's faith involves thought in a collision with the Absolute, one in which history as repetition must re-inaugurate itself at every instant. A consideration of the other two figures taken up again by Kierkegaard's text—Isaac and the ram—suggests how Kierkegaardian repetition opens a mode of historicity as ironic as it is unbelievable.
Joanne Garde-Hansen
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748640348
- eISBN:
- 9780748670949
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748640348.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
How do we rely on media for remembering? In exploring the complex ways that media converge to support our desire to capture, store and retrieve memories, this textbook offers analyses of ...
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How do we rely on media for remembering? In exploring the complex ways that media converge to support our desire to capture, store and retrieve memories, this textbook offers analyses of representations of memorable events, media tools for remembering and forgetting, media technologies for archiving and the role of media producers in making memories. Theories of memory and media are covered alongside an accessible range of case studies focusing on memory in relation to radio, television, pop music, celebrity, digital media and mobile phones. Ethnographic and production culture research, including interviews with members of the public and industry professionals, is also included. Offering a comprehensive introduction to the connections and disconnections in the study of media and memory, this is the perfect textbook for media studies students. Key Features • Presents a thorough and detailed overview of key writers, theories and debates • Case studies enrich the text, offering innovative approaches and insights on methodology • Covers a range of ‘old’ and ‘new’ media including radio, television, film, photography, digital media, mobile phones and popular music • Explores discourses, forms and practices of media and memory with active learning exercises that engage readersLess
How do we rely on media for remembering? In exploring the complex ways that media converge to support our desire to capture, store and retrieve memories, this textbook offers analyses of representations of memorable events, media tools for remembering and forgetting, media technologies for archiving and the role of media producers in making memories. Theories of memory and media are covered alongside an accessible range of case studies focusing on memory in relation to radio, television, pop music, celebrity, digital media and mobile phones. Ethnographic and production culture research, including interviews with members of the public and industry professionals, is also included. Offering a comprehensive introduction to the connections and disconnections in the study of media and memory, this is the perfect textbook for media studies students. Key Features • Presents a thorough and detailed overview of key writers, theories and debates • Case studies enrich the text, offering innovative approaches and insights on methodology • Covers a range of ‘old’ and ‘new’ media including radio, television, film, photography, digital media, mobile phones and popular music • Explores discourses, forms and practices of media and memory with active learning exercises that engage readers
Robert S. Siegler
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195077872
- eISBN:
- 9780197561379
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195077872.003.0008
- Subject:
- Education, Educational Policy and Politics
By itself, cognitive variability would be an interesting curio, but no more. What makes it important is the potential it offers for adapting to task and situational ...
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By itself, cognitive variability would be an interesting curio, but no more. What makes it important is the potential it offers for adapting to task and situational demands. Realizing this potential, however, requires wise choices among the available alternatives. If children know two strategies—one faster, the other more accurate—they will benefit only if they choose the faster strategy when speed is most important and choose the more accurate when accuracy is. Choosing randomly will yield worse performance than always using the approach that on average yields the best outcome. Thus, the higher the quality of choices among alternative approaches, the greater the benefits of cognitive variability. How well do children choose? The conclusions of developmental psychologists have tended to emphasize the negative. Those interested in metacognition have focused on findings that children who have been taught new strategies often do not use them when they later are free to choose (e.g, Ghatala, Levin, Pressley, & Goodwin, 1986; Keeney, Cannizo, & Flavell, 1967; Paris & Lindauer, 1982; Williams & Goulet, 1975). Those interested in decision making have focused on situations in which children choose alternatives with lower expected values over ones with higher values (Byrnes & McClenny, 1994; Klayman, 1985). Those interested in planning have focused on situations in which children who have heard the virtues of planning extolled nonetheless fail to plan (Friedman, Scholnick, & Cocking, 1987). Those interested in scientific reasoning have emphasized cases in which children who have discovered advanced experimentation strategies nonetheless continue to choose less advanced ones (Kuhn, Amsel, & O’Laughlin 1988). These and related findings have led to generally negative conclusions about children’s ability to choose wisely among alternative ways of thinking. To cite two examples: . . . Children do not monitor well and often fail to make appropriate executive decisions.
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By itself, cognitive variability would be an interesting curio, but no more. What makes it important is the potential it offers for adapting to task and situational demands. Realizing this potential, however, requires wise choices among the available alternatives. If children know two strategies—one faster, the other more accurate—they will benefit only if they choose the faster strategy when speed is most important and choose the more accurate when accuracy is. Choosing randomly will yield worse performance than always using the approach that on average yields the best outcome. Thus, the higher the quality of choices among alternative approaches, the greater the benefits of cognitive variability. How well do children choose? The conclusions of developmental psychologists have tended to emphasize the negative. Those interested in metacognition have focused on findings that children who have been taught new strategies often do not use them when they later are free to choose (e.g, Ghatala, Levin, Pressley, & Goodwin, 1986; Keeney, Cannizo, & Flavell, 1967; Paris & Lindauer, 1982; Williams & Goulet, 1975). Those interested in decision making have focused on situations in which children choose alternatives with lower expected values over ones with higher values (Byrnes & McClenny, 1994; Klayman, 1985). Those interested in planning have focused on situations in which children who have heard the virtues of planning extolled nonetheless fail to plan (Friedman, Scholnick, & Cocking, 1987). Those interested in scientific reasoning have emphasized cases in which children who have discovered advanced experimentation strategies nonetheless continue to choose less advanced ones (Kuhn, Amsel, & O’Laughlin 1988). These and related findings have led to generally negative conclusions about children’s ability to choose wisely among alternative ways of thinking. To cite two examples: . . . Children do not monitor well and often fail to make appropriate executive decisions.
E. Jane Costello and Adrian Angold
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780199754649
- eISBN:
- 9780197565650
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199754649.003.0017
- Subject:
- Clinical Medicine and Allied Health, Psychiatry
In this chapter we (1) lay out a definition of development as it relates to psychopathology; (2) make the case that nearly all psychiatric disorders are ...
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In this chapter we (1) lay out a definition of development as it relates to psychopathology; (2) make the case that nearly all psychiatric disorders are ‘‘developmental’’; and (3) examine, with some illustrations, methods from developmental research that can help to identify causal mechanisms leading to mental illness. The philosopher Ernst Nagel (1957, p. 15) defined development in a way that links it to both benign and pathological outcomes: . . . The concept of development involves two essential components: the notion of a system possessing a definite structure and a definite set of pre-existing capacities; and the notion of a sequential set of changes in the system, yielding relatively permanent but novel increments not only in its structure but in its modes of operation. . . . As summarized by Leon Eisenberg (1977, p. 220), "the process of development is the crucial link between genetic determinants and environmental variables, between individual psychology and sociology." It is characteristic of such systems that they consist of feedback and feedforward loops of varying complexity. Organism and environment are mutually constraining, however, with the result that developmental pathways show relatively high levels of canalization (Angoff, 1988; Cairns, Gariépy, & Hood, 1990; Gottlieb & Willoughby, 2006; Greenough, 1991; McGue, 1989; Plomin, DeFries, & Loehlin, 1977; Scarr & McCartney, 1983). Like individual ‘‘normal’’ development, diseases have inherent developmental processes of their own—processes that obey certain laws and follow certain stages even as they destroy the individual in whom they develop (Hay & Angold, 1993). A developmental approach to disease asks what happens when developmental processes embodied in pathogenesis collide with the process of ‘‘normal’’ human development. The progression seen in chronic diseases (among which we categorize most psychiatric disorders) has much in common with this view of development. It is "structured" by the nature of the transformation of the organism that begins the process, and in general, it follows a reasonably regular course, although with wide variations in rate.
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In this chapter we (1) lay out a definition of development as it relates to psychopathology; (2) make the case that nearly all psychiatric disorders are ‘‘developmental’’; and (3) examine, with some illustrations, methods from developmental research that can help to identify causal mechanisms leading to mental illness. The philosopher Ernst Nagel (1957, p. 15) defined development in a way that links it to both benign and pathological outcomes: . . . The concept of development involves two essential components: the notion of a system possessing a definite structure and a definite set of pre-existing capacities; and the notion of a sequential set of changes in the system, yielding relatively permanent but novel increments not only in its structure but in its modes of operation. . . . As summarized by Leon Eisenberg (1977, p. 220), "the process of development is the crucial link between genetic determinants and environmental variables, between individual psychology and sociology." It is characteristic of such systems that they consist of feedback and feedforward loops of varying complexity. Organism and environment are mutually constraining, however, with the result that developmental pathways show relatively high levels of canalization (Angoff, 1988; Cairns, Gariépy, & Hood, 1990; Gottlieb & Willoughby, 2006; Greenough, 1991; McGue, 1989; Plomin, DeFries, & Loehlin, 1977; Scarr & McCartney, 1983). Like individual ‘‘normal’’ development, diseases have inherent developmental processes of their own—processes that obey certain laws and follow certain stages even as they destroy the individual in whom they develop (Hay & Angold, 1993). A developmental approach to disease asks what happens when developmental processes embodied in pathogenesis collide with the process of ‘‘normal’’ human development. The progression seen in chronic diseases (among which we categorize most psychiatric disorders) has much in common with this view of development. It is "structured" by the nature of the transformation of the organism that begins the process, and in general, it follows a reasonably regular course, although with wide variations in rate.
Patrick E. Shrout
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780199754649
- eISBN:
- 9780197565650
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199754649.003.0005
- Subject:
- Clinical Medicine and Allied Health, Psychiatry
Both in psychopathology research and in clinical practice, causal thinking is natural and productive. In the past decades, important progress has been made ...
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Both in psychopathology research and in clinical practice, causal thinking is natural and productive. In the past decades, important progress has been made in the treatment of disorders ranging from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (e.g., Connor, Glatt, Lopez, Jackson, & Melloni, 2002) to depression (e.g., Dobson, 1989; Hansen, Gartlehner, Lohr, Gaynes, & Carey, 2005) to schizophrenia (Hegarty, Baldessarini, Tohen, & Waternaux, 1994). The treatments for these disorders include pharmacological agents as well as behavioral interventions, which have been subjected to clinical trials and other empirical evaluations. Often, the treatments focus on the reduction or elimination of symptoms, but in other cases the interventions are designed to prevent the disorder itself (Brotman et al., 2008). In both instances, the interventions illustrate the best use of causal thinking to advance both scientific theory and clinical practice. When clinicians understand the causal nature of treatments, they can have confidence that their actions will lead to positive outcomes. Moreover, being able to communicate this confidence tends to increase a patient’s comfort and compliance (Becker & Maiman, 1975). Indeed, there seems to be a basic inclination for humans to engage in causal explanation, and such explanations affect both basic thinking, such as identification of categories (Rehder & Kim, 2006), and emotional functioning (Hareli & Hess, 2008). This inclination may lead some to ascribe causal explanations to mere correlations or coincidences, and many scientific texts warn researchers to be cautious about making causal claims (e.g., Maxwell & Delaney, 2004). These warnings have been taken to heart by editors, reviewers, and scientists themselves; and there is often reluctance regarding the use of causal language in the psychopathology literature. As a result, many articles simply report patterns of association and refer to mechanisms with euphemisms that imply causal thinking without addressing causal issues head-on. Over 35 years ago Rubin (1974) began to talk about strong causal inferences that could be made from experimental and nonexperimental studies using the so-called potential outcomes approach. This approach clarified the nature of the effects of causes A vs. B by asking us to consider what would happen to a given subject under these two conditions.
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Both in psychopathology research and in clinical practice, causal thinking is natural and productive. In the past decades, important progress has been made in the treatment of disorders ranging from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (e.g., Connor, Glatt, Lopez, Jackson, & Melloni, 2002) to depression (e.g., Dobson, 1989; Hansen, Gartlehner, Lohr, Gaynes, & Carey, 2005) to schizophrenia (Hegarty, Baldessarini, Tohen, & Waternaux, 1994). The treatments for these disorders include pharmacological agents as well as behavioral interventions, which have been subjected to clinical trials and other empirical evaluations. Often, the treatments focus on the reduction or elimination of symptoms, but in other cases the interventions are designed to prevent the disorder itself (Brotman et al., 2008). In both instances, the interventions illustrate the best use of causal thinking to advance both scientific theory and clinical practice. When clinicians understand the causal nature of treatments, they can have confidence that their actions will lead to positive outcomes. Moreover, being able to communicate this confidence tends to increase a patient’s comfort and compliance (Becker & Maiman, 1975). Indeed, there seems to be a basic inclination for humans to engage in causal explanation, and such explanations affect both basic thinking, such as identification of categories (Rehder & Kim, 2006), and emotional functioning (Hareli & Hess, 2008). This inclination may lead some to ascribe causal explanations to mere correlations or coincidences, and many scientific texts warn researchers to be cautious about making causal claims (e.g., Maxwell & Delaney, 2004). These warnings have been taken to heart by editors, reviewers, and scientists themselves; and there is often reluctance regarding the use of causal language in the psychopathology literature. As a result, many articles simply report patterns of association and refer to mechanisms with euphemisms that imply causal thinking without addressing causal issues head-on. Over 35 years ago Rubin (1974) began to talk about strong causal inferences that could be made from experimental and nonexperimental studies using the so-called potential outcomes approach. This approach clarified the nature of the effects of causes A vs. B by asking us to consider what would happen to a given subject under these two conditions.
