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A law unto herself: the solitary odyssey of M. E. Harkness

Terry Elkiss

in Margaret Harkness: Writing social engagement 1880-1921

This biographical chapter presents new information about Harkness’s eventful life. In spite of her active engagement with many of the leading writers, radicals, and social reformers in late ... More

This biographical chapter presents new information about Harkness’s eventful life. In spite of her active engagement with many of the leading writers, radicals, and social reformers in late nineteenth-century London, as well as her own political work and literary labour and extensive travels, relatively little is known about Margaret Elise Harkness. Four continents form part of her life narrative, which is only now beginning to reveal a more nuanced picture of her activities, associations, and accomplishments than was previously presumed. The consideration of newly uncovered materials on her is an exploration that extends beyond ‘darkest Londonʼ and suggests that there are additional relevant details that should be attached to her resume. Libraries and archives around the world possess key documents to enlighten her ideas pursuits, but there are also other unexpected settings and sources for a preliminary biographical investigation of the woman who was more than the author designated as John Law.Less

Introduction: rethinking Margaret Harkness’s significance in political and literary history

Lisa C. Robertson and Flore Janssen

in Margaret Harkness: Writing social engagement 1880-1921

This introduction situates the collection in the context of scholarship on Margaret Harkness to date, and sets out the volume’s objectives: to collate current scholarship on Harkness and her work and ... More

This introduction situates the collection in the context of scholarship on Margaret Harkness to date, and sets out the volume’s objectives: to collate current scholarship on Harkness and her work and to contextualise it within the critical debates of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and, equally importantly, to open up avenues for further enquiry. It gives biographical and bibliographical information, and seeks to expand the critical categories in which Harkness’s work is read and understood by introducing lesser-known aspects of her life and work, such as her later novels, and the time she spent in India and Australia.Less

Absent character: from Margaret Harkness to John Law

Tabitha Sparks

in Margaret Harkness: Writing social engagement 1880-1921

This chapter looks beyond bio-critical interpretations of Harkness and her work to address the ‘subject’ Margaret Harkness, and specifically her relationship with her pseudonym, ‘John Law’. Although ... More

This chapter looks beyond bio-critical interpretations of Harkness and her work to address the ‘subject’ Margaret Harkness, and specifically her relationship with her pseudonym, ‘John Law’. Although female authors’ use of male pseudonyms was not uncommon in the nineteenth century, the chapter argues that, for Harkness, it constitutes a rejection of personalised character analysis: ‘John Law’, it suggests, signifies ‘not Margaret Harkness’. This rejection of psychologisation applies both to Harkness’s authorial identity and to her representation of working-class life and characters, as the chapter shows by placing Harkness’s work in a tradition of individualisation and psychological portraiture of working-class characters in the nineteenth century. It argues that Harkness’s work is rendered distinct by the fact that her characters cannot use subjective means to challenge their material experience.Less

Socialism, suffering, and religious mystery: Margaret Harkness and Olive Schreiner

Angharad Eyre

in Margaret Harkness: Writing social engagement 1880-1921

In 1880s London, Margaret Harkness and Olive Schreiner were both engaged in the socialist movement. An admirer of Schreiner, Harkness dedicated a socialist allegory to her in the late 1880s. However, ... More

In 1880s London, Margaret Harkness and Olive Schreiner were both engaged in the socialist movement. An admirer of Schreiner, Harkness dedicated a socialist allegory to her in the late 1880s. However, in In Darkest London, Harkness uses allegorical forms less as propaganda tools and more, as Schreiner did, to evoke a sense of religious mystery. Mysterious, allegorical elements create a liminal space within Harkness’s otherwise realist novel, in which can exist the hope of a better future. This chapter sheds light on Harkness’s work through tracing her participation in the religious socialist aesthetic developed by Olive Schreiner. In situating Harkness in the context of 1880s and 1890s socialism and theology, the chapter argues that Harkness’s work was part of a literary discourse that contributed to the development of early twentieth- century Christianity and social work.Less

Through the mill: Margaret Harkness on conjectural history and utilitarian philosophy

Lisa C. Robertson

in Margaret Harkness: Writing social engagement 1880-1921

This chapter evaluates the writing Harkness produced during her time living in the countries that are now India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Placing Harkness’s work in a nineteenth-century tradition of ... More

This chapter evaluates the writing Harkness produced during her time living in the countries that are now India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Placing Harkness’s work in a nineteenth-century tradition of British historiographical writing about India that begins with James Mill’s History of British India (1817), the chapter argues that her work during this period consciously eschews conventional historical methodology and offers an important counter-narrative to colonial history. It suggests that in her attention to the ways that social movements and political institutions shape people’s daily lives, which is set within a broad foundation of personal knowledge, Harkness’s writing engages more ardently with the conventions of cultural history than it does with those of travel writing.Less

Walking Margaret Harkness’s London

Nadia Valman

in Margaret Harkness: Writing social engagement 1880-1921

Margaret Harkness’s London is a city of mobility, both local and global. In her fiction, she utilises a familiar trope in late nineteenth-century urban writing, the figure of the peripatetic ... More

Margaret Harkness’s London is a city of mobility, both local and global. In her fiction, she utilises a familiar trope in late nineteenth-century urban writing, the figure of the peripatetic protagonist, in order to produce a complex urban panorama. This chapter considers perspectives on the city in Out of Work and In Darkest London from the viewpoints of two kinds of urban walkers: the slum saviour and the unemployed man. It explores the formal conventions wrought by this exploration of viewpoints, most notably, a shift from progressive to episodic narrative development.Less

The vicissitudes of victory: Margaret Harkness, George Eastmont, Wanderer (1905), and the 1889 Dockworkers’ Strike

David Glover

in Margaret Harkness: Writing social engagement 1880-1921

George Eastmont: Wanderer sealed Margaret Harkness’s disengagement from the socialist politics with which she had been actively involved since the 1880s. Its broad canvas also marked another key ... More

George Eastmont: Wanderer sealed Margaret Harkness’s disengagement from the socialist politics with which she had been actively involved since the 1880s. Its broad canvas also marked another key departure: the turn from late nineteenth-century slum fiction to the reinvigorated condition of England novel that characterised the Edwardian era. Unusually for Harkness, who wrote her books extremely quickly, George Eastmont: Wanderer underwent a long period of gestation. First mooted in the months following the 1889 Dockworkers’ Strike, the novel’s pivotal and deeply traumatic event, Harkness’s major work did not appear until some fifteen years later. This chapter attempts to decipher the painful history of this delay, situating it against the background of the author’s difficult reappraisal of her own political past and the critical interventions through which she distanced herself from the labour movement and the strike’s most significant achievement, the creation of the new unionism.Less

Margaret Harkness, novelist: social semantics and experiments in fiction

Lynne Hapgood

in Margaret Harkness: Writing social engagement 1880-1921

This chapter is based on Harkness’s three London novels to explore how they provided a space in which she was able to experiment with a new style of literary realism designed to reflect both its ... More

This chapter is based on Harkness’s three London novels to explore how they provided a space in which she was able to experiment with a new style of literary realism designed to reflect both its historical moment and an evolving linguistic and political discourse. It argues that, in a period of social change, Harkness’s task in writing novels about contemporary social conditions required her to employ the shared language and conventions of the present but, crucially, to listen and hear the as yet unarticulated but evolving meanings of the future. It explores the ways in which Harkness’s writing participates in and contributes to emerging forms of experimental writing that seek to relay the experience of urban modernity.Less

Margaret Harkness, W. T. Stead, and the transatlantic social gospel network

Helena Goodwyn

in Margaret Harkness: Writing social engagement 1880-1921

This chapter examines how Harkness and her contemporary W. T. Stead navigated the position of journalists with an activist agenda in a transatlantic market for socially engaged publications. It ... More

This chapter examines how Harkness and her contemporary W. T. Stead navigated the position of journalists with an activist agenda in a transatlantic market for socially engaged publications. It explores the extent to which both Harkness and Stead made use of the ‘rhetoric of progressive Protestantism’ across the generic categories of their writing: realist fiction, activist journalism, and critical travel writing. In examining the ‘clash between socialist and evangelical rhetoric’ in the context of emerging ‘modern marketing methods’, the chapter exposes the problems inherent in labels of ideological inconsistency as applied on gendered terms.Less

Lasting ties: Margaret Harkness, the Salvation Army, and A Curate’s Promise (1921)

Flore Janssen

in Margaret Harkness: Writing social engagement 1880-1921

Despite its distance in time and history from Harkness’s original and best-known London novels, A Curate’s Promise in many ways brings Harkness’s oeuvre full circle. Set in the East End of London ... More

Despite its distance in time and history from Harkness’s original and best-known London novels, A Curate’s Promise in many ways brings Harkness’s oeuvre full circle. Set in the East End of London during the First World War, it resumes her focus on London’s marginalised communities and the efforts of the Salvation Army to ameliorate their condition. Through a reading of this final novel, this chapter draws together some of the strands of Harkness’s thinking which other scholars in this volume have begun to unravel, and considers her lasting ties to an organisation she never intended to join, but to the faithful chronicling of whose work she devoted a significant part of her long writing career.Less

Soundscapes of the city in Margaret Harkness, A City Girl (1887), Henry James, The Princess Casamassima (1885–86), and Katharine Buildings, Whitechapel

Ruth Livesey

in Margaret Harkness: Writing social engagement 1880-1921

This chapter explores Harkness’s first novel in the context of socialist fiction and the future of the modern novel in the 1880s. A City Girl pivots on one of the staple formulae of earlier ... More

This chapter explores Harkness’s first novel in the context of socialist fiction and the future of the modern novel in the 1880s. A City Girl pivots on one of the staple formulae of earlier nineteenth-century domestic melodrama and its radical political possibilities: a cross-class romantic relationship in which a working-class girl is seduced and abandoned by a gentleman. Unpicking how this novel reworks the inherited forms of radical melodrama helps to shed new light on Friedrich Engels’s famous critique of the work’s relation to realism and the status of literary naturalism in 1880s Britain. The Princess Casamassima – Henry James’s self-consciously experimental foray into naturalism and the political activism of 1880s London – serves as a counterpoint to illustrate the pressure of representation in the modernity of late Victorian mass culture. The chapter ends by returning to Katharine Buildings, Whitechapel, and Harkness’s time spent there researching A City Girl. Drawing on the correspondence and record books of Ella Pycroft, the resident lady rent collector, and Harkness’s cousin Beatrice Potter Webb, this chapter presents a counter-narrative that suggests how the residents themselves tried to write back their own life stories against an interpretative community of social activists, philanthropists, novelists, and political agents.Less

Labour Leaders and Socialist Saviours: Individualism and Collectivism in Margaret Harkness’s George Eastmont, Wanderer

Lisa C. Robertson

in Home and Identity in Nineteenth-Century Literary London

This chapter examines Margaret Harkness’s novel George Eastmont, Wanderer (1905). It focuses on the tensions between individualism and collectivism in the novel’s representation of the late ... More

This chapter examines Margaret Harkness’s novel George Eastmont, Wanderer (1905). It focuses on the tensions between individualism and collectivism in the novel’s representation of the late nineteenth-century socialist and trades union movements. It demonstrates how such tensions are evident in the novel’s representation of the City of London Corporation Buildings, and explores how the novel’s radical departure from generic conventions offers a suggestion of ways to address such tensions.Less

Margaret Harkness

Ellen Ross

in Slum Travelers: Ladies and London Poverty, 1860-1920

This chapter discusses Margaret Harkness, who was born into a family of clergymen. She attended Stirling House, a finishing school where she met her fellow pupil and second cousin Beatrice Potter. In ... More

This chapter discusses Margaret Harkness, who was born into a family of clergymen. She attended Stirling House, a finishing school where she met her fellow pupil and second cousin Beatrice Potter. In 1877, after refusing to marry, she went to London to begin nurse's training, however, was unhappy with her health-care job. By the turn of the 1880s, she found her vocation. She began writing and published her first article entitled “Women as Civil Servants”. She became a prolific and energetic writer, writing novels as well as articles. She also became aware of working-class London life and labor through her travels, journalistic researches, residence in poor districts, and her involvement with the London Dock Strike in 1889. She was politically sympathetic to labor and socialism and was a member of the Social Democratic Federation but became sympathetic towards the Salvation Army because of her sympathy for what she called “slummers”. This chapter focuses on Harkness's Barmaids, which focuses on female labor in the metropolis. It particularly focuses on sexualized women's jobs in London.Less

‘Connie’: melodrama and Tory socialism

Deborah Mutch

in Margaret Harkness: Writing social engagement 1880-1921

Margaret Harkness’s serial story ‘Connie’ appeared in the socialist Labour Elector in 1893–94, but was left unfinished when the periodical folded, reaching no conclusion to the cross-class romance ... More

Margaret Harkness’s serial story ‘Connie’ appeared in the socialist Labour Elector in 1893–94, but was left unfinished when the periodical folded, reaching no conclusion to the cross-class romance between actress Connie and her lover, the son of a rural landowner. This chapter explores how Harkness uses melodrama in the serial to create a specific form of socialism: one based on the Tory narratives of duty, guidance, and a harmonious relationship across social classes. By focusing on Harkness’s use of the dual lenses of melodrama and Tory socialism, this chapter demonstrates the ways that Harkness uses the former to elucidate working-class women’s precarious social position under capitalism, and the latter to indicate possibilities for the amelioration of this compromised position.Less

‘Out of its torpid misery’: Plotting Passivity in Margaret Harkness’s A City Girl

Lisa C. Robertson

in Home and Identity in Nineteenth-Century Literary London

This chapter examines Margaret Harkness’s novel A City Girl (1887). It describes the emergence of the Model Dwellings Movement, and considers Harkness’s time living in a model dwelling in London’s ... More

This chapter examines Margaret Harkness’s novel A City Girl (1887). It describes the emergence of the Model Dwellings Movement, and considers Harkness’s time living in a model dwelling in London’s East End: Katharine Buildings. This chapter studies the fictional representation of Katharine Buildings in A City Girl to engage with questions about the social effectiveness of model dwellings movement and its program of ‘capitalist philanthropy.’Less

The Black and White Veil: Shaw, Mass Print Culture, and the Antinovel Turn

in Slow Print: Literary Radicalism and Late Victorian Print Culture

This chapter focuses on the radical turn against the realist novel at the end of the nineteenth century, which was also a turn against the literary mass market in its most developed mode. Against a ... More

This chapter focuses on the radical turn against the realist novel at the end of the nineteenth century, which was also a turn against the literary mass market in its most developed mode. Against a broad account of the socialist turn against the novel, it examines George Bernard Shaw's four early novels, which were originally serialized in two 1880s socialist magazines, and his subsequent abandonment of the novelistic form in favor of the radical drama. During his early years in London, Shaw was a relentless contributor to the radical press, including his four novels. In later years he dismissed these “novels of his nonage,” but at the time the works were read and admired by the radical public. The novels' appearance are considered within a context of broad debate about the realist novel within the radical press, and looks at the careers of contemporary radical novelists such as C. Allen Clarke and Margaret Harkness.Less