Kory Olson
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781786940964
- eISBN:
- 9781789629033
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3828/liverpool/9781786940964.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
In order to understand fully the proposed communication circuit between map maker and map reader, one may turn to a variety of tools, such as semiotics, the framework for my map image analysis. The ...
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In order to understand fully the proposed communication circuit between map maker and map reader, one may turn to a variety of tools, such as semiotics, the framework for my map image analysis. The investigation of colour, shapes, symbols, and text on maps of Third-Republic Paris help uncover underlying themes of modernity, stability, ease of movement, and growth. There are also benefits to be gained from working with maps. The visual nature of the medium has the potential to draw a reader’s eye much more effectively than pages and pages of black and white script. Beyond discourse, this chapter also investigates the changing role of the French state in the history of cartography. With a population that could more readily access and understand maps as the Third Republic progressed, cartography helped foster the growing field of French urbanism and planning. Furthermore, the government shifted from presenting what it had accomplished in Paris throughout the Third Republic to planning and managing its growth and state cartography needed to adapt. An investigation of historic cartographic colour printing techniques will show how this is done and support this book’s map analysis.Less
In order to understand fully the proposed communication circuit between map maker and map reader, one may turn to a variety of tools, such as semiotics, the framework for my map image analysis. The investigation of colour, shapes, symbols, and text on maps of Third-Republic Paris help uncover underlying themes of modernity, stability, ease of movement, and growth. There are also benefits to be gained from working with maps. The visual nature of the medium has the potential to draw a reader’s eye much more effectively than pages and pages of black and white script. Beyond discourse, this chapter also investigates the changing role of the French state in the history of cartography. With a population that could more readily access and understand maps as the Third Republic progressed, cartography helped foster the growing field of French urbanism and planning. Furthermore, the government shifted from presenting what it had accomplished in Paris throughout the Third Republic to planning and managing its growth and state cartography needed to adapt. An investigation of historic cartographic colour printing techniques will show how this is done and support this book’s map analysis.
Nancy P. Appelbaum
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781469627441
- eISBN:
- 9781469627465
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469627441.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
The nineteenth century was an era of breathtakingly ambitious geographic expeditions across the Americas. The seminal Chorographic Commission of Colombia, which began in 1850 and lasted about a ...
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The nineteenth century was an era of breathtakingly ambitious geographic expeditions across the Americas. The seminal Chorographic Commission of Colombia, which began in 1850 and lasted about a decade, was one of Latin America's most extensive. The commission's mandate was to define and map the young republic and its resources with an eye toward modernization. In this history of the commission, Nancy P. Appelbaum focuses on the geographers' fieldwork practices and visual production as the men traversed the mountains, savannahs, and forests of more than thirty provinces in order to delineate the country's territorial and racial composition. Their assumptions and methods, Appelbaum argues, contributed to a long-lasting national imaginary. What jumps out of the commission's array of reports, maps, sketches, and paintings is a portentous tension between the marked differences that appeared before the eyes of the geographers in the field and the visions of sameness to which they aspired. The commissioners and their patrons believed that a prosperous republic required a unified and racially homogeneous population, but the commission's maps and images paradoxically emphasized diversity and helped create a "country of regions." By privileging the whiter inhabitants of the cool Andean highlands over those of the boiling tropical lowlands, the commission left a lasting but problematic legacy for today's Colombians.Less
The nineteenth century was an era of breathtakingly ambitious geographic expeditions across the Americas. The seminal Chorographic Commission of Colombia, which began in 1850 and lasted about a decade, was one of Latin America's most extensive. The commission's mandate was to define and map the young republic and its resources with an eye toward modernization. In this history of the commission, Nancy P. Appelbaum focuses on the geographers' fieldwork practices and visual production as the men traversed the mountains, savannahs, and forests of more than thirty provinces in order to delineate the country's territorial and racial composition. Their assumptions and methods, Appelbaum argues, contributed to a long-lasting national imaginary. What jumps out of the commission's array of reports, maps, sketches, and paintings is a portentous tension between the marked differences that appeared before the eyes of the geographers in the field and the visions of sameness to which they aspired. The commissioners and their patrons believed that a prosperous republic required a unified and racially homogeneous population, but the commission's maps and images paradoxically emphasized diversity and helped create a "country of regions." By privileging the whiter inhabitants of the cool Andean highlands over those of the boiling tropical lowlands, the commission left a lasting but problematic legacy for today's Colombians.
Alison Fraunhar
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781683400905
- eISBN:
- 9781683401193
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9781683400905.003.0004
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Latin American Studies
Art historian Alison Fraunhar examines how graphic and fine arts helped trace the contours of national identity in colonial Cuba well before the island’s independence. Fraunhar dwells on maps and ...
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Art historian Alison Fraunhar examines how graphic and fine arts helped trace the contours of national identity in colonial Cuba well before the island’s independence. Fraunhar dwells on maps and other visual representations of rural and urban landscapes, people, and historical events that were critical to imagine Cuba as a separate nation with its own culture. The author argues persuasively that late nineteenth-century images of the island’s geography, history, and culture continue to be significant visual markers for contemporary Cuban artists.Less
Art historian Alison Fraunhar examines how graphic and fine arts helped trace the contours of national identity in colonial Cuba well before the island’s independence. Fraunhar dwells on maps and other visual representations of rural and urban landscapes, people, and historical events that were critical to imagine Cuba as a separate nation with its own culture. The author argues persuasively that late nineteenth-century images of the island’s geography, history, and culture continue to be significant visual markers for contemporary Cuban artists.
Joan Ormrod (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781496815118
- eISBN:
- 9781496815156
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781496815118.003.0016
- Subject:
- Literature, Comics Studies
This chapter examines Jeff Lemire's Trillium (2014) which, like many time travel narratives, reflects ideas of colonialism in the appropriation of territory and time by future scientist, Nika and ...
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This chapter examines Jeff Lemire's Trillium (2014) which, like many time travel narratives, reflects ideas of colonialism in the appropriation of territory and time by future scientist, Nika and British explorer Billy's respective cultures. The paper uses postcolonial theories of writers such as Frantz Fanon to draw parallels between colonial discourses of mapping and language in European voyages of discovery of the 16-20th centuries with that of the cultures of the British Empire and the future remnants of humanity. In his comments on mapping, language and communication, Lemire shows how language and histories are tools of aggression against the Atabithians. Lemire, therefore, proposes alternate reading practices, histories and social orders by playing with the comic form, language and spatiality. In doing so he destabilizes readers’ commonsense perceptions of realism, time and history.Less
This chapter examines Jeff Lemire's Trillium (2014) which, like many time travel narratives, reflects ideas of colonialism in the appropriation of territory and time by future scientist, Nika and British explorer Billy's respective cultures. The paper uses postcolonial theories of writers such as Frantz Fanon to draw parallels between colonial discourses of mapping and language in European voyages of discovery of the 16-20th centuries with that of the cultures of the British Empire and the future remnants of humanity. In his comments on mapping, language and communication, Lemire shows how language and histories are tools of aggression against the Atabithians. Lemire, therefore, proposes alternate reading practices, histories and social orders by playing with the comic form, language and spatiality. In doing so he destabilizes readers’ commonsense perceptions of realism, time and history.
Dora P. Crouch
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195072808
- eISBN:
- 9780197560266
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195072808.003.0008
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Greek and Roman Archaeology
For those who posit that cities began in the nineteenth century, an appropriate methodology for studying them is to run insurance data through computers, ...
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For those who posit that cities began in the nineteenth century, an appropriate methodology for studying them is to run insurance data through computers, generating statistics and calling the results history. But if our interest extends deep into the past, to Roman or Greek cities or to the first cities of the Yucatan, Mesopotamia, or China, then we are forced to find ways to deal with quite different sorts of evidence. In the Old World there are deciphered or decipherable written records in many cases; in the New World little written evidence. In both the Old and New Worlds, the chief evidence for ancient urbanism is the physical remains of the city, with the paraphernalia of daily life. Like other forms of human knowledge, archaeology over the past thirty years has become increasingly conscious of its methodology, goals, biases, and problems. The questions being asked and the solutions being sought today reflect some shifts in consciousness and in method. The identification of one's assumptions and biases is part of the new mode of research. Nowhere is this shift better revealed than at a site like Morgantina, Sicily, where excavation has extended over more than thirty years, as frequently reported in the American Journal of Archaeology since 1957. This site represents an opportunity for studying ordinary urban settlements of the Greek world, just as a modern sociologist might prefer to study Dayton, Ohio, rather than Los Angeles, as a typical American city. Morgantina is a fine test case for the use of archaeological data as the basis of urban history. Some general conclusions may be drawn from this evidence about the problems and opportunities of cross-disciplinary investigation. Since 1977, I have hunted through thirty years of excavation records from Morgantina, looking for the occasional fact about water system elements. Gradually I have come to realize that the data from Morgantina were gathered to verify certain written records from ancient times. The data collected would be very different if at the beginning the excavators had asked more anthropological or geographical questions, such as, “Since water is essential for human settlement, what features of this site provide for that need? And what human interventions were made; that is, what structures were built?”
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For those who posit that cities began in the nineteenth century, an appropriate methodology for studying them is to run insurance data through computers, generating statistics and calling the results history. But if our interest extends deep into the past, to Roman or Greek cities or to the first cities of the Yucatan, Mesopotamia, or China, then we are forced to find ways to deal with quite different sorts of evidence. In the Old World there are deciphered or decipherable written records in many cases; in the New World little written evidence. In both the Old and New Worlds, the chief evidence for ancient urbanism is the physical remains of the city, with the paraphernalia of daily life. Like other forms of human knowledge, archaeology over the past thirty years has become increasingly conscious of its methodology, goals, biases, and problems. The questions being asked and the solutions being sought today reflect some shifts in consciousness and in method. The identification of one's assumptions and biases is part of the new mode of research. Nowhere is this shift better revealed than at a site like Morgantina, Sicily, where excavation has extended over more than thirty years, as frequently reported in the American Journal of Archaeology since 1957. This site represents an opportunity for studying ordinary urban settlements of the Greek world, just as a modern sociologist might prefer to study Dayton, Ohio, rather than Los Angeles, as a typical American city. Morgantina is a fine test case for the use of archaeological data as the basis of urban history. Some general conclusions may be drawn from this evidence about the problems and opportunities of cross-disciplinary investigation. Since 1977, I have hunted through thirty years of excavation records from Morgantina, looking for the occasional fact about water system elements. Gradually I have come to realize that the data from Morgantina were gathered to verify certain written records from ancient times. The data collected would be very different if at the beginning the excavators had asked more anthropological or geographical questions, such as, “Since water is essential for human settlement, what features of this site provide for that need? And what human interventions were made; that is, what structures were built?”
Daniel Sperber
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195098822
- eISBN:
- 9780197560914
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195098822.003.0004
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Greek and Roman Archaeology
At the end of the introduction to my book Roman Palestine, 200-400, the Land: Crisis and Change in Agrarian Society as Reflected in Rabbinic Sources (1978), I wrote: ...
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At the end of the introduction to my book Roman Palestine, 200-400, the Land: Crisis and Change in Agrarian Society as Reflected in Rabbinic Sources (1978), I wrote: “Finally, developments in the rural community cannot be divorced from those of the urban community. The two communities are mutually interdependent, their interactions significant for each as for both. This I hope will be shown in a future volume dealing with the conditions of urban life during the same centuries”. Some fifteen years have passed, and I have still not fulfilled that hope. This volume only satisfies my promise of a supplementary volume in a partial manner. Whereas the two former volumes, Roman Palestine, 200-400, Money and Prices (1974; 2nd edition, 1991) and the volume quoted above, presented a socioeconomic historical thesis, the present volume does not. Hence its chronological parameters have been broadened to encompass much of the Tannaitic period, and it covers a period of some three hundred years, from ca. 100 to 400 C.E. Unlike the present-day studies of ancient urban history, it does not deal with a specific city—for example, Tiberias, Sepphoris, Caesarea, or Lod—and is thus unlike the excellent studies of Lee I. Levine on Caesarea, Joshua J. Schwartz on Lod, Stuart S. Miller on Sepphoris, Gustav Hermansen on Ostia, and more recently, Donald W. Engels on Roman Corinth. My book synthesizes what is known of urban life in Talmudic Palestine and hence deals with a theoretical, nonexistent, “synthetic” city.” The reader will readily see that I have been greatly influenced by Jerome Carcopino’s seminal work on everyday life in Roman times, the classic Daily Life in Ancient Rome, which to a great extent set the tone for this genre of writing. However, he was writing about a specific town. In a sense, my narrative is closer in character to A. H. M. Jones’s paradigmatic The Greek City from Alexander to Justinian. I have also been somewhat influenced by W. A. Becker’s Gallus, or Roman Scenes of the Time of Augustus, although from a literary point of view, his work is closer to historical fiction.
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At the end of the introduction to my book Roman Palestine, 200-400, the Land: Crisis and Change in Agrarian Society as Reflected in Rabbinic Sources (1978), I wrote: “Finally, developments in the rural community cannot be divorced from those of the urban community. The two communities are mutually interdependent, their interactions significant for each as for both. This I hope will be shown in a future volume dealing with the conditions of urban life during the same centuries”. Some fifteen years have passed, and I have still not fulfilled that hope. This volume only satisfies my promise of a supplementary volume in a partial manner. Whereas the two former volumes, Roman Palestine, 200-400, Money and Prices (1974; 2nd edition, 1991) and the volume quoted above, presented a socioeconomic historical thesis, the present volume does not. Hence its chronological parameters have been broadened to encompass much of the Tannaitic period, and it covers a period of some three hundred years, from ca. 100 to 400 C.E. Unlike the present-day studies of ancient urban history, it does not deal with a specific city—for example, Tiberias, Sepphoris, Caesarea, or Lod—and is thus unlike the excellent studies of Lee I. Levine on Caesarea, Joshua J. Schwartz on Lod, Stuart S. Miller on Sepphoris, Gustav Hermansen on Ostia, and more recently, Donald W. Engels on Roman Corinth. My book synthesizes what is known of urban life in Talmudic Palestine and hence deals with a theoretical, nonexistent, “synthetic” city.” The reader will readily see that I have been greatly influenced by Jerome Carcopino’s seminal work on everyday life in Roman times, the classic Daily Life in Ancient Rome, which to a great extent set the tone for this genre of writing. However, he was writing about a specific town. In a sense, my narrative is closer in character to A. H. M. Jones’s paradigmatic The Greek City from Alexander to Justinian. I have also been somewhat influenced by W. A. Becker’s Gallus, or Roman Scenes of the Time of Augustus, although from a literary point of view, his work is closer to historical fiction.
Jonathon Keats
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195398540
- eISBN:
- 9780197562826
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195398540.003.0027
- Subject:
- Computer Science, Programming Languages
The origin of the mashup is a matter of debate. According to one theory, the phenomenon began in 2001 with the XFM radio broadcast of the song “Stroke of ...
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The origin of the mashup is a matter of debate. According to one theory, the phenomenon began in 2001 with the XFM radio broadcast of the song “Stroke of Genius,” a bootleg remix by the deejay Freelance Hellraiser that incongruously set the pop vocals of Christina Aguilera’s “Genie in a Bottle” against garage rock instrumentals from the Strokes’ “Hard to Explain.” A competing hypothesis credits the culture-jamming Evolution Control Committee, which in 1993 satirically layered the brutal rap lyrics of Public Enemy over swinging Latin arrangements of Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass. Other theories cite Club House’s 1983 medley of Steely Dan’s “Do It Again” and Michael Jackson’s “Billy Jean,” Frank Zappa’s ’70s experiments in xenochrony, King Tubby’s ’60s dub remixes, John Cage’s ’50s compositions for a chorus of radios, and even the Renaissance practice of quodlibet. Although some of these may have been influential—and all are reminders of the role remixing has forever played in the creative process—this long tail of influences scarcely anticipates the explosion of songs combining vocals from one source with instrumentals from another following the Freelance Hellraiser’s XFM debut. In a matter of months mashups numbered in the thousands, with juxtapositions including Missy Elliott vs. the Cure, Art Garfunkel vs. Watership Down, and Whitney Houston vs. Kraftwork. Evoking a wrestling match, A vs. B became the standard formula for citing sources, generally in parentheses following a title playing on names of the original songs. (For instance, “Smells Like Teen Booty” was a mashup of Nirvana’s “Smells Like Teen Spirit” with “Bootylicious” by Destiny’s Child.) The sounds of these remixes were as varied as the source materials, and the motivations were as disparate as the historical influences, with intended targets ranging from dance club entertainment to cultural critique. What these works shared, and have in common with the countless additional musical (and video) mashups that have since joined them, is the notion that culture is interactive, a feedback loop rather than a mail chute. Whether done in tribute or ridicule, or simply to create something beautiful, these songs mash up the standard distinction between consumer and producer.
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The origin of the mashup is a matter of debate. According to one theory, the phenomenon began in 2001 with the XFM radio broadcast of the song “Stroke of Genius,” a bootleg remix by the deejay Freelance Hellraiser that incongruously set the pop vocals of Christina Aguilera’s “Genie in a Bottle” against garage rock instrumentals from the Strokes’ “Hard to Explain.” A competing hypothesis credits the culture-jamming Evolution Control Committee, which in 1993 satirically layered the brutal rap lyrics of Public Enemy over swinging Latin arrangements of Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass. Other theories cite Club House’s 1983 medley of Steely Dan’s “Do It Again” and Michael Jackson’s “Billy Jean,” Frank Zappa’s ’70s experiments in xenochrony, King Tubby’s ’60s dub remixes, John Cage’s ’50s compositions for a chorus of radios, and even the Renaissance practice of quodlibet. Although some of these may have been influential—and all are reminders of the role remixing has forever played in the creative process—this long tail of influences scarcely anticipates the explosion of songs combining vocals from one source with instrumentals from another following the Freelance Hellraiser’s XFM debut. In a matter of months mashups numbered in the thousands, with juxtapositions including Missy Elliott vs. the Cure, Art Garfunkel vs. Watership Down, and Whitney Houston vs. Kraftwork. Evoking a wrestling match, A vs. B became the standard formula for citing sources, generally in parentheses following a title playing on names of the original songs. (For instance, “Smells Like Teen Booty” was a mashup of Nirvana’s “Smells Like Teen Spirit” with “Bootylicious” by Destiny’s Child.) The sounds of these remixes were as varied as the source materials, and the motivations were as disparate as the historical influences, with intended targets ranging from dance club entertainment to cultural critique. What these works shared, and have in common with the countless additional musical (and video) mashups that have since joined them, is the notion that culture is interactive, a feedback loop rather than a mail chute. Whether done in tribute or ridicule, or simply to create something beautiful, these songs mash up the standard distinction between consumer and producer.
Dora P. Crouch
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195072808
- eISBN:
- 9780197560266
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195072808.003.0037
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Greek and Roman Archaeology
Looking back through twenty years of work on this topic, I can sum up what I have learned under two major categories: general truths and site-specific ...
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Looking back through twenty years of work on this topic, I can sum up what I have learned under two major categories: general truths and site-specific insights. Within each of these categories, I differentiate between items that were not known by me when I started and items that as far as I can tell were not known at all. First let us consider the findings that have general application. Primary are findings connected with the geological basis of Greek settlement. The ones in italics have not been known before at all, as far as I can tell. For each discovery, there is a brief discussion. 1. Relation of karst patterns to settlement in the ancient Greek world. In Part IV of this volume we have discussed this topic in a preliminary fashion. As is the case with so many details of the human situation, the relevant knowledge is in the hands of two disciplines that rarely perceive that they have any questions in common. Karst has been studied by hydrogeologists and ancient Greek settlements by classicists, with an impenetrable membrane separating the two fields of knowledge. Nevertheless, my study has conclusively demonstrated that one cannot understand either the choice of an ancient Greek site or the subsequent history of the settlement without factoring in the geological base and the water resources this base provided (Fig. 7.1). It is a pity that the lead of the noted classicist Judeich (1905 and 1931) was not followed sooner, since he illustrated his section on water supply with a geological map and section. 2. Utilization of karst in urban water systems. The work of modern engineers and geologists in such countries as Yugoslavia makes us aware that karst waters can be tapped or, to put it more strongly, harnessed for settlements. Many of their modern solutions are not dependent on advanced technology but rather on careful observation and clever manipulation. The ancient Greeks were fully capable of both. The famous pinecone experiment on the Tripoli plain of the sixth century B.C. is strong indication that the ancient engineers were examining data with an eye to manipulating karst for human purposes, and in fact we have a story, from the same area, of water being diverted down a sinkhole to drown out an unsuspecting enemy settlement.
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Looking back through twenty years of work on this topic, I can sum up what I have learned under two major categories: general truths and site-specific insights. Within each of these categories, I differentiate between items that were not known by me when I started and items that as far as I can tell were not known at all. First let us consider the findings that have general application. Primary are findings connected with the geological basis of Greek settlement. The ones in italics have not been known before at all, as far as I can tell. For each discovery, there is a brief discussion. 1. Relation of karst patterns to settlement in the ancient Greek world. In Part IV of this volume we have discussed this topic in a preliminary fashion. As is the case with so many details of the human situation, the relevant knowledge is in the hands of two disciplines that rarely perceive that they have any questions in common. Karst has been studied by hydrogeologists and ancient Greek settlements by classicists, with an impenetrable membrane separating the two fields of knowledge. Nevertheless, my study has conclusively demonstrated that one cannot understand either the choice of an ancient Greek site or the subsequent history of the settlement without factoring in the geological base and the water resources this base provided (Fig. 7.1). It is a pity that the lead of the noted classicist Judeich (1905 and 1931) was not followed sooner, since he illustrated his section on water supply with a geological map and section. 2. Utilization of karst in urban water systems. The work of modern engineers and geologists in such countries as Yugoslavia makes us aware that karst waters can be tapped or, to put it more strongly, harnessed for settlements. Many of their modern solutions are not dependent on advanced technology but rather on careful observation and clever manipulation. The ancient Greeks were fully capable of both. The famous pinecone experiment on the Tripoli plain of the sixth century B.C. is strong indication that the ancient engineers were examining data with an eye to manipulating karst for human purposes, and in fact we have a story, from the same area, of water being diverted down a sinkhole to drown out an unsuspecting enemy settlement.
Dora P. Crouch
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195072808
- eISBN:
- 9780197560266
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195072808.003.0038
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Greek and Roman Archaeology
Today we are facing constraints on the use of water. Some cities have astronomically high densities or unusually low access to fresh water while still ...
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Today we are facing constraints on the use of water. Some cities have astronomically high densities or unusually low access to fresh water while still others may have only enough water that is not contaminated with heavy metals or pesticides to cover the 6 percent allocated for drinking but not enough of that highest quality for the rest of domestic use. In all of these cases, modern hydraulic engineers are experimenting—though often without realizing it—with a set of solutions that are at least 2500 years old. These solutions were appropriate quality of water for each use, plus reuse to the extent feasible. Both solutions were determined then and are implemented now on a cost-benefit basis. Those who understand the lessons of history of water management can repeat them more quickly and efficiently than those who, for instance, have to re-invent a three-tiered water system from scratch. This is where the urban historian can play the role of interpreter, to help us understand in a way that the recital of disconnected facts never can. The historian recovers the plan of the past—both the physical form and the social intention. From the point of view of the development of architectural and urban history and theory, this approach to the data involves humble acknowledgment of ignorance, careful amassing of facts, meditation on the facts to see what principles they suggest, and utilization of both data and methodology from many different disciplines. Then the principles derived from one site can be tried to facilitate the understanding of another site, and a body of theory develops strongly bolstered by facts as well as principles and insights. From the site-specific facts about water management in the ancient Greek world, I have provisionally arrived at the following elements for a theoretical position about the role of water in the formation of traditional settlements: 1. Founders of these settlements used traditional knowledge to find and develop water resources. 2. Their methods were positive for long-term water resource management. 3. Water of several qualities was allocated to its best use. 4. House design and city form reveal the society's means of collecting and using water, as well as constraining that use.
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Today we are facing constraints on the use of water. Some cities have astronomically high densities or unusually low access to fresh water while still others may have only enough water that is not contaminated with heavy metals or pesticides to cover the 6 percent allocated for drinking but not enough of that highest quality for the rest of domestic use. In all of these cases, modern hydraulic engineers are experimenting—though often without realizing it—with a set of solutions that are at least 2500 years old. These solutions were appropriate quality of water for each use, plus reuse to the extent feasible. Both solutions were determined then and are implemented now on a cost-benefit basis. Those who understand the lessons of history of water management can repeat them more quickly and efficiently than those who, for instance, have to re-invent a three-tiered water system from scratch. This is where the urban historian can play the role of interpreter, to help us understand in a way that the recital of disconnected facts never can. The historian recovers the plan of the past—both the physical form and the social intention. From the point of view of the development of architectural and urban history and theory, this approach to the data involves humble acknowledgment of ignorance, careful amassing of facts, meditation on the facts to see what principles they suggest, and utilization of both data and methodology from many different disciplines. Then the principles derived from one site can be tried to facilitate the understanding of another site, and a body of theory develops strongly bolstered by facts as well as principles and insights. From the site-specific facts about water management in the ancient Greek world, I have provisionally arrived at the following elements for a theoretical position about the role of water in the formation of traditional settlements: 1. Founders of these settlements used traditional knowledge to find and develop water resources. 2. Their methods were positive for long-term water resource management. 3. Water of several qualities was allocated to its best use. 4. House design and city form reveal the society's means of collecting and using water, as well as constraining that use.
Jess Bier
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780262036153
- eISBN:
- 9780262339957
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262036153.003.0001
- Subject:
- Earth Sciences and Geography, Cartography
Chapter 1, “Where Cartographies Collide”, analyzes the unique position of maps in Palestine and Israel. Maps are everywhere in the region, but many of them are not used for getting around. This is ...
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Chapter 1, “Where Cartographies Collide”, analyzes the unique position of maps in Palestine and Israel. Maps are everywhere in the region, but many of them are not used for getting around. This is because of the difficulties updating maps due to the restrictions on mobility under the Israeli occupation. The chapter introduces the notion of the geographic production of knowledge, which draws attention to the materialities and spatialities of technoscience. It also analyzes three main themes that run throughout the book: internationalism, landscape, and symmetry. In the process, it tells the story of the parallel lives of two pivotal cartographers of the mid-20th century: Sami Hadawi and David Amiran. Through a comparison of these major figures, it explores how politics shape the practice of science and technology. It also delineates how, despite the use of aerial photography and digital data transmitted via the internet, maps continue to be shaped by where and how they are made—as well as who is making them. Lastly, it draws on Edward Said’s notion of traveling theory to present an argument for a reflexive method of traveling ethnography.Less
Chapter 1, “Where Cartographies Collide”, analyzes the unique position of maps in Palestine and Israel. Maps are everywhere in the region, but many of them are not used for getting around. This is because of the difficulties updating maps due to the restrictions on mobility under the Israeli occupation. The chapter introduces the notion of the geographic production of knowledge, which draws attention to the materialities and spatialities of technoscience. It also analyzes three main themes that run throughout the book: internationalism, landscape, and symmetry. In the process, it tells the story of the parallel lives of two pivotal cartographers of the mid-20th century: Sami Hadawi and David Amiran. Through a comparison of these major figures, it explores how politics shape the practice of science and technology. It also delineates how, despite the use of aerial photography and digital data transmitted via the internet, maps continue to be shaped by where and how they are made—as well as who is making them. Lastly, it draws on Edward Said’s notion of traveling theory to present an argument for a reflexive method of traveling ethnography.
Jess Bier
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780262036153
- eISBN:
- 9780262339957
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262036153.003.0003
- Subject:
- Earth Sciences and Geography, Cartography
Chapter 3, “Removing Borders, Erasing Palestinians”, provides an analysis of the ways that even abstract statistical facts are conditioned by the political landscapes where they are produced. It ...
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Chapter 3, “Removing Borders, Erasing Palestinians”, provides an analysis of the ways that even abstract statistical facts are conditioned by the political landscapes where they are produced. It examines Israeli population maps in the years 1967-1995. After 1967, the close geographic proximity of Palestinians posed a challenge to the policy of not indicating the borders of the Palestinian Territories on Israeli maps. Roberto Bachi, the director of the Israeli population census, sought to address this challenge while also helping to turn cartography into an international science. As a result, he led the census away from mapping shaded areas of uniform population, and towards dot maps of population distribution. Such efforts served to limit the calculation methods at the census cartographers’ disposal. They also revealed that, despite repeated claims by Israeli politicians that Palestinians did not exist, in fact the Israeli cartographers’ methods were inherently shaped by the presence of large numbers of Palestinians in the region. For even though Palestinian areas were intentionally left blank, the resulting gaps actually made them show up on the map. So through their exclusion, Palestinian populations were made visible, and this is one way that the landscapes of the occupation have shaped Israeli maps.Less
Chapter 3, “Removing Borders, Erasing Palestinians”, provides an analysis of the ways that even abstract statistical facts are conditioned by the political landscapes where they are produced. It examines Israeli population maps in the years 1967-1995. After 1967, the close geographic proximity of Palestinians posed a challenge to the policy of not indicating the borders of the Palestinian Territories on Israeli maps. Roberto Bachi, the director of the Israeli population census, sought to address this challenge while also helping to turn cartography into an international science. As a result, he led the census away from mapping shaded areas of uniform population, and towards dot maps of population distribution. Such efforts served to limit the calculation methods at the census cartographers’ disposal. They also revealed that, despite repeated claims by Israeli politicians that Palestinians did not exist, in fact the Israeli cartographers’ methods were inherently shaped by the presence of large numbers of Palestinians in the region. For even though Palestinian areas were intentionally left blank, the resulting gaps actually made them show up on the map. So through their exclusion, Palestinian populations were made visible, and this is one way that the landscapes of the occupation have shaped Israeli maps.
Jessica J. Otis and Jill Ann Nerby
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195389302
- eISBN:
- 9780197562727
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195389302.003.0015
- Subject:
- Clinical Medicine and Allied Health, Ophthalmology
A child with aniridia is being placed in your classroom, and you may be wondering whether their needs are different from those of your other students. This information ...
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A child with aniridia is being placed in your classroom, and you may be wondering whether their needs are different from those of your other students. This information has been written to answer any questions or concerns about this new teaching experience. When a child with a visual disability is enrolled in a regular class, careful consideration is given to assess whether he or she can compete both academically and socially. Although he or she may need to cope with visual and emotional stresses usually not encountered by non-disabled children, he or she will soon become a fully participating member of the class. In order to ensure that the child with aniridia has the opportunity to reach their full academic potential, the child and you will hopefully receive the supportive services of a special teacher of the visually impaired (VI teacher) to discuss classroom situations. A child with aniridia is generally considered eligible for special services of a resource and/or VI teacher if their measured visual acuity is 20/70 or less in the better eye with corrective lenses (in other words, if what he or she can see at twenty feet is no more than what a person with normal vision sees at seventy feet). Children who have a measured visual acuity of 20/200 or less in the better/corrected eye or who have a visual field of no greater than twenty degrees are classified as legally blind. Aniridia is a partial or complete absence of the iris, and it may be associated with other ocular defects such as macular and optic nerve hypoplasia, cataract, corneal surface abnormalities that lead to decreased vision, and nystagmus. The vision may fluctuate, depending on lighting conditions and glare. Glaucoma is a secondary problem causing additional visual loss over time. Because of poor visual acuity and nystagmus, low-vision aids are very helpful. Lifelong regular follow up care is necessary for early detection of any new problem so that timely treatment is given.
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A child with aniridia is being placed in your classroom, and you may be wondering whether their needs are different from those of your other students. This information has been written to answer any questions or concerns about this new teaching experience. When a child with a visual disability is enrolled in a regular class, careful consideration is given to assess whether he or she can compete both academically and socially. Although he or she may need to cope with visual and emotional stresses usually not encountered by non-disabled children, he or she will soon become a fully participating member of the class. In order to ensure that the child with aniridia has the opportunity to reach their full academic potential, the child and you will hopefully receive the supportive services of a special teacher of the visually impaired (VI teacher) to discuss classroom situations. A child with aniridia is generally considered eligible for special services of a resource and/or VI teacher if their measured visual acuity is 20/70 or less in the better eye with corrective lenses (in other words, if what he or she can see at twenty feet is no more than what a person with normal vision sees at seventy feet). Children who have a measured visual acuity of 20/200 or less in the better/corrected eye or who have a visual field of no greater than twenty degrees are classified as legally blind. Aniridia is a partial or complete absence of the iris, and it may be associated with other ocular defects such as macular and optic nerve hypoplasia, cataract, corneal surface abnormalities that lead to decreased vision, and nystagmus. The vision may fluctuate, depending on lighting conditions and glare. Glaucoma is a secondary problem causing additional visual loss over time. Because of poor visual acuity and nystagmus, low-vision aids are very helpful. Lifelong regular follow up care is necessary for early detection of any new problem so that timely treatment is given.
Rowan Wilken
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- April 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190234911
- eISBN:
- 9780190234942
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190234911.003.0003
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics, Computational Linguistics
This chapter builds on prior work on the political economy of location-based services to examine the business of mobile maps, asking the following questions: Who controls maps data? What are these ...
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This chapter builds on prior work on the political economy of location-based services to examine the business of mobile maps, asking the following questions: Who controls maps data? What are these data? Where do these data come from? What is their quality? What does it take to build new mobile maps? What are the motivations for wanting to build new maps? And what are the business and revenue models associated with these maps? The focus of this chapter is an examination of the efforts of one of Google’s key rival firms—Apple—and its struggles to build mapping capacity of its own at sufficient quality to be able to lessen (if not entirely break from) its reliance on Google. Apple presents an interesting case in that, as is well known, it is a major player in other areas of the mobile location services ecosystem, yet took industry pundits by surprise when it announced Apple Maps in 2012.Less
This chapter builds on prior work on the political economy of location-based services to examine the business of mobile maps, asking the following questions: Who controls maps data? What are these data? Where do these data come from? What is their quality? What does it take to build new mobile maps? What are the motivations for wanting to build new maps? And what are the business and revenue models associated with these maps? The focus of this chapter is an examination of the efforts of one of Google’s key rival firms—Apple—and its struggles to build mapping capacity of its own at sufficient quality to be able to lessen (if not entirely break from) its reliance on Google. Apple presents an interesting case in that, as is well known, it is a major player in other areas of the mobile location services ecosystem, yet took industry pundits by surprise when it announced Apple Maps in 2012.
David Lambert
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780226078069
- eISBN:
- 9780226078236
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226078236.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
The book argues that Atlantic slavery – as a practice of subjugation, a source of wealth and a focus of political struggle – was entangled with the production, circulation and reception of ...
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The book argues that Atlantic slavery – as a practice of subjugation, a source of wealth and a focus of political struggle – was entangled with the production, circulation and reception of geographical knowledge. On the one hand, the debate over slavery was informed by, and involved the deployment of, geographical discourses, practices and representational forms, including maps, surveys and regional comparisons. In addition, more abstract debates were staged about how it was possible to obtain knowledge about different Atlantic places and who was best placed to do so. On the other hand, Atlantic slavery shaped geographical inquiries into Africa. Involvement in Atlantic slavery shaped European knowledge about Africa, while plans and proposals for alternatives to slavery, such as legitimate commerce, free labour settlements and the suppression of the slave trade, created a need for new knowledge to be obtained through exploration and the collation of existing geographical sources. Particular ways of understanding Atlantic commerce, including that associated with slavery, also found expression in how geographical knowledge of Africa was produced and made credible. No figure better encapsulates the entangled nature of African geographical knowledge and Atlantic slavery in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century than geographer, plantation manager, Glasgow merchant and proslavery propagandist, James MacQueen (1778-1870). The book focuses on the West African facts and theories he promulgated, especially about the course and termination of the River Niger, and his proposals for increased British presence in Africa that were founded on these.Less
The book argues that Atlantic slavery – as a practice of subjugation, a source of wealth and a focus of political struggle – was entangled with the production, circulation and reception of geographical knowledge. On the one hand, the debate over slavery was informed by, and involved the deployment of, geographical discourses, practices and representational forms, including maps, surveys and regional comparisons. In addition, more abstract debates were staged about how it was possible to obtain knowledge about different Atlantic places and who was best placed to do so. On the other hand, Atlantic slavery shaped geographical inquiries into Africa. Involvement in Atlantic slavery shaped European knowledge about Africa, while plans and proposals for alternatives to slavery, such as legitimate commerce, free labour settlements and the suppression of the slave trade, created a need for new knowledge to be obtained through exploration and the collation of existing geographical sources. Particular ways of understanding Atlantic commerce, including that associated with slavery, also found expression in how geographical knowledge of Africa was produced and made credible. No figure better encapsulates the entangled nature of African geographical knowledge and Atlantic slavery in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century than geographer, plantation manager, Glasgow merchant and proslavery propagandist, James MacQueen (1778-1870). The book focuses on the West African facts and theories he promulgated, especially about the course and termination of the River Niger, and his proposals for increased British presence in Africa that were founded on these.
Licia do Prado Valladares
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781469649986
- eISBN:
- 9781469650005
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469649986.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter displays how different foreigners aimed to help the understanding of the favelas through social sciences. The chapter considers one of the most notable to be Father Louis-Joseph Lebret, ...
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This chapter displays how different foreigners aimed to help the understanding of the favelas through social sciences. The chapter considers one of the most notable to be Father Louis-Joseph Lebret, one of the founders of the French Catholic movement Economie et Humanisme. The chapter dips into Lebret’s ideas about favelas. Further on in the chapter, the Peace Corps is introduced. As the book explains, the Peace Corps rose during the Kennedy presidency and were deployed to Brazil. While they received training, their presence was not as effective as they had anticipated.Less
This chapter displays how different foreigners aimed to help the understanding of the favelas through social sciences. The chapter considers one of the most notable to be Father Louis-Joseph Lebret, one of the founders of the French Catholic movement Economie et Humanisme. The chapter dips into Lebret’s ideas about favelas. Further on in the chapter, the Peace Corps is introduced. As the book explains, the Peace Corps rose during the Kennedy presidency and were deployed to Brazil. While they received training, their presence was not as effective as they had anticipated.
Dana H. Ballard
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780262028615
- eISBN:
- 9780262323819
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262028615.003.0004
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Research and Theory
The primary way the brain responds quickly is to store previous experiences in a vast tabular format that allows responses to be accessed quickly. The exact format of the memory is probably a ...
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The primary way the brain responds quickly is to store previous experiences in a vast tabular format that allows responses to be accessed quickly. The exact format of the memory is probably a composite of many different constraints, the forms of which are described. The primary anatomical organization of cortex is into hierarchies of predominantly two-dimensional `maps,’ of key features. Such features are computed at the upper layers of each map, the lower layers handing input and output signals. The separate feature characteristics of a map initially led researchers to think of its properties as more or less independent from other maps, but recent research is revealing that the maps’ feature sets are far more integrated and interdependent. Bayesian network models have provided an elegant computational framework that captures this interdependence.Less
The primary way the brain responds quickly is to store previous experiences in a vast tabular format that allows responses to be accessed quickly. The exact format of the memory is probably a composite of many different constraints, the forms of which are described. The primary anatomical organization of cortex is into hierarchies of predominantly two-dimensional `maps,’ of key features. Such features are computed at the upper layers of each map, the lower layers handing input and output signals. The separate feature characteristics of a map initially led researchers to think of its properties as more or less independent from other maps, but recent research is revealing that the maps’ feature sets are far more integrated and interdependent. Bayesian network models have provided an elegant computational framework that captures this interdependence.
Jerome Lewis
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780262027168
- eISBN:
- 9780262322492
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262027168.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Information Technology
Hunter-gatherer land-use in the Congo Basin leaves few traces. One consequence is that their presence is invisible on maps and ignored in land-use planning decisions over the areas they inhabit. ...
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Hunter-gatherer land-use in the Congo Basin leaves few traces. One consequence is that their presence is invisible on maps and ignored in land-use planning decisions over the areas they inhabit. Governments do not recognise their rights to land, conservationists exclude them from rich forest areas, logging roads open up remaining areas to extractive outsiders, and global warming changes rainfall patterns and the seasonal events that normally guide people to wild foods. A forestry company in Congo-Brazzaville seeking a ‘green’ label for its timber sought anthropological advice on how to respect the rights of forest people. This chapter describes the challenges and participatory design process that developed in creating icon-driven software on converted military palmpilots. Maps produced using this technology have become a new way for non-literate communities to be heard by powerful outsiders. A community radio station broadcasting uniquely in local languages will facilitate forest people to develop their own understanding of the situations facing them, share insights, observations and analyses in order to better secure their long-term interests. The creative interaction of non-literate users and ICT is spawning new developments, from new software builds to monitor illegal logging or wildlife, to geographic information systems for non-literate users.Less
Hunter-gatherer land-use in the Congo Basin leaves few traces. One consequence is that their presence is invisible on maps and ignored in land-use planning decisions over the areas they inhabit. Governments do not recognise their rights to land, conservationists exclude them from rich forest areas, logging roads open up remaining areas to extractive outsiders, and global warming changes rainfall patterns and the seasonal events that normally guide people to wild foods. A forestry company in Congo-Brazzaville seeking a ‘green’ label for its timber sought anthropological advice on how to respect the rights of forest people. This chapter describes the challenges and participatory design process that developed in creating icon-driven software on converted military palmpilots. Maps produced using this technology have become a new way for non-literate communities to be heard by powerful outsiders. A community radio station broadcasting uniquely in local languages will facilitate forest people to develop their own understanding of the situations facing them, share insights, observations and analyses in order to better secure their long-term interests. The creative interaction of non-literate users and ICT is spawning new developments, from new software builds to monitor illegal logging or wildlife, to geographic information systems for non-literate users.
Michael Atkins
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781526100733
- eISBN:
- 9781526132376
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781526100733.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
Combining narratives of success and community with imagery and maps characterises and regulates Manchester’s Gay Village as a distinct, bordered, hedonistic and particularly tolerant place. This ...
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Combining narratives of success and community with imagery and maps characterises and regulates Manchester’s Gay Village as a distinct, bordered, hedonistic and particularly tolerant place. This chapter describes the use of collaboratively produced graphic stories, created using combinations of drawings, text, photographs and found images. These 'ethno-graphics' describe lived experiences of men seeking sex in public and engaging in exchanges of intimacy, money, goods and services that challenge the master narratives of that are openly recognised and spoken about in the village.Less
Combining narratives of success and community with imagery and maps characterises and regulates Manchester’s Gay Village as a distinct, bordered, hedonistic and particularly tolerant place. This chapter describes the use of collaboratively produced graphic stories, created using combinations of drawings, text, photographs and found images. These 'ethno-graphics' describe lived experiences of men seeking sex in public and engaging in exchanges of intimacy, money, goods and services that challenge the master narratives of that are openly recognised and spoken about in the village.
Annabel Patterson
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780300198003
- eISBN:
- 9780300210408
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300198003.003.0008
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
This chapter offers a reading of Nuruddin Farah's 1986 novel Maps, which tells the story of an orphan born in the disputed African region of Ogaden. Ogaden is the subject of a territorial conflict ...
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This chapter offers a reading of Nuruddin Farah's 1986 novel Maps, which tells the story of an orphan born in the disputed African region of Ogaden. Ogaden is the subject of a territorial conflict between Ethiopia and Somalia, and its condition is a crucial issue in Somali nationalism. According to Farah himself, “nationality” is felt and perceived in Somalia by language rather than by ethnicity. The chapter also looks at Askar's education in cartography and cartology and concludes by discussing how Maps carries on the debate about nationalism and internationalism using subtle language.Less
This chapter offers a reading of Nuruddin Farah's 1986 novel Maps, which tells the story of an orphan born in the disputed African region of Ogaden. Ogaden is the subject of a territorial conflict between Ethiopia and Somalia, and its condition is a crucial issue in Somali nationalism. According to Farah himself, “nationality” is felt and perceived in Somalia by language rather than by ethnicity. The chapter also looks at Askar's education in cartography and cartology and concludes by discussing how Maps carries on the debate about nationalism and internationalism using subtle language.
Edward C. Holland
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781496802217
- eISBN:
- 9781496802262
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781496802217.003.0006
- Subject:
- Literature, Comics Studies
Edward C. Holland’s essay reads Sacco’s maps and mappings of the Bosnian War as interventions in the traditional roles ascribed to cartography, bringing to bear the analytical tools of the discipline ...
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Edward C. Holland’s essay reads Sacco’s maps and mappings of the Bosnian War as interventions in the traditional roles ascribed to cartography, bringing to bear the analytical tools of the discipline of geography to the study of comics.Less
Edward C. Holland’s essay reads Sacco’s maps and mappings of the Bosnian War as interventions in the traditional roles ascribed to cartography, bringing to bear the analytical tools of the discipline of geography to the study of comics.
