Anthony James Joes
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813126142
- eISBN:
- 9780813135588
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813126142.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Insurgencies, especially in the form of guerrilla warfare, continue to erupt across many parts of the globe. Most of these rebellions fail, but this book analyzes four twentieth-century conflicts in ...
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Insurgencies, especially in the form of guerrilla warfare, continue to erupt across many parts of the globe. Most of these rebellions fail, but this book analyzes four twentieth-century conflicts in which the success of the insurgents permanently altered the global political arena: the Maoists in China against Chiang Kai-shek and the Japanese in the 1930s and 1940s; the Viet Minh in French Indochina from 1945 to 1954; Castro's followers against Batista in Cuba from 1956 to 1959; and the mujahideen in Soviet Afghanistan from 1980 to 1989. The book illuminates patterns of failed counterinsurgencies that include serious but avoidable political and military blunders and makes clear the critical and often decisive influence of the international setting.Less
Insurgencies, especially in the form of guerrilla warfare, continue to erupt across many parts of the globe. Most of these rebellions fail, but this book analyzes four twentieth-century conflicts in which the success of the insurgents permanently altered the global political arena: the Maoists in China against Chiang Kai-shek and the Japanese in the 1930s and 1940s; the Viet Minh in French Indochina from 1945 to 1954; Castro's followers against Batista in Cuba from 1956 to 1959; and the mujahideen in Soviet Afghanistan from 1980 to 1989. The book illuminates patterns of failed counterinsurgencies that include serious but avoidable political and military blunders and makes clear the critical and often decisive influence of the international setting.
Chris Bramall
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199275939
- eISBN:
- 9780191706073
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199275939.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
By the late 1970s, Guangdong’s industrial and skills base was more rural, less geographically concentrated, and less dominated by traditional light industry than it had been at the time of the ...
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By the late 1970s, Guangdong’s industrial and skills base was more rural, less geographically concentrated, and less dominated by traditional light industry than it had been at the time of the Revolution. The expansion of manufacturing capability in rural Guangdong under Mao provided the province with a solid foundation for the industrialization of the 1980s and 1990s. Inflows of foreign investment and foreign trade undoubtedly helped to promote growth in Guangdong, much more than in other Chinese provinces. Nevertheless, the pivotal role played by Guangdong’s Maoist inheritance is apparent. Even in this coastal province, where the flows of foreign capital and migrant labour were enormous, inherited industrial capability was a key influence on the rural industrial growth rate.Less
By the late 1970s, Guangdong’s industrial and skills base was more rural, less geographically concentrated, and less dominated by traditional light industry than it had been at the time of the Revolution. The expansion of manufacturing capability in rural Guangdong under Mao provided the province with a solid foundation for the industrialization of the 1980s and 1990s. Inflows of foreign investment and foreign trade undoubtedly helped to promote growth in Guangdong, much more than in other Chinese provinces. Nevertheless, the pivotal role played by Guangdong’s Maoist inheritance is apparent. Even in this coastal province, where the flows of foreign capital and migrant labour were enormous, inherited industrial capability was a key influence on the rural industrial growth rate.
Chris Bramall
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199275939
- eISBN:
- 9780191706073
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199275939.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
The foundations for the rapid growth of rural industry in China after 1978 were laid out during the Maoist era. Although much of China’s Maoist industry was inefficient, its workers acquired a vast ...
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The foundations for the rapid growth of rural industry in China after 1978 were laid out during the Maoist era. Although much of China’s Maoist industry was inefficient, its workers acquired a vast array of skills via the process of learning-by-doing and by the diffusion of skills from urban areas. Policy changes after 1978 certainly added to the effectiveness of this inheritance. The Chinese evidence points inescapably to the conclusion that learning and skills development are essential pre-conditions for rapid rural industrialization in poor countries.Less
The foundations for the rapid growth of rural industry in China after 1978 were laid out during the Maoist era. Although much of China’s Maoist industry was inefficient, its workers acquired a vast array of skills via the process of learning-by-doing and by the diffusion of skills from urban areas. Policy changes after 1978 certainly added to the effectiveness of this inheritance. The Chinese evidence points inescapably to the conclusion that learning and skills development are essential pre-conditions for rapid rural industrialization in poor countries.
Helen F. Siu
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622099692
- eISBN:
- 9789882207189
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622099692.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Asian Studies
Historians and anthropologists have long been interested in South China where powerful lineages and gendered hierarchies are juxtaposed with unorthodox trading cultures, multi-ethnic colonial ...
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Historians and anthropologists have long been interested in South China where powerful lineages and gendered hierarchies are juxtaposed with unorthodox trading cultures, multi-ethnic colonial encounters, and market-driven consumption. The divergent paths taken by women in Hong Kong and Guangdong during thirty years of Maoist closure, and the post-reform cross-border fluidities have also gained analytical attention. This book provides further theoretical application of a “regional construct” that appreciates process, transcends definitive powers of administrative borders, and brings out nuanced gender notions. The book uses fine-grained historical and ethnographic materials to map out three crucial historical junctures in the evolution of South China, from late imperial to contemporary periods that have significantly shaped the construction of gendered space. Stressing process and human agency, this book uses women's experiences to challenge dichotomous analytical perspectives on lineage patriarchy, colonial institutions, power, and social activism. The book refocuses attention on cultural dynamics in the South China region of which Hong Kong is an integral part, and illuminates the analytical importance of long historical periods in which layers of social, political, and economic activities intersected to constitute the complicated positioning of women.Less
Historians and anthropologists have long been interested in South China where powerful lineages and gendered hierarchies are juxtaposed with unorthodox trading cultures, multi-ethnic colonial encounters, and market-driven consumption. The divergent paths taken by women in Hong Kong and Guangdong during thirty years of Maoist closure, and the post-reform cross-border fluidities have also gained analytical attention. This book provides further theoretical application of a “regional construct” that appreciates process, transcends definitive powers of administrative borders, and brings out nuanced gender notions. The book uses fine-grained historical and ethnographic materials to map out three crucial historical junctures in the evolution of South China, from late imperial to contemporary periods that have significantly shaped the construction of gendered space. Stressing process and human agency, this book uses women's experiences to challenge dichotomous analytical perspectives on lineage patriarchy, colonial institutions, power, and social activism. The book refocuses attention on cultural dynamics in the South China region of which Hong Kong is an integral part, and illuminates the analytical importance of long historical periods in which layers of social, political, and economic activities intersected to constitute the complicated positioning of women.
Rana Mitter
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199251209
- eISBN:
- 9780191599293
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199251207.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Mitter's study argues that until the late Qing, concepts of international order and justice were alien to China's imperial rulers. Subsequently, however, in the nineteenth and early twentieth ...
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Mitter's study argues that until the late Qing, concepts of international order and justice were alien to China's imperial rulers. Subsequently, however, in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, China perceived itself to be the victim in an unjust world of aggressive, powerful, Western states. Contemporary Chinese perceptions of a just international order have been shaped by such past experiences and encompass a strong element of restitution. Its justice claims start with the Chinese state itself rather than with the needs of a broader global community.Less
Mitter's study argues that until the late Qing, concepts of international order and justice were alien to China's imperial rulers. Subsequently, however, in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, China perceived itself to be the victim in an unjust world of aggressive, powerful, Western states. Contemporary Chinese perceptions of a just international order have been shaped by such past experiences and encompass a strong element of restitution. Its justice claims start with the Chinese state itself rather than with the needs of a broader global community.
Rabindra Ray
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198077381
- eISBN:
- 9780199081011
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198077381.003.0007
- Subject:
- Sociology, Race and Ethnicity
The theoretical tradition to which Charu Mazumdar himself links his speculations is the Marxist–Leninist–Maoist. In the materialist metaphysic of these schools, what Mazumdar wants to bring about is ...
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The theoretical tradition to which Charu Mazumdar himself links his speculations is the Marxist–Leninist–Maoist. In the materialist metaphysic of these schools, what Mazumdar wants to bring about is the New Democratic revolution. This is to establish the rule of the vast majority of the nation, composed specifically of the peasantry, the proletariat, the petty bourgeoisie, and the national bourgeoisie, upsetting the rule of the landlords, the comprador bourgeoisie, the US imperialists, and the Soviet social-imperialists, who constitute a tiny minority. The terminology in which what became for Mazumdar Jotedar-rajya was codified, defined India as a semi-feudal, semi-colonial country. This chapter also considers the initial formulations of revolution in terrorist tracts. Mazumdar’s view of the revolution is unarmed peasants turning ferociously on their armed oppressors, killing them and snatching their weapons to found an army that will liberate the whole country.Less
The theoretical tradition to which Charu Mazumdar himself links his speculations is the Marxist–Leninist–Maoist. In the materialist metaphysic of these schools, what Mazumdar wants to bring about is the New Democratic revolution. This is to establish the rule of the vast majority of the nation, composed specifically of the peasantry, the proletariat, the petty bourgeoisie, and the national bourgeoisie, upsetting the rule of the landlords, the comprador bourgeoisie, the US imperialists, and the Soviet social-imperialists, who constitute a tiny minority. The terminology in which what became for Mazumdar Jotedar-rajya was codified, defined India as a semi-feudal, semi-colonial country. This chapter also considers the initial formulations of revolution in terrorist tracts. Mazumdar’s view of the revolution is unarmed peasants turning ferociously on their armed oppressors, killing them and snatching their weapons to found an army that will liberate the whole country.
Robert Tobin
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199641567
- eISBN:
- 9780191738418
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199641567.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter focuses on Butler's writings after the Second World War and his efforts to confront the impact of totalitarian thought on Western society. It offers close readings of some of his most ...
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This chapter focuses on Butler's writings after the Second World War and his efforts to confront the impact of totalitarian thought on Western society. It offers close readings of some of his most prominent post‐war writings, and in the process, introduces his preoccupation with exposing the compulsory conversion campaign waged against Orthodox Serbs in Croatia during the war. It accounts for how this concern led to the most traumatic experience of his public life, the so‐called ‘Papal Nuncio Incident’ of 1952. It explores his concern with the creeping anonymity of modern life, exploited by totalitarian regimes before and during the war but also evident after the war in the capitalist West. His travels in China in the fifties, as well as in Europe and the USA in the sixties, confirmed for him this assessment.Less
This chapter focuses on Butler's writings after the Second World War and his efforts to confront the impact of totalitarian thought on Western society. It offers close readings of some of his most prominent post‐war writings, and in the process, introduces his preoccupation with exposing the compulsory conversion campaign waged against Orthodox Serbs in Croatia during the war. It accounts for how this concern led to the most traumatic experience of his public life, the so‐called ‘Papal Nuncio Incident’ of 1952. It explores his concern with the creeping anonymity of modern life, exploited by totalitarian regimes before and during the war but also evident after the war in the capitalist West. His travels in China in the fifties, as well as in Europe and the USA in the sixties, confirmed for him this assessment.
Chris Bramall
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198296973
- eISBN:
- 9780191596018
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198296975.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, South and East Asia
The orthodoxy has long dismissed the notion that Maoist economic development helped lay the foundations for subsequent economic growth in China. However, as this chapter notes in introducing the ...
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The orthodoxy has long dismissed the notion that Maoist economic development helped lay the foundations for subsequent economic growth in China. However, as this chapter notes in introducing the proximate sources of growth discussed in this and the next six chapters, there is a body of research that points to the positive legacies of the Maoist era in terms of education, transport, and irrigation. Most of this literature takes the view that the Chinese economy in the late Maoist era had enormous potential but was under‐performing because of structural weaknesses and incentive failures. The new policies of the transition era had the effect of unlocking this potential.Less
The orthodoxy has long dismissed the notion that Maoist economic development helped lay the foundations for subsequent economic growth in China. However, as this chapter notes in introducing the proximate sources of growth discussed in this and the next six chapters, there is a body of research that points to the positive legacies of the Maoist era in terms of education, transport, and irrigation. Most of this literature takes the view that the Chinese economy in the late Maoist era had enormous potential but was under‐performing because of structural weaknesses and incentive failures. The new policies of the transition era had the effect of unlocking this potential.
Chris Bramall
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198296973
- eISBN:
- 9780191596018
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198296975.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, South and East Asia
Here we outline the extent of the physical and human capital legacies from the Maoist era. One such legacy was a well‐developed irrigation system, much of which was completed in the late 1960s and ...
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Here we outline the extent of the physical and human capital legacies from the Maoist era. One such legacy was a well‐developed irrigation system, much of which was completed in the late 1960s and 1970s. The industrial legacy was more mixed, mainly because much of the investment of the 1960s and 1970s was channelled into the defence sector, especially Third Front projects in western China. Nevertheless, transition‐era China inherited extensive stocks of industrial capital, as well as transport infrastructure. Perhaps most importantly of all, the Maoist development strategy was successful in vastly increasing rural literacy rates and thus creating a potential industrial workforce.Less
Here we outline the extent of the physical and human capital legacies from the Maoist era. One such legacy was a well‐developed irrigation system, much of which was completed in the late 1960s and 1970s. The industrial legacy was more mixed, mainly because much of the investment of the 1960s and 1970s was channelled into the defence sector, especially Third Front projects in western China. Nevertheless, transition‐era China inherited extensive stocks of industrial capital, as well as transport infrastructure. Perhaps most importantly of all, the Maoist development strategy was successful in vastly increasing rural literacy rates and thus creating a potential industrial workforce.
Chris Bramall
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198296973
- eISBN:
- 9780191596018
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198296975.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, South and East Asia
A prime mover in post‐1978 Chinese growth was the high rate of investment. As this chapter shows, the late Maoist investment rate was exceptionally high in the late 1970s by the standards of ...
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A prime mover in post‐1978 Chinese growth was the high rate of investment. As this chapter shows, the late Maoist investment rate was exceptionally high in the late 1970s by the standards of developing countries. The bulk of this investment was funded from domestic savings; foreign direct investment, the contributions of the overseas Chinese, and foreign borrowing contributed almost nothing to Maoist investment.Less
A prime mover in post‐1978 Chinese growth was the high rate of investment. As this chapter shows, the late Maoist investment rate was exceptionally high in the late 1970s by the standards of developing countries. The bulk of this investment was funded from domestic savings; foreign direct investment, the contributions of the overseas Chinese, and foreign borrowing contributed almost nothing to Maoist investment.
Rosemary Roberts
Li Li (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9789888390892
- eISBN:
- 9789888455003
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888390892.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This book brings together research on China’s “red classics” across the entire Maoist period through to their re-emergence in the reform era. It critically investigates the changing nature and ...
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This book brings together research on China’s “red classics” across the entire Maoist period through to their re-emergence in the reform era. It critically investigates the changing nature and significance of China’s “red classics” at each point of their (re/)emergence in three key areas: their socio-political and ideological import, their aesthetic significance and their function as a mass cultural phenomenon. The book is organised in two parts in chronological order covering the Maoist period and post-Cultural Revolution respectively, and includes a representative range of genres including novels, short stories, films, TV series, picture books (lianhuanhua), animation and traditional style paintings (guohua). The book illuminates important questions such as: What determined what could and could not become a “red classic”? How was the real revolutionary experience of authors shaped by the regime to create “red classic” works? How were traditional forms incorporated or transformed? How did authors and artist negotiate the treacherous waters of changing political demands? And how did the “red classics adapt to a new political environment and a new readership in new millennium China? While most of the chapters focus primarily on one of the two periods under consideration many also follow the fate of their subject through both periods, creating overall a highly coherent overview of the changing phenomenon of the “red classics” over the seventy-five years since the Yan’an Forum and in the process simultaneously tracing the changing dynamic between the CCP and these classic narratives of the communist revolution.Less
This book brings together research on China’s “red classics” across the entire Maoist period through to their re-emergence in the reform era. It critically investigates the changing nature and significance of China’s “red classics” at each point of their (re/)emergence in three key areas: their socio-political and ideological import, their aesthetic significance and their function as a mass cultural phenomenon. The book is organised in two parts in chronological order covering the Maoist period and post-Cultural Revolution respectively, and includes a representative range of genres including novels, short stories, films, TV series, picture books (lianhuanhua), animation and traditional style paintings (guohua). The book illuminates important questions such as: What determined what could and could not become a “red classic”? How was the real revolutionary experience of authors shaped by the regime to create “red classic” works? How were traditional forms incorporated or transformed? How did authors and artist negotiate the treacherous waters of changing political demands? And how did the “red classics adapt to a new political environment and a new readership in new millennium China? While most of the chapters focus primarily on one of the two periods under consideration many also follow the fate of their subject through both periods, creating overall a highly coherent overview of the changing phenomenon of the “red classics” over the seventy-five years since the Yan’an Forum and in the process simultaneously tracing the changing dynamic between the CCP and these classic narratives of the communist revolution.
Gordon White, Jude Howell, and Shang Xiaoyuan
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198289562
- eISBN:
- 9780191684739
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198289562.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter aims to provide an overall context for the detailed case studies of intermediate social organizations. It begins with a brief inquiry into the existence and character of ‘civil society’ ...
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This chapter aims to provide an overall context for the detailed case studies of intermediate social organizations. It begins with a brief inquiry into the existence and character of ‘civil society’ organizations in pre-revolutionary China as a historical benchmark for viewing their emergence in the era of economic reform. Next, the chapter describes the structure of Chinese social organization during the Maoist era and identifies the socio-economic changes that have since taken place under the impact of economic reform, and which have created pressure for changes in associational behaviour and linkages between the party/state and society. It then draws a broad picture of Chinese civil society in the mid-1990s.Less
This chapter aims to provide an overall context for the detailed case studies of intermediate social organizations. It begins with a brief inquiry into the existence and character of ‘civil society’ organizations in pre-revolutionary China as a historical benchmark for viewing their emergence in the era of economic reform. Next, the chapter describes the structure of Chinese social organization during the Maoist era and identifies the socio-economic changes that have since taken place under the impact of economic reform, and which have created pressure for changes in associational behaviour and linkages between the party/state and society. It then draws a broad picture of Chinese civil society in the mid-1990s.
Corey Kai Nelson Schultz
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781474421614
- eISBN:
- 9781474449588
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474421614.001.0001
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
This book examines how the films of the Chinese Sixth Generation filmmaker Jia Zhangke evoke the affective “felt” experience of China’s contemporary social and economic transformations, by examining ...
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This book examines how the films of the Chinese Sixth Generation filmmaker Jia Zhangke evoke the affective “felt” experience of China’s contemporary social and economic transformations, by examining the class figures of worker, peasant, soldier, intellectual, and entrepreneur that are found in the films. Each chapter analyzes a figure’s socio-historical context, its filmic representation, and its recurring cinematic tropes in order to understand how they create what Raymond Williams calls “structures of feeling” – feelings that concretize around particular times, places, generations, and classes that are captured and evoked in art – and charts how this felt experience has changed over the past forty years of China’s economic reforms. The book argues that that Jia’s cinema should be understood not just as narratives that represent Chinese social change, but also as an effort to engage the audience’s emotional responses during this period of China’s massive and fast-paced transformation.Less
This book examines how the films of the Chinese Sixth Generation filmmaker Jia Zhangke evoke the affective “felt” experience of China’s contemporary social and economic transformations, by examining the class figures of worker, peasant, soldier, intellectual, and entrepreneur that are found in the films. Each chapter analyzes a figure’s socio-historical context, its filmic representation, and its recurring cinematic tropes in order to understand how they create what Raymond Williams calls “structures of feeling” – feelings that concretize around particular times, places, generations, and classes that are captured and evoked in art – and charts how this felt experience has changed over the past forty years of China’s economic reforms. The book argues that that Jia’s cinema should be understood not just as narratives that represent Chinese social change, but also as an effort to engage the audience’s emotional responses during this period of China’s massive and fast-paced transformation.
Huaiyin Li
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824836085
- eISBN:
- 9780824871338
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824836085.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This book offers the first systematic analysis of writings on modern Chinese history by historians in China from the early twentieth century to the present. It traces the construction of major ...
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This book offers the first systematic analysis of writings on modern Chinese history by historians in China from the early twentieth century to the present. It traces the construction of major interpretive schemes, the evolution of dominant historical narratives, and the unfolding of debates on the most controversial issues in different periods. Placing history writing in the context of political rivalry and ideological contestation, the book explicates how the historians' dedication to faithfully reconstructing the past was compromised by their commitment to an imagined trajectory of history that fit their present-day agenda and served their needs of political legitimation. Beginning with an examination of the contrasting narratives of revolution and modernization in the Republican period, the book scrutinizes changes in the revolutionary historiography after 1949, including its disciplinization in the 1950s and early 1960s and radicalization in the rest of the Mao era. It further investigates the rise of the modernization paradigm in the reform era, the crises of master narratives since the late 1990s, and the latest development of the field. Central to the analysis is the issue of truth and falsehood in historical representation. The book contends that both the revolutionary and modernization historiographies before 1949 reflected historians' lived experiences and contained a degree of authenticity in mirroring the historical processes of their own times. In sharp contrast, both the revolutionary historiography of the Maoist era and the modernization historiography of the reform era were primarily products of historians' ideological commitment, which distorted and concealed the past no less than revealed it.Less
This book offers the first systematic analysis of writings on modern Chinese history by historians in China from the early twentieth century to the present. It traces the construction of major interpretive schemes, the evolution of dominant historical narratives, and the unfolding of debates on the most controversial issues in different periods. Placing history writing in the context of political rivalry and ideological contestation, the book explicates how the historians' dedication to faithfully reconstructing the past was compromised by their commitment to an imagined trajectory of history that fit their present-day agenda and served their needs of political legitimation. Beginning with an examination of the contrasting narratives of revolution and modernization in the Republican period, the book scrutinizes changes in the revolutionary historiography after 1949, including its disciplinization in the 1950s and early 1960s and radicalization in the rest of the Mao era. It further investigates the rise of the modernization paradigm in the reform era, the crises of master narratives since the late 1990s, and the latest development of the field. Central to the analysis is the issue of truth and falsehood in historical representation. The book contends that both the revolutionary and modernization historiographies before 1949 reflected historians' lived experiences and contained a degree of authenticity in mirroring the historical processes of their own times. In sharp contrast, both the revolutionary historiography of the Maoist era and the modernization historiography of the reform era were primarily products of historians' ideological commitment, which distorted and concealed the past no less than revealed it.
Ping Zhu
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9789888528011
- eISBN:
- 9789882204508
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888528011.003.0010
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Cultural Studies
Huajixi is a genre of farcical performance originated in Shanghai and the surrounding areas in the early twentieth century. The encounter with alien cultures and the influx of population imbued ...
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Huajixi is a genre of farcical performance originated in Shanghai and the surrounding areas in the early twentieth century. The encounter with alien cultures and the influx of population imbued huajixi with an inherent heterogeneity. The abundance of linguistic miscommunication, discordance, and dissonance that elicit laughter in huajixi signifies, in Mikhail Bakhtin’s term, the heteroglossia of language, resulted from the disassociation between language and intentions, language and thoughts, language and expressions. As the content of huajixi had to undergo heavy-handed reform in the early years of PRC, its heteroglossic language remained relatively untouched. In fact, through curating the heteroglossia in huajixi, Maoist discourse showed its willingness to relativize and decenter language consciousness so as to continue the modernization of Chinese language that started in the May Fourth period.Less
Huajixi is a genre of farcical performance originated in Shanghai and the surrounding areas in the early twentieth century. The encounter with alien cultures and the influx of population imbued huajixi with an inherent heterogeneity. The abundance of linguistic miscommunication, discordance, and dissonance that elicit laughter in huajixi signifies, in Mikhail Bakhtin’s term, the heteroglossia of language, resulted from the disassociation between language and intentions, language and thoughts, language and expressions. As the content of huajixi had to undergo heavy-handed reform in the early years of PRC, its heteroglossic language remained relatively untouched. In fact, through curating the heteroglossia in huajixi, Maoist discourse showed its willingness to relativize and decenter language consciousness so as to continue the modernization of Chinese language that started in the May Fourth period.
Ka-ming Wu
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- April 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780252039881
- eISBN:
- 9780252097997
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5406/illinois/9780252039881.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Asian Studies
The final destination of the Long March and center of the Chinese Communist Party's red bases, Yan'an acquired mythical status during the Maoist era. Though the city's significance as an emblem of ...
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The final destination of the Long March and center of the Chinese Communist Party's red bases, Yan'an acquired mythical status during the Maoist era. Though the city's significance as an emblem of revolutionary heroism has faded, today's Chinese still glorify Yan'an as a sanctuary for ancient cultural traditions. The book examines the relation between the government and local communities for heritage preservation and cultural tourism in the age of runaway urbanization by focusing on the moments of mobilizing and representing folk traditions in both socialist and late socialist Yan'an. This ethnographic account of contemporary Yan'an documents how people have reworked the revival of three rural practices—paper-cutting, folk storytelling, and spirit cults—within (and beyond) the socialist legacy. Moving beyond dominant views of Yan'an folk culture as a tool of revolution or object of market reform, the book reveals how cultural traditions become battlegrounds where conflicts among the state, market forces, and intellectuals in search of an authentic China play out. At the same time, it shows these emerging new dynamics in the light of the ways rural residents make sense of rapid social change. The book uses “Yan'an and folk culture” to connote a historical model of the Chinese Communist Party appropriating folk traditions to promote rural reform and national state campaigns.Less
The final destination of the Long March and center of the Chinese Communist Party's red bases, Yan'an acquired mythical status during the Maoist era. Though the city's significance as an emblem of revolutionary heroism has faded, today's Chinese still glorify Yan'an as a sanctuary for ancient cultural traditions. The book examines the relation between the government and local communities for heritage preservation and cultural tourism in the age of runaway urbanization by focusing on the moments of mobilizing and representing folk traditions in both socialist and late socialist Yan'an. This ethnographic account of contemporary Yan'an documents how people have reworked the revival of three rural practices—paper-cutting, folk storytelling, and spirit cults—within (and beyond) the socialist legacy. Moving beyond dominant views of Yan'an folk culture as a tool of revolution or object of market reform, the book reveals how cultural traditions become battlegrounds where conflicts among the state, market forces, and intellectuals in search of an authentic China play out. At the same time, it shows these emerging new dynamics in the light of the ways rural residents make sense of rapid social change. The book uses “Yan'an and folk culture” to connote a historical model of the Chinese Communist Party appropriating folk traditions to promote rural reform and national state campaigns.
Susan Greenhalgh
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520253384
- eISBN:
- 9780520941267
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520253384.003.0002
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Asian Cultural Anthropology
This chapter presents some historical detail on the “Maoist ideology” that would eventually lead to the one-child policy in China. It first introduces Chairman Mao, a virtual dictator whose opposing ...
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This chapter presents some historical detail on the “Maoist ideology” that would eventually lead to the one-child policy in China. It first introduces Chairman Mao, a virtual dictator whose opposing stances on population created the strained linguistic context where population work had to proceed and whose mass campaigns blocked the sustained development of birth work for twenty years. The chapter then describes how the party subordinated, silenced, and finally abolished the field of population studies, while depriving itself of the best source of advice on population governance. It also emphasizes the accomplishments of the moderates associated with Premier Zhou.Less
This chapter presents some historical detail on the “Maoist ideology” that would eventually lead to the one-child policy in China. It first introduces Chairman Mao, a virtual dictator whose opposing stances on population created the strained linguistic context where population work had to proceed and whose mass campaigns blocked the sustained development of birth work for twenty years. The chapter then describes how the party subordinated, silenced, and finally abolished the field of population studies, while depriving itself of the best source of advice on population governance. It also emphasizes the accomplishments of the moderates associated with Premier Zhou.
Shuyu Kong
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622090873
- eISBN:
- 9789882206670
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622090873.003.0007
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Asian Studies
This chapter examines a Chinese literary celebrity from each of the past three decades—Wang Meng (b. 1934), Wang Shuo (b. 1958), and Wei Hui (b. 1974)—to show how developments in the literary field ...
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This chapter examines a Chinese literary celebrity from each of the past three decades—Wang Meng (b. 1934), Wang Shuo (b. 1958), and Wei Hui (b. 1974)—to show how developments in the literary field have transformed the nature of celebrity in China today. It begins with a brief discussion of the context and social value of literary production during the socialist, Maoist period (1949–76). It then discusses each of the literary celebrities in turn, moving from the eldest, Wang Meng, through to the youngest, Wei Hui, with a focus on different aspects of literary celebrity culture. Finally, it examines the impacts of Wang Meng, Wang Shuo, and Wei Hui on the broader literary cultures of their times.Less
This chapter examines a Chinese literary celebrity from each of the past three decades—Wang Meng (b. 1934), Wang Shuo (b. 1958), and Wei Hui (b. 1974)—to show how developments in the literary field have transformed the nature of celebrity in China today. It begins with a brief discussion of the context and social value of literary production during the socialist, Maoist period (1949–76). It then discusses each of the literary celebrities in turn, moving from the eldest, Wang Meng, through to the youngest, Wei Hui, with a focus on different aspects of literary celebrity culture. Finally, it examines the impacts of Wang Meng, Wang Shuo, and Wei Hui on the broader literary cultures of their times.
Andrew G. Walder
- Published in print:
- 1988
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520064706
- eISBN:
- 9780520909007
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520064706.003.0003
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Asian Cultural Anthropology
This chapter is concerned with the organizational characteristics that give the communist state the capacity to shape worker political association and activity in distinctive ways. Corporatism ...
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This chapter is concerned with the organizational characteristics that give the communist state the capacity to shape worker political association and activity in distinctive ways. Corporatism ideally seeks to manage the associated conflicts for the good of the nation; communism seeks to reorganize society in such a way that private interest groups cannot find organized expression or even a clear social identity. The Chinese party-state is represented in the factory by two organizations that shape political relationships and interests right down to the shop floor. The discretion exercised jointly by the shop director and party branch secretary appears to be a throwback to the foreman's empire of the contracting era of factory production in many parts of the world. The chapter then compares Stalinist and Maoist mobilization. The Chinese party appears genuinely to have viewed the moral cultivation of citizens as the only effective way to generate commitment and obedience.Less
This chapter is concerned with the organizational characteristics that give the communist state the capacity to shape worker political association and activity in distinctive ways. Corporatism ideally seeks to manage the associated conflicts for the good of the nation; communism seeks to reorganize society in such a way that private interest groups cannot find organized expression or even a clear social identity. The Chinese party-state is represented in the factory by two organizations that shape political relationships and interests right down to the shop floor. The discretion exercised jointly by the shop director and party branch secretary appears to be a throwback to the foreman's empire of the contracting era of factory production in many parts of the world. The chapter then compares Stalinist and Maoist mobilization. The Chinese party appears genuinely to have viewed the moral cultivation of citizens as the only effective way to generate commitment and obedience.
Charles Leslie and Allan Young
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520073173
- eISBN:
- 9780520910935
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520073173.003.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
This chapter provides an introduction to the Asian medical system, which is intrinsically dynamic and continually evolving. Public interest in Asian medicine was stimulated in the early 1970s when ...
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This chapter provides an introduction to the Asian medical system, which is intrinsically dynamic and continually evolving. Public interest in Asian medicine was stimulated in the early 1970s when the People's Republic of China promoted its integrated system of Chinese and Western medicine as an exemplar of Maoist enterprise. The medical systems of contemporary Asia—Ayurveda, Unani, and Chinese medicine—are intellectually coherent. Each system consists of beliefs and practices connected by an underlying logic, and each is underpinned by a coherent network of assumptions about pathophysiology, and therapeutics. While it is reasonable to discuss Asian medical systems in the same way that one reasons about humoral or allopathic systems, it is important to identify the cultural features that distinguish between the classic, literate medical system of a given Asian society and its local appearances. This chapter also provides an overview of the study, which discusses the ongoing evolution of Ayurveda as a professionalized system of knowledge in a modern state.Less
This chapter provides an introduction to the Asian medical system, which is intrinsically dynamic and continually evolving. Public interest in Asian medicine was stimulated in the early 1970s when the People's Republic of China promoted its integrated system of Chinese and Western medicine as an exemplar of Maoist enterprise. The medical systems of contemporary Asia—Ayurveda, Unani, and Chinese medicine—are intellectually coherent. Each system consists of beliefs and practices connected by an underlying logic, and each is underpinned by a coherent network of assumptions about pathophysiology, and therapeutics. While it is reasonable to discuss Asian medical systems in the same way that one reasons about humoral or allopathic systems, it is important to identify the cultural features that distinguish between the classic, literate medical system of a given Asian society and its local appearances. This chapter also provides an overview of the study, which discusses the ongoing evolution of Ayurveda as a professionalized system of knowledge in a modern state.
