Lamin Sanneh
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195189605
- eISBN:
- 9780199868582
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195189605.003.0009
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Synopsis: The chapter describes Chinese nationalism's confrontation with missions, and how Marxist revolution continued that confrontation, culminating in Mao's New China. The chapter examines the ...
More
Synopsis: The chapter describes Chinese nationalism's confrontation with missions, and how Marxist revolution continued that confrontation, culminating in Mao's New China. The chapter examines the Cultural Revolution, the Protestant Three‐Self movement, the Catholic Patriotic Association, and the phenomenon of registered and unregistered churches to account for the religious ferment in post‐Maoist China. China's Marxist revolution found resonance among progressive Western voices who called for appeasement and accommodation. The chapter describes the ordination of Florence Lei as lightening rod for debate about women's role in church and society, and the ensuing controversy at the 1948 Lambeth Conference. Catholic and Protestant fortunes revived after the thaw in 1986, and the chapter discusses the role of charismatic groups and the Catholic renewal in China's global role. The chapter concludes with a look at religion as a dimension of civil society, and the importance of the growing Chinese diaspora.Less
Synopsis: The chapter describes Chinese nationalism's confrontation with missions, and how Marxist revolution continued that confrontation, culminating in Mao's New China. The chapter examines the Cultural Revolution, the Protestant Three‐Self movement, the Catholic Patriotic Association, and the phenomenon of registered and unregistered churches to account for the religious ferment in post‐Maoist China. China's Marxist revolution found resonance among progressive Western voices who called for appeasement and accommodation. The chapter describes the ordination of Florence Lei as lightening rod for debate about women's role in church and society, and the ensuing controversy at the 1948 Lambeth Conference. Catholic and Protestant fortunes revived after the thaw in 1986, and the chapter discusses the role of charismatic groups and the Catholic renewal in China's global role. The chapter concludes with a look at religion as a dimension of civil society, and the importance of the growing Chinese diaspora.
Alessandro Orsini
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801449864
- eISBN:
- 9780801460913
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801449864.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter examines the thoughts and political practices of other revolutionaries, namely Lenin, Mao Tse-tung, and Pol Pot. Lenin is considered the greatest purifier of the world known to history. ...
More
This chapter examines the thoughts and political practices of other revolutionaries, namely Lenin, Mao Tse-tung, and Pol Pot. Lenin is considered the greatest purifier of the world known to history. He achieved power and set about regenerating humanity. His political actions have enabled the effects of the gnostic recipe to be verified “in the field.” The Bolshevik Revolution also demonstrates what happens when professional revolutionaries gain power. Mao Tse-tung was one of the staunchest critics of bureaucracy, the new state bourgeoisie, corruption, and betrayal. Similar to Robespierre, Mao stood for radical catastrophism, the binary-code mentality, the obsession with purity, the identification of the Devil, and the doctrine of purification, according to which your enemies can only be exterminated. Pol Pot was a firm supporter of the Leninist organization of the Khmer Rouge. He was convinced that only a political party based on a rigid hierarchy and a fierce ideological determination would be able to transform the present world.Less
This chapter examines the thoughts and political practices of other revolutionaries, namely Lenin, Mao Tse-tung, and Pol Pot. Lenin is considered the greatest purifier of the world known to history. He achieved power and set about regenerating humanity. His political actions have enabled the effects of the gnostic recipe to be verified “in the field.” The Bolshevik Revolution also demonstrates what happens when professional revolutionaries gain power. Mao Tse-tung was one of the staunchest critics of bureaucracy, the new state bourgeoisie, corruption, and betrayal. Similar to Robespierre, Mao stood for radical catastrophism, the binary-code mentality, the obsession with purity, the identification of the Devil, and the doctrine of purification, according to which your enemies can only be exterminated. Pol Pot was a firm supporter of the Leninist organization of the Khmer Rouge. He was convinced that only a political party based on a rigid hierarchy and a fierce ideological determination would be able to transform the present world.
Timothy Cheek
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198290667
- eISBN:
- 9780191684821
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198290667.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter discusses Maoism and its first crisis during the late 1950s and how Deng Tuo was swept up in the middle of it. For Deng Tuo, these were miserable years. From 1956, Deng began to pay the ...
More
This chapter discusses Maoism and its first crisis during the late 1950s and how Deng Tuo was swept up in the middle of it. For Deng Tuo, these were miserable years. From 1956, Deng began to pay the price of his political engagement and by the summer of 1957 he was in serious trouble. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) proved unable to cope with the challenges of the Soviet Thaw, rebellion in Eastern Europe, and domestic pressures resulting from the First Five Year Plan. Mao Tse Tung veered toward mass campaigns to solve the economic and bureaucratic problems. Deng Tuo swung back and forth between these emerging extremes, opposing rash collectivization and public criticism of the Party but supporting the Party's brutal attack on liberals and Mao's utopian Great Leap Forward. By 1960, the Party, with Deng Tuo as guilty as the rest, had led the country into disaster — famine, political persecution, and international isolation.Less
This chapter discusses Maoism and its first crisis during the late 1950s and how Deng Tuo was swept up in the middle of it. For Deng Tuo, these were miserable years. From 1956, Deng began to pay the price of his political engagement and by the summer of 1957 he was in serious trouble. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) proved unable to cope with the challenges of the Soviet Thaw, rebellion in Eastern Europe, and domestic pressures resulting from the First Five Year Plan. Mao Tse Tung veered toward mass campaigns to solve the economic and bureaucratic problems. Deng Tuo swung back and forth between these emerging extremes, opposing rash collectivization and public criticism of the Party but supporting the Party's brutal attack on liberals and Mao's utopian Great Leap Forward. By 1960, the Party, with Deng Tuo as guilty as the rest, had led the country into disaster — famine, political persecution, and international isolation.
Tom Buchanan
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199570331
- eISBN:
- 9780191741425
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199570331.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History, British and Irish Modern History
This book offers a complete, archive-based account of the relationship between China and the British Left, from the rise of modern Chinese nationalism to the death of Mao Tse tung. Beginning with the ...
More
This book offers a complete, archive-based account of the relationship between China and the British Left, from the rise of modern Chinese nationalism to the death of Mao Tse tung. Beginning with the ‘Hands Off China’ movement of the mid-1920s, the book charts the mobilisation of British opinion in defence of China against Japanese aggression, 1931–45, and the role of the British left in relations with the People's Republic of China after 1949. It shows how this relationship was placed under stress by the growing unpredictability of Communist China, above all by the Sino-Soviet dispute and the Cultural Revolution, which meant that by the 1960s China was actively supported only by a dwindling group of enthusiasts. The impact of the suppression of the student protests in Tiananmen Square (June 1989) is addressed as an epilogue. This book argues that the significance of the left's relationship with China has been unjustly overlooked. There were many occasions, such as the mid-1920s, the late 1930s and the early 1950s, when China demanded the full attention of the British left. The book also argues that there is nothing new in the current fascination with China's emergence as an economic power. Throughout these decades the British left was aware of the immense, unrealised potential of the Chinese economy, and of how China's economic growth could transform the world. In addition to analysing the role of the political parties and pressure groups of the left, the book sheds new light on the activities of many well-known figures in support of China, including intellectuals such as Bertrand Russell, R H Tawney and Joseph Needham. Many other interesting stories emerge, concerning less well-known figures, which show the complexity of personal links between Britain and China during the 20th century. The book is based on many fascinating new archival sources, as well as a close reading of the left-wing press.Less
This book offers a complete, archive-based account of the relationship between China and the British Left, from the rise of modern Chinese nationalism to the death of Mao Tse tung. Beginning with the ‘Hands Off China’ movement of the mid-1920s, the book charts the mobilisation of British opinion in defence of China against Japanese aggression, 1931–45, and the role of the British left in relations with the People's Republic of China after 1949. It shows how this relationship was placed under stress by the growing unpredictability of Communist China, above all by the Sino-Soviet dispute and the Cultural Revolution, which meant that by the 1960s China was actively supported only by a dwindling group of enthusiasts. The impact of the suppression of the student protests in Tiananmen Square (June 1989) is addressed as an epilogue. This book argues that the significance of the left's relationship with China has been unjustly overlooked. There were many occasions, such as the mid-1920s, the late 1930s and the early 1950s, when China demanded the full attention of the British left. The book also argues that there is nothing new in the current fascination with China's emergence as an economic power. Throughout these decades the British left was aware of the immense, unrealised potential of the Chinese economy, and of how China's economic growth could transform the world. In addition to analysing the role of the political parties and pressure groups of the left, the book sheds new light on the activities of many well-known figures in support of China, including intellectuals such as Bertrand Russell, R H Tawney and Joseph Needham. Many other interesting stories emerge, concerning less well-known figures, which show the complexity of personal links between Britain and China during the 20th century. The book is based on many fascinating new archival sources, as well as a close reading of the left-wing press.
Anthony James Joes
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813124377
- eISBN:
- 9780813134833
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813124377.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Military History
Guerrilla insurgencies continue to rage across the globe, fueled by ethnic and religious conflict and the easy availability of weapons. At the same time, urban population centers in both ...
More
Guerrilla insurgencies continue to rage across the globe, fueled by ethnic and religious conflict and the easy availability of weapons. At the same time, urban population centers in both industrialized and developing nations attract ever-increasing numbers of people, outstripping rural growth rates worldwide. As a consequence of this population shift from the countryside to the cities, guerrilla conflict in urban areas, similar to the violent response to U.S. occupation in Iraq, will become more frequent. This book traces the diverse origins of urban conflicts and identifies similarities and differences in the methods of counterinsurgent forces. In this wide-ranging and richly detailed comparative analysis, this book examines eight key examples of urban guerrilla conflict spanning half a century and four continents: Warsaw in 1944, Budapest in 1956, Algiers in 1957, Montevideo and São Paulo in the 1960s, Saigon in 1968, Northern Ireland from 1970 to 1998, and Grozny from 1994 to 1996. The book demonstrates that urban insurgents violate certain fundamental principles of guerrilla warfare as set forth by renowned military strategists such as Carl von Clausewitz and Mao Tse-tung. Urban guerrillas operate in finite areas, leaving themselves vulnerable to encirclement and ultimate defeat. They also tend to abandon the goal of establishing a secure base or a cross-border sanctuary, making precarious combat even riskier. Typically, urban guerrillas do not solely target soldiers and police; they often attack civilians in an effort to frighten and disorient the local population and discredit the regime. Thus urban guerrilla warfare becomes difficult to distinguish from simple terrorism. The book argues persuasively against committing U.S. troops in urban counterinsurgencies, but also offers cogent recommendations for the successful conduct of such operations where they must be undertaken.Less
Guerrilla insurgencies continue to rage across the globe, fueled by ethnic and religious conflict and the easy availability of weapons. At the same time, urban population centers in both industrialized and developing nations attract ever-increasing numbers of people, outstripping rural growth rates worldwide. As a consequence of this population shift from the countryside to the cities, guerrilla conflict in urban areas, similar to the violent response to U.S. occupation in Iraq, will become more frequent. This book traces the diverse origins of urban conflicts and identifies similarities and differences in the methods of counterinsurgent forces. In this wide-ranging and richly detailed comparative analysis, this book examines eight key examples of urban guerrilla conflict spanning half a century and four continents: Warsaw in 1944, Budapest in 1956, Algiers in 1957, Montevideo and São Paulo in the 1960s, Saigon in 1968, Northern Ireland from 1970 to 1998, and Grozny from 1994 to 1996. The book demonstrates that urban insurgents violate certain fundamental principles of guerrilla warfare as set forth by renowned military strategists such as Carl von Clausewitz and Mao Tse-tung. Urban guerrillas operate in finite areas, leaving themselves vulnerable to encirclement and ultimate defeat. They also tend to abandon the goal of establishing a secure base or a cross-border sanctuary, making precarious combat even riskier. Typically, urban guerrillas do not solely target soldiers and police; they often attack civilians in an effort to frighten and disorient the local population and discredit the regime. Thus urban guerrilla warfare becomes difficult to distinguish from simple terrorism. The book argues persuasively against committing U.S. troops in urban counterinsurgencies, but also offers cogent recommendations for the successful conduct of such operations where they must be undertaken.
Thomas S. Bianchi
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780199764174
- eISBN:
- 9780197563083
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199764174.003.0009
- Subject:
- Earth Sciences and Geography, Oceanography and Hydrology
As human populations have increased on the planet, so have their effects on the natural landscape. When human-engineered changes in the movement of soils and rocks occur in the vast watersheds of ...
More
As human populations have increased on the planet, so have their effects on the natural landscape. When human-engineered changes in the movement of soils and rocks occur in the vast watersheds of major rivers, they can have dramatic consequences with respect to the amount of sediment needed to “feed” and support large river deltas at the coast. Many of the largest effects of human activity on the surface of the earth have occurred recently—in the past 200 or so years—and they have been so dramatic it has been argued it is time to create a new epoch in the Geologic Time Scale, one called the Anthropocene. That suggestion is being considered seriously. Nevertheless, the first alterations of the landscape began as early as the Paleolithic, approximately 400,000 to 500,000 years ago, when our human-like ancestors Homo erectus are believed to have begun altering the natural landscape with simple dwelling structures. As humans evolved, so did the tools they used, from sticks and animal antlers to wood and iron plows. Although modern humans (Homo sapiens sapiens) had developed in East Africa by about 200,000 years ago, their ability to extensively modify the landscape through agricultural activities did not likely happen for another 120,000 years. Incredibly, there was a rise in agricultural communities about five millennia ago that seems to have occurred simultaneously, yet independently, in six different regions of world (see Chapters 1 and 2 for linkages among human civilizations, deltas, and stabilization of climate in the Holocene). After the invention of the wheel in the middle Holocene, it became much easier to perform earth-moving activities. This was followed by the Iron Age, around 2,500 years ago, during which iron replaced earlier, less efficient copper and bronze tools for moving earth. Amazingly, the first man-made canal, connecting the Mediterranean and Red seas, was constructed before the Iron Age, around 3,600 years ago. Today, humans are the most effective animals on the planet with respect to altering Earth’s surface, and the use of machinery enables earth-moving activities, such as strip- mining, for extraction of valuable mineral resources like copper and silver.
Less
As human populations have increased on the planet, so have their effects on the natural landscape. When human-engineered changes in the movement of soils and rocks occur in the vast watersheds of major rivers, they can have dramatic consequences with respect to the amount of sediment needed to “feed” and support large river deltas at the coast. Many of the largest effects of human activity on the surface of the earth have occurred recently—in the past 200 or so years—and they have been so dramatic it has been argued it is time to create a new epoch in the Geologic Time Scale, one called the Anthropocene. That suggestion is being considered seriously. Nevertheless, the first alterations of the landscape began as early as the Paleolithic, approximately 400,000 to 500,000 years ago, when our human-like ancestors Homo erectus are believed to have begun altering the natural landscape with simple dwelling structures. As humans evolved, so did the tools they used, from sticks and animal antlers to wood and iron plows. Although modern humans (Homo sapiens sapiens) had developed in East Africa by about 200,000 years ago, their ability to extensively modify the landscape through agricultural activities did not likely happen for another 120,000 years. Incredibly, there was a rise in agricultural communities about five millennia ago that seems to have occurred simultaneously, yet independently, in six different regions of world (see Chapters 1 and 2 for linkages among human civilizations, deltas, and stabilization of climate in the Holocene). After the invention of the wheel in the middle Holocene, it became much easier to perform earth-moving activities. This was followed by the Iron Age, around 2,500 years ago, during which iron replaced earlier, less efficient copper and bronze tools for moving earth. Amazingly, the first man-made canal, connecting the Mediterranean and Red seas, was constructed before the Iron Age, around 3,600 years ago. Today, humans are the most effective animals on the planet with respect to altering Earth’s surface, and the use of machinery enables earth-moving activities, such as strip- mining, for extraction of valuable mineral resources like copper and silver.
