Louis Putterman
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195078725
- eISBN:
- 9780199854950
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195078725.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This book is a detailed study of rural reform in China. After the death of Mao, and with the ascendency of Deng Xiaoping in 1978, China began a programme of agricultural reform intended to increase ...
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This book is a detailed study of rural reform in China. After the death of Mao, and with the ascendency of Deng Xiaoping in 1978, China began a programme of agricultural reform intended to increase productivity. Three major changes moved the agricultural sector from a centrally planned system to a more market-oriented one. First was the replacement of collective teams by farming by households. Second, an increase in free markets for rural products, and an increase in state prices for farm products, and the partial elimination of the two-tier price system. Third were changes in the economic structure that facilitated greater productivity and a 250% increase in average real rural incomes between 1979 and 1986. This book is unique in that it studies a single township (Dahe in Hebei Province) in depth over the two periods, thus providing data about the effects of reform at village level.Less
This book is a detailed study of rural reform in China. After the death of Mao, and with the ascendency of Deng Xiaoping in 1978, China began a programme of agricultural reform intended to increase productivity. Three major changes moved the agricultural sector from a centrally planned system to a more market-oriented one. First was the replacement of collective teams by farming by households. Second, an increase in free markets for rural products, and an increase in state prices for farm products, and the partial elimination of the two-tier price system. Third were changes in the economic structure that facilitated greater productivity and a 250% increase in average real rural incomes between 1979 and 1986. This book is unique in that it studies a single township (Dahe in Hebei Province) in depth over the two periods, thus providing data about the effects of reform at village level.
Chris Bramall
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199275939
- eISBN:
- 9780191706073
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199275939.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
Rural industry developed quickly in China before 1978. One main factor was the massive programme of Third Front construction, which focused on creating modern industry in rural areas in western ...
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Rural industry developed quickly in China before 1978. One main factor was the massive programme of Third Front construction, which focused on creating modern industry in rural areas in western China. Rural industrial growth was given a further boost by the establishment of many state-owned enterprises in China’s counties during the 1960s, and by the growth of commune-run industry in the 1970s. Chinese rural industry may not have taken off before Mao’s death, but it was firmly established thanks to these state-led industrialization processes.Less
Rural industry developed quickly in China before 1978. One main factor was the massive programme of Third Front construction, which focused on creating modern industry in rural areas in western China. Rural industrial growth was given a further boost by the establishment of many state-owned enterprises in China’s counties during the 1960s, and by the growth of commune-run industry in the 1970s. Chinese rural industry may not have taken off before Mao’s death, but it was firmly established thanks to these state-led industrialization processes.
Chris Bramall
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199275939
- eISBN:
- 9780191706073
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199275939.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
The diffusion of skills from the urban core to the rural periphery transformed China’s rural skills base during the 1960s and 1970s. This process was brought about by both the Third Front programme ...
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The diffusion of skills from the urban core to the rural periphery transformed China’s rural skills base during the 1960s and 1970s. This process was brought about by both the Third Front programme and by the sending-down (xiafang) of urban youth to the countryside, where many of them became teachers. Along with a process of learning-by-doing in the newly-established rural industries of the Maoist era, skill diffusion ensured that China entered the 1980s with the workforce needed for rapid industrial expansion. Despite output fluctuations and the impact of political campaigns, an extensive manufacturing capability had been created in rural China by the time of Mao’s death.Less
The diffusion of skills from the urban core to the rural periphery transformed China’s rural skills base during the 1960s and 1970s. This process was brought about by both the Third Front programme and by the sending-down (xiafang) of urban youth to the countryside, where many of them became teachers. Along with a process of learning-by-doing in the newly-established rural industries of the Maoist era, skill diffusion ensured that China entered the 1980s with the workforce needed for rapid industrial expansion. Despite output fluctuations and the impact of political campaigns, an extensive manufacturing capability had been created in rural China by the time of Mao’s death.
Chris Bramall
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199275939
- eISBN:
- 9780191706073
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199275939.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
Sichuan’s experience after 1978 demonstrates the limits of the learning hypothesis advanced in this book. A well-developed industrial capability certainly helped accelerate the pace of post-1978 ...
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Sichuan’s experience after 1978 demonstrates the limits of the learning hypothesis advanced in this book. A well-developed industrial capability certainly helped accelerate the pace of post-1978 industrialization across the Sichuan basin. In that sense, Sichuan’s record supports the learning hypothesis. However, the industrial inheritance from the Maoist era was powerless in the face of the geographical obstacles in the way of manufacturing development on the Himalayan plateau; in western Sichuan at least, geography was destiny. The evidence on Sichuan also seems to demonstrate that the skills produced by the development of Third Front industry under Mao provided little foundation for subsequent rural industrialization.Less
Sichuan’s experience after 1978 demonstrates the limits of the learning hypothesis advanced in this book. A well-developed industrial capability certainly helped accelerate the pace of post-1978 industrialization across the Sichuan basin. In that sense, Sichuan’s record supports the learning hypothesis. However, the industrial inheritance from the Maoist era was powerless in the face of the geographical obstacles in the way of manufacturing development on the Himalayan plateau; in western Sichuan at least, geography was destiny. The evidence on Sichuan also seems to demonstrate that the skills produced by the development of Third Front industry under Mao provided little foundation for subsequent rural industrialization.
Guang Zhang Shu
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780198294689
- eISBN:
- 9780191601538
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198294689.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Mao Zedong originally saw a new China's struggle for security in terms of conventional warfare and in 1946 satirized the atomic bomb as a ’paper tiger’. Mao found it difficult to understand why the ...
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Mao Zedong originally saw a new China's struggle for security in terms of conventional warfare and in 1946 satirized the atomic bomb as a ’paper tiger’. Mao found it difficult to understand why the imperialists would venture to use nuclear weapons in a war if they wanted to dominate other nations, because a massively destructive weapon would not serve the purpose of acquiring political control, but would instead destroy that which was to be controlled. However, he gradually changed his position, as he understood the deterrent value of the bomb. Frequent US nuclear threats against China, Soviet pressures, and pressures from other Chinese leaders who kept pushing Mao to pay more attention to nuclear‐weapon programmes are the important factors that contributed to his ’nuclear revolution’. Consequently, his thinking on the atomic bomb came to dominate China's defence policy and brought about the policy changes that turned China into a major nuclear power.Less
Mao Zedong originally saw a new China's struggle for security in terms of conventional warfare and in 1946 satirized the atomic bomb as a ’paper tiger’. Mao found it difficult to understand why the imperialists would venture to use nuclear weapons in a war if they wanted to dominate other nations, because a massively destructive weapon would not serve the purpose of acquiring political control, but would instead destroy that which was to be controlled. However, he gradually changed his position, as he understood the deterrent value of the bomb. Frequent US nuclear threats against China, Soviet pressures, and pressures from other Chinese leaders who kept pushing Mao to pay more attention to nuclear‐weapon programmes are the important factors that contributed to his ’nuclear revolution’. Consequently, his thinking on the atomic bomb came to dominate China's defence policy and brought about the policy changes that turned China into a major nuclear power.
Chris Cutler and Benjamin Piekut
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780197265390
- eISBN:
- 9780191760440
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265390.003.0005
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
Chris Cutler is a percussionist, composer, lyricist, and writer. He was a member of avant-rock group Henry Cow between 1971 and 1978, after which he co-founded international groups including Art ...
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Chris Cutler is a percussionist, composer, lyricist, and writer. He was a member of avant-rock group Henry Cow between 1971 and 1978, after which he co-founded international groups including Art Bears, News from Babel, Cassiber, and The Science Group. He founded and runs the independent label and distribution service ReR/Recommended. This chapter recounts the evolution of political concerns within Henry Cow, as manifested in (amongst other things) the group's relationship to the record industry, its attitude to the different musical genres on which it drew, and its aspiration to collective forms of organisation and musical practice. The band's experience of playing for events organised by leftist groups (including the Italian Communist Party) are described, as are the alternative performance circuits established by Cutler in the later 1970s.Less
Chris Cutler is a percussionist, composer, lyricist, and writer. He was a member of avant-rock group Henry Cow between 1971 and 1978, after which he co-founded international groups including Art Bears, News from Babel, Cassiber, and The Science Group. He founded and runs the independent label and distribution service ReR/Recommended. This chapter recounts the evolution of political concerns within Henry Cow, as manifested in (amongst other things) the group's relationship to the record industry, its attitude to the different musical genres on which it drew, and its aspiration to collective forms of organisation and musical practice. The band's experience of playing for events organised by leftist groups (including the Italian Communist Party) are described, as are the alternative performance circuits established by Cutler in the later 1970s.
Lamin Sanneh
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195189605
- eISBN:
- 9780199868582
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195189605.003.0009
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Synopsis: The chapter describes Chinese nationalism's confrontation with missions, and how Marxist revolution continued that confrontation, culminating in Mao's New China. The chapter examines the ...
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Synopsis: The chapter describes Chinese nationalism's confrontation with missions, and how Marxist revolution continued that confrontation, culminating in Mao's New China. The chapter examines the Cultural Revolution, the Protestant Three‐Self movement, the Catholic Patriotic Association, and the phenomenon of registered and unregistered churches to account for the religious ferment in post‐Maoist China. China's Marxist revolution found resonance among progressive Western voices who called for appeasement and accommodation. The chapter describes the ordination of Florence Lei as lightening rod for debate about women's role in church and society, and the ensuing controversy at the 1948 Lambeth Conference. Catholic and Protestant fortunes revived after the thaw in 1986, and the chapter discusses the role of charismatic groups and the Catholic renewal in China's global role. The chapter concludes with a look at religion as a dimension of civil society, and the importance of the growing Chinese diaspora.Less
Synopsis: The chapter describes Chinese nationalism's confrontation with missions, and how Marxist revolution continued that confrontation, culminating in Mao's New China. The chapter examines the Cultural Revolution, the Protestant Three‐Self movement, the Catholic Patriotic Association, and the phenomenon of registered and unregistered churches to account for the religious ferment in post‐Maoist China. China's Marxist revolution found resonance among progressive Western voices who called for appeasement and accommodation. The chapter describes the ordination of Florence Lei as lightening rod for debate about women's role in church and society, and the ensuing controversy at the 1948 Lambeth Conference. Catholic and Protestant fortunes revived after the thaw in 1986, and the chapter discusses the role of charismatic groups and the Catholic renewal in China's global role. The chapter concludes with a look at religion as a dimension of civil society, and the importance of the growing Chinese diaspora.
Andrew Scobell
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199599486
- eISBN:
- 9780191595806
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199599486.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics, Political Theory
This chapter examines Chinese operational art, taking as its point of departure the rise of the Communist movement in the 1920s and the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. Drawing on ...
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This chapter examines Chinese operational art, taking as its point of departure the rise of the Communist movement in the 1920s and the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. Drawing on the writings of Sun Tzu, Zhuge Liang, and Mao Zedong, and on contemporary doctrines and experiences from both conventional war and guerrilla warfare, the author identifies the hallmarks of China's operational art as the combination of orthodox and unorthodox elements, a mixture of human factors and technology, and a blend of offensive and defensive priorities, as well as mobile and positional warfare. In addition, Chinese forces sometimes fight for show, sometimes for military victory, and sometimes for both.Less
This chapter examines Chinese operational art, taking as its point of departure the rise of the Communist movement in the 1920s and the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. Drawing on the writings of Sun Tzu, Zhuge Liang, and Mao Zedong, and on contemporary doctrines and experiences from both conventional war and guerrilla warfare, the author identifies the hallmarks of China's operational art as the combination of orthodox and unorthodox elements, a mixture of human factors and technology, and a blend of offensive and defensive priorities, as well as mobile and positional warfare. In addition, Chinese forces sometimes fight for show, sometimes for military victory, and sometimes for both.
Anthony James Joes
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813124377
- eISBN:
- 9780813134833
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813124377.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Military History
Guerrilla insurgencies continue to rage across the globe, fueled by ethnic and religious conflict and the easy availability of weapons. At the same time, urban population centers in both ...
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Guerrilla insurgencies continue to rage across the globe, fueled by ethnic and religious conflict and the easy availability of weapons. At the same time, urban population centers in both industrialized and developing nations attract ever-increasing numbers of people, outstripping rural growth rates worldwide. As a consequence of this population shift from the countryside to the cities, guerrilla conflict in urban areas, similar to the violent response to U.S. occupation in Iraq, will become more frequent. This book traces the diverse origins of urban conflicts and identifies similarities and differences in the methods of counterinsurgent forces. In this wide-ranging and richly detailed comparative analysis, this book examines eight key examples of urban guerrilla conflict spanning half a century and four continents: Warsaw in 1944, Budapest in 1956, Algiers in 1957, Montevideo and São Paulo in the 1960s, Saigon in 1968, Northern Ireland from 1970 to 1998, and Grozny from 1994 to 1996. The book demonstrates that urban insurgents violate certain fundamental principles of guerrilla warfare as set forth by renowned military strategists such as Carl von Clausewitz and Mao Tse-tung. Urban guerrillas operate in finite areas, leaving themselves vulnerable to encirclement and ultimate defeat. They also tend to abandon the goal of establishing a secure base or a cross-border sanctuary, making precarious combat even riskier. Typically, urban guerrillas do not solely target soldiers and police; they often attack civilians in an effort to frighten and disorient the local population and discredit the regime. Thus urban guerrilla warfare becomes difficult to distinguish from simple terrorism. The book argues persuasively against committing U.S. troops in urban counterinsurgencies, but also offers cogent recommendations for the successful conduct of such operations where they must be undertaken.Less
Guerrilla insurgencies continue to rage across the globe, fueled by ethnic and religious conflict and the easy availability of weapons. At the same time, urban population centers in both industrialized and developing nations attract ever-increasing numbers of people, outstripping rural growth rates worldwide. As a consequence of this population shift from the countryside to the cities, guerrilla conflict in urban areas, similar to the violent response to U.S. occupation in Iraq, will become more frequent. This book traces the diverse origins of urban conflicts and identifies similarities and differences in the methods of counterinsurgent forces. In this wide-ranging and richly detailed comparative analysis, this book examines eight key examples of urban guerrilla conflict spanning half a century and four continents: Warsaw in 1944, Budapest in 1956, Algiers in 1957, Montevideo and São Paulo in the 1960s, Saigon in 1968, Northern Ireland from 1970 to 1998, and Grozny from 1994 to 1996. The book demonstrates that urban insurgents violate certain fundamental principles of guerrilla warfare as set forth by renowned military strategists such as Carl von Clausewitz and Mao Tse-tung. Urban guerrillas operate in finite areas, leaving themselves vulnerable to encirclement and ultimate defeat. They also tend to abandon the goal of establishing a secure base or a cross-border sanctuary, making precarious combat even riskier. Typically, urban guerrillas do not solely target soldiers and police; they often attack civilians in an effort to frighten and disorient the local population and discredit the regime. Thus urban guerrilla warfare becomes difficult to distinguish from simple terrorism. The book argues persuasively against committing U.S. troops in urban counterinsurgencies, but also offers cogent recommendations for the successful conduct of such operations where they must be undertaken.
ALLEN JONES and Mark Naison
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780823231027
- eISBN:
- 9780823240821
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823231027.003.0016
- Subject:
- History, Social History
Heroin was slowly taking over Allen Jones's life. Meanwhile, Bitch Queen Heroin was beginning to have a visible effect on his neighborhood as she asserted her dominion. While he was setting his ...
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Heroin was slowly taking over Allen Jones's life. Meanwhile, Bitch Queen Heroin was beginning to have a visible effect on his neighborhood as she asserted her dominion. While he was setting his sights low and focusing on what was happening right next to him, the average black man and woman were becoming politically aware and active in unprecedented ways. They were calling for civil rights, embracing black power, and beginning to protest the Vietnam War, an issue of particular concern to Jones and to every young black man in the city and in America at the time. Some brothers were joining the Black Panther Party and began wearing the signature leather jackets and black berets. Brothers and sisters all around the block could be seen reading Mao Zedong's Little Red Book and talking about communism. Gradually, his neighborhood was becoming a very different place from the one he grew up in.Less
Heroin was slowly taking over Allen Jones's life. Meanwhile, Bitch Queen Heroin was beginning to have a visible effect on his neighborhood as she asserted her dominion. While he was setting his sights low and focusing on what was happening right next to him, the average black man and woman were becoming politically aware and active in unprecedented ways. They were calling for civil rights, embracing black power, and beginning to protest the Vietnam War, an issue of particular concern to Jones and to every young black man in the city and in America at the time. Some brothers were joining the Black Panther Party and began wearing the signature leather jackets and black berets. Brothers and sisters all around the block could be seen reading Mao Zedong's Little Red Book and talking about communism. Gradually, his neighborhood was becoming a very different place from the one he grew up in.
Miriam Driessen
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9789888528042
- eISBN:
- 9789882204416
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888528042.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
Tales of Hope and Tastes of Bitterness sheds light on Chinese-led development from below, revealing its contested nature. Zooming in on everyday encounters between Chinese managers and Ethiopian ...
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Tales of Hope and Tastes of Bitterness sheds light on Chinese-led development from below, revealing its contested nature. Zooming in on everyday encounters between Chinese managers and Ethiopian laborers on a road construction site in Tigray, northern Ethiopia, the book shows that Ethiopians define Chinese-led development as much as they are defined by it. By mobilizing civic and legal authorities, Ethiopian workers have managed to increase their leverage to such a degree that they occasionally outplay Chinese management. On the other hand, Chinese narratives of bitterness reveal that Chinese road builders perceive themselves as lacking agency. Speaking, as they do, of thwarted goodwill, these narratives are not only linked to the everyday challenges of Chinese–Ethiopian encounters and the chasm between their confident expectations and the much less rosy realities on the ground, but also to workers’ socioeconomic backgrounds and their state of suspension, as they try to stay afloat in the competitive Chinese society to which they hope one day to return.Less
Tales of Hope and Tastes of Bitterness sheds light on Chinese-led development from below, revealing its contested nature. Zooming in on everyday encounters between Chinese managers and Ethiopian laborers on a road construction site in Tigray, northern Ethiopia, the book shows that Ethiopians define Chinese-led development as much as they are defined by it. By mobilizing civic and legal authorities, Ethiopian workers have managed to increase their leverage to such a degree that they occasionally outplay Chinese management. On the other hand, Chinese narratives of bitterness reveal that Chinese road builders perceive themselves as lacking agency. Speaking, as they do, of thwarted goodwill, these narratives are not only linked to the everyday challenges of Chinese–Ethiopian encounters and the chasm between their confident expectations and the much less rosy realities on the ground, but also to workers’ socioeconomic backgrounds and their state of suspension, as they try to stay afloat in the competitive Chinese society to which they hope one day to return.
Thomas J. Christensen
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691142609
- eISBN:
- 9781400838813
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691142609.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter examines the Sino-Soviet split and its implications for the United States' policies in Asia, Europe, and the Americas during the period 1956–1964. Coordination and comity in the ...
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This chapter examines the Sino-Soviet split and its implications for the United States' policies in Asia, Europe, and the Americas during the period 1956–1964. Coordination and comity in the communist camp peaked between 1953 and 1957, but alliance between the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China (PRC) was relatively short-lived. This was caused by ideological differences, distrust, and jealous rivalries for international leadership between Nikita Khrushchev and Mao Zedong. The chapter explains what caused the strain in Sino-Soviet relations, and especially the collapse of Sino-Soviet military and economic cooperation. It also considers the effects of the Sino-Soviet disputes on third-party communists in Asia, China's foreign policy activism, and the catalytic effect of the Sino-Soviet split on Soviet foreign policy.Less
This chapter examines the Sino-Soviet split and its implications for the United States' policies in Asia, Europe, and the Americas during the period 1956–1964. Coordination and comity in the communist camp peaked between 1953 and 1957, but alliance between the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China (PRC) was relatively short-lived. This was caused by ideological differences, distrust, and jealous rivalries for international leadership between Nikita Khrushchev and Mao Zedong. The chapter explains what caused the strain in Sino-Soviet relations, and especially the collapse of Sino-Soviet military and economic cooperation. It also considers the effects of the Sino-Soviet disputes on third-party communists in Asia, China's foreign policy activism, and the catalytic effect of the Sino-Soviet split on Soviet foreign policy.
Chris Bramall
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198296973
- eISBN:
- 9780191596018
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198296975.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, South and East Asia
Chinese economic growth in the transition era between the deaths of Mao Zedong in 1976 and Deng Xiaoping in 1997 has been exceptionally rapid by historical and international standards. However, and ...
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Chinese economic growth in the transition era between the deaths of Mao Zedong in 1976 and Deng Xiaoping in 1997 has been exceptionally rapid by historical and international standards. However, and contrary to the conventional wisdom espoused by the Washington consensus, it is shown here that only a small part of Chinese growth can be explained by trade, foreign direct investment, and the mobilization of surplus labour. Instead, growth has been driven by China's state‐led industrial policy, and facilitated by the many favourable industrial and infrastructural legacies of the Maoist era. But the Chinese developmental state did not emerge from a vacuum. Rather, its existence and effectiveness depended upon the limited degree of inequality of income and wealth in China at the end of the 1970s. As inequality has increased over the course of the 1980s and 1990s, so the ability of the Chinese state to promote growth has diminished.Less
Chinese economic growth in the transition era between the deaths of Mao Zedong in 1976 and Deng Xiaoping in 1997 has been exceptionally rapid by historical and international standards. However, and contrary to the conventional wisdom espoused by the Washington consensus, it is shown here that only a small part of Chinese growth can be explained by trade, foreign direct investment, and the mobilization of surplus labour. Instead, growth has been driven by China's state‐led industrial policy, and facilitated by the many favourable industrial and infrastructural legacies of the Maoist era. But the Chinese developmental state did not emerge from a vacuum. Rather, its existence and effectiveness depended upon the limited degree of inequality of income and wealth in China at the end of the 1970s. As inequality has increased over the course of the 1980s and 1990s, so the ability of the Chinese state to promote growth has diminished.
Pang Yang Huei
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9789888208302
- eISBN:
- 9789888455652
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888208302.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
In Strait Rituals: China, Taiwan, and the United States and in the Taiwan Strait Crises, 1954-1958, this book argues that the Taiwan Strait Crises could be understood as an evolution towards tacit ...
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In Strait Rituals: China, Taiwan, and the United States and in the Taiwan Strait Crises, 1954-1958, this book argues that the Taiwan Strait Crises could be understood as an evolution towards tacit accommodation. Exploiting new materials from mainland China, Taiwan and the United States, a reevaluation of the international relations of all three parties via a simultaneous presentation of their disparate perspectives is made. At the heart of its argument, this book proposes that conflict resolution had become ritualized progressively as the protagonists implicitly constructed a framework of understanding. An uneasy peace was thus a product of a ritualization of discourses and maneuvers, embodied in verbal signaling and symbolic gestures. These exacting understandings laid the groundwork for a substantive change in the nature of Sino-American relations - from hostile nuclear confrontation in 1954 to tacit accommodation in 1958. In particular, this book highlights relevant aspects of “culture” to better understand the intricacies of the Sino-US-ROC relations. This aspect complements existing scholarship on realism, strategy, economics, ideology and domestic aspects of the Taiwan Strait crises. Strait Rituals will show the significance of “ritualization” in explaining the transition of “tacit communication” to “tacit accommodation.” It will demonstrate how both parties engaged in ritualized actions that facilitated the process of conflict resolution. Strait Rituals will establish how the US and China achieved a limited but shared understanding of the modus operandi of the other party through their ritualized actions in terms of their use of public symbols, identity issues, cultural images and official discourses on one hand, and military posturing, diplomatic canvassing for international support, and negotiations on the other hand.Less
In Strait Rituals: China, Taiwan, and the United States and in the Taiwan Strait Crises, 1954-1958, this book argues that the Taiwan Strait Crises could be understood as an evolution towards tacit accommodation. Exploiting new materials from mainland China, Taiwan and the United States, a reevaluation of the international relations of all three parties via a simultaneous presentation of their disparate perspectives is made. At the heart of its argument, this book proposes that conflict resolution had become ritualized progressively as the protagonists implicitly constructed a framework of understanding. An uneasy peace was thus a product of a ritualization of discourses and maneuvers, embodied in verbal signaling and symbolic gestures. These exacting understandings laid the groundwork for a substantive change in the nature of Sino-American relations - from hostile nuclear confrontation in 1954 to tacit accommodation in 1958. In particular, this book highlights relevant aspects of “culture” to better understand the intricacies of the Sino-US-ROC relations. This aspect complements existing scholarship on realism, strategy, economics, ideology and domestic aspects of the Taiwan Strait crises. Strait Rituals will show the significance of “ritualization” in explaining the transition of “tacit communication” to “tacit accommodation.” It will demonstrate how both parties engaged in ritualized actions that facilitated the process of conflict resolution. Strait Rituals will establish how the US and China achieved a limited but shared understanding of the modus operandi of the other party through their ritualized actions in terms of their use of public symbols, identity issues, cultural images and official discourses on one hand, and military posturing, diplomatic canvassing for international support, and negotiations on the other hand.
Xiaobing Li
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780813177946
- eISBN:
- 9780813177953
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813177946.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Asian Studies
As a Communist state bordering Vietnam, China actively supported Ho Chi Minh’s wars against France in 1950–1954 and then America in 1965–1970. This book uses new Communist sources to offer an ...
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As a Communist state bordering Vietnam, China actively supported Ho Chi Minh’s wars against France in 1950–1954 and then America in 1965–1970. This book uses new Communist sources to offer an unprecedented Chinese military perspective on the Vietnam War. By documenting the level of Chinese military assistance to Vietnam, it reveals the extent to which the Chinese support of Ho’s military and political objective in the wars was a crucial and indispensable factor in North Vietnam’s victory. The study offers an overview and the particulars of Chinese aid to Ho’s army, or PAVN, in terms of training, weaponry, logistics, advisors, and technology during its transformative years of 1950–1956 in depth and detail based on a foundation of multiple documentary sources, memoirs, interviews, and secondary sources both in China and in Vietnam. With Chinese assistance, the PAVN experienced three important transformative changes from a peasant, rebellion force to a regular, national army. In retrospect, international Communist support to North Vietnam proved to be the decisive edge that enabled the PAVN, or NVA, to survive the American Rolling Thunder bombing campaign and helped the NLF, also known as the Viet Cong, to prevail in the war of attrition and eventually defeat South Vietnam. An international perspective may help students and the public in the West to gain a better understanding of America’s long war.Less
As a Communist state bordering Vietnam, China actively supported Ho Chi Minh’s wars against France in 1950–1954 and then America in 1965–1970. This book uses new Communist sources to offer an unprecedented Chinese military perspective on the Vietnam War. By documenting the level of Chinese military assistance to Vietnam, it reveals the extent to which the Chinese support of Ho’s military and political objective in the wars was a crucial and indispensable factor in North Vietnam’s victory. The study offers an overview and the particulars of Chinese aid to Ho’s army, or PAVN, in terms of training, weaponry, logistics, advisors, and technology during its transformative years of 1950–1956 in depth and detail based on a foundation of multiple documentary sources, memoirs, interviews, and secondary sources both in China and in Vietnam. With Chinese assistance, the PAVN experienced three important transformative changes from a peasant, rebellion force to a regular, national army. In retrospect, international Communist support to North Vietnam proved to be the decisive edge that enabled the PAVN, or NVA, to survive the American Rolling Thunder bombing campaign and helped the NLF, also known as the Viet Cong, to prevail in the war of attrition and eventually defeat South Vietnam. An international perspective may help students and the public in the West to gain a better understanding of America’s long war.
Ho-fung Hung
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780231164184
- eISBN:
- 9780231540223
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231164184.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Asian Politics
Mao era development actualized the aspirations of generations of Chinese state builders who sought state-directed industralization since the late nineteenth century. The chapter also explores how ...
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Mao era development actualized the aspirations of generations of Chinese state builders who sought state-directed industralization since the late nineteenth century. The chapter also explores how legacies of the Mao era laid the foundation for the China boom .Less
Mao era development actualized the aspirations of generations of Chinese state builders who sought state-directed industralization since the late nineteenth century. The chapter also explores how legacies of the Mao era laid the foundation for the China boom .
Ping Zhu, Zhuoyi Wang, and Jason McGrath (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9789888528011
- eISBN:
- 9789882204508
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888528011.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Cultural Studies
This volume aims to restore laughter to its proper position in the Mao-era culture. The Mao era was actually a period when laughter was bonded with political culture to an unprecedented degree. ...
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This volume aims to restore laughter to its proper position in the Mao-era culture. The Mao era was actually a period when laughter was bonded with political culture to an unprecedented degree. Spurred by dynamic political exigencies, many cultural products sought to utilize laughter as a more pliable form of political expression. Laughter was used to highlight antagonisms or downplay differences, to expose and ridicule the class enemy, or to meliorate and conceal contradictions; it could be ritualistic or heartfelt, didactic or cathartic, communal or utopic. In Maoist culture, laughter became a versatile discourse that brought together the political, the personal, the aesthetic, the ethical, the affective, the physical, the aural, and the visual. Therefore, the art of laughter was carefully moderated and regulated for political ends. Maoist laughter reveals the diversity, complexity, dynamics, and inner contradictions in the cultural production and reproduction in Mao’s China.Less
This volume aims to restore laughter to its proper position in the Mao-era culture. The Mao era was actually a period when laughter was bonded with political culture to an unprecedented degree. Spurred by dynamic political exigencies, many cultural products sought to utilize laughter as a more pliable form of political expression. Laughter was used to highlight antagonisms or downplay differences, to expose and ridicule the class enemy, or to meliorate and conceal contradictions; it could be ritualistic or heartfelt, didactic or cathartic, communal or utopic. In Maoist culture, laughter became a versatile discourse that brought together the political, the personal, the aesthetic, the ethical, the affective, the physical, the aural, and the visual. Therefore, the art of laughter was carefully moderated and regulated for political ends. Maoist laughter reveals the diversity, complexity, dynamics, and inner contradictions in the cultural production and reproduction in Mao’s China.
WEN Hua
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9789888139811
- eISBN:
- 9789888180691
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888139811.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Asian Studies
Cosmetic surgery in China has grown rapidly in recent years of dramatic social transition. Facing fierce competition in all spheres of daily life, more and more women consider cosmetic surgery as an ...
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Cosmetic surgery in China has grown rapidly in recent years of dramatic social transition. Facing fierce competition in all spheres of daily life, more and more women consider cosmetic surgery as an investment to gain “beauty capital” to increase opportunities for social and career success. Building on rich ethnographic data, this book presents the perspectives of women who have undergone cosmetic surgery, illuminating the aspirations behind their choices. The author explores how turbulent economic, socio-cultural and political changes in China since the 1980s have produced immense anxiety that is experienced by women both mentally and physically. This book will appeal to readers who are interested in gender studies, China studies, anthropology and sociology of the body, and cultural studies.Less
Cosmetic surgery in China has grown rapidly in recent years of dramatic social transition. Facing fierce competition in all spheres of daily life, more and more women consider cosmetic surgery as an investment to gain “beauty capital” to increase opportunities for social and career success. Building on rich ethnographic data, this book presents the perspectives of women who have undergone cosmetic surgery, illuminating the aspirations behind their choices. The author explores how turbulent economic, socio-cultural and political changes in China since the 1980s have produced immense anxiety that is experienced by women both mentally and physically. This book will appeal to readers who are interested in gender studies, China studies, anthropology and sociology of the body, and cultural studies.
Sebastian Veg (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9789888390762
- eISBN:
- 9789888455614
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888390762.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
Over the past 10 or 15 years in China, there has been unprecedented critical public discussion of key episodes in PRC history, in particular the Great Famine of 1959-1961, the Anti-Rightist movement ...
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Over the past 10 or 15 years in China, there has been unprecedented critical public discussion of key episodes in PRC history, in particular the Great Famine of 1959-1961, the Anti-Rightist movement of 1957, and the Cultural Revolution, with the wave of Red Guard apologies. These discussions are quite different from previous expressions of traumatic or nostalgic memories of the Mao era, respectively in the 1980s and 1990s. They reflect both growing dissatisfaction with the authoritarian control over history exercised by the Chinese state, and the new spaces provided for counter-hegemonic narratives by social media and the growing private economy in the 2000s. Unofficial or independent journals, self-published books, social media groups, independent documentary films, private museums, oral history projects, and archival research by amateur historians have all contributed to embryonic public or semi-public discussion. The present volume provides an overview of these new forms of popular memory, in particular critical memory, of the Mao era. Focusing on the processes of private production, public dissemination, and social sanctioning of narratives of the past in contemporary China, it examines the relation between popular memories and their social construction as historical knowledge. The three parts of the book are devoted to the shifting boundary between private and public in the press and media, the reconfiguration of elite and popular discourses in cultural productions (film, visual art, literature), and the emergence of new discourses of knowledge in popular history.Less
Over the past 10 or 15 years in China, there has been unprecedented critical public discussion of key episodes in PRC history, in particular the Great Famine of 1959-1961, the Anti-Rightist movement of 1957, and the Cultural Revolution, with the wave of Red Guard apologies. These discussions are quite different from previous expressions of traumatic or nostalgic memories of the Mao era, respectively in the 1980s and 1990s. They reflect both growing dissatisfaction with the authoritarian control over history exercised by the Chinese state, and the new spaces provided for counter-hegemonic narratives by social media and the growing private economy in the 2000s. Unofficial or independent journals, self-published books, social media groups, independent documentary films, private museums, oral history projects, and archival research by amateur historians have all contributed to embryonic public or semi-public discussion. The present volume provides an overview of these new forms of popular memory, in particular critical memory, of the Mao era. Focusing on the processes of private production, public dissemination, and social sanctioning of narratives of the past in contemporary China, it examines the relation between popular memories and their social construction as historical knowledge. The three parts of the book are devoted to the shifting boundary between private and public in the press and media, the reconfiguration of elite and popular discourses in cultural productions (film, visual art, literature), and the emergence of new discourses of knowledge in popular history.
Jacopo Galimbert, Noemi de Haro García, and Victoria H. F. Scott (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781526117465
- eISBN:
- 9781526150486
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7765/9781526117472
- Subject:
- Art, Art History
Many people in the West can recognise an image of Mao Zedong (1894–1976) and know that he was an important Chinese leader, but few appreciate the breadth and depth of his political and cultural ...
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Many people in the West can recognise an image of Mao Zedong (1894–1976) and know that he was an important Chinese leader, but few appreciate the breadth and depth of his political and cultural significance. Fewer still know what the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966–76) was, or understand the extent of its influence on art in the West or in China today. This anthology, which is the first of its kind, contends that Maoism and the Chinese Cultural Revolution were dominant cultural and political forces in the second half of the twentieth century – and that they continue to exert influence, globally, right up to the present. In particular, the book claims that the Chinese Cultural Revolution deserves a more prominent place in twentieth-century art history. Exploring the dimensions of Mao’s cultural influence through case studies, and delineating the core of his aesthetic programme, in both the East and the West, constitute the heart of this project. While being rooted in the tradition of social art history and history, the essays, which have been written by an international community of scholars, foreground a distinctively multidisciplinary approach. Collectively they account for local, regional and national differences in the reception, adoption and dissemination of – or resistance to – Maoist aesthetics.Less
Many people in the West can recognise an image of Mao Zedong (1894–1976) and know that he was an important Chinese leader, but few appreciate the breadth and depth of his political and cultural significance. Fewer still know what the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966–76) was, or understand the extent of its influence on art in the West or in China today. This anthology, which is the first of its kind, contends that Maoism and the Chinese Cultural Revolution were dominant cultural and political forces in the second half of the twentieth century – and that they continue to exert influence, globally, right up to the present. In particular, the book claims that the Chinese Cultural Revolution deserves a more prominent place in twentieth-century art history. Exploring the dimensions of Mao’s cultural influence through case studies, and delineating the core of his aesthetic programme, in both the East and the West, constitute the heart of this project. While being rooted in the tradition of social art history and history, the essays, which have been written by an international community of scholars, foreground a distinctively multidisciplinary approach. Collectively they account for local, regional and national differences in the reception, adoption and dissemination of – or resistance to – Maoist aesthetics.
