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The means by which intrinsic procedures (functions and subroutines) may be referenced are given, followed by descriptions of all the intrinsic procedures defined by the standard. These include the inquiry, elemental, and transformational functions, procedures for bit and character manipulation, functions for the construction and manipulation of arrays, and subroutines for accessing the computing environment including the elapsed and real time. The facilities available from intrinsic modules, in particular for obtaining information about the Fortran environment, are introduced.

The manipulation of fear is a tool of choice, both for state governments and terrorists. In this current time, in which Americans are asked to send their sons and daughters to wage a War on Terror and to sacrifice their civil liberties as well as substantial amount of public funding to wage that war, Presbey’s chapter could not be more timely. She weaves a synthetic account and makes use of classical and modern Western philosophical thought, Catholic social teaching, contemporary social analyses and a biographical sketch of Berrigan’s life. She then examines the public use of fear, be it in the workplace, in political debate, or in warfare, and finally considers Berrigan’s own grappling with fear, his courageous, challenging response to fear, and his reaching out in service to those society tends to fear, such as persons living with AIDs.

Exploration of the centrality of sexual liberation and intoxicants, as tools of the Company and as experienced by the film’s protagonist, especially through the pivotal grape stomp scene. The themes of sedation and manipulation, as evoked through filmmaking techniques and consequently as part of the effect that Seconds has on the viewer, is also examined.

This chapter examines the first of Humboldt’s works to appear in English translation, John Black’s oft-maligned rendering of the Essai politique sur le royaume de la Nouvelle Espagne (1808-11) as the Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain (Longman, 1811). Black resituated and rhetorically manipulated Humboldt’s text by appending a hefty footnote apparatus, which gave the narrative a second, highly audible, paratextual voice in constant dialogue with Humboldt’s own. Black therefore subverted the traditional power differential between author and translator to make the Political Essay critical of the very source text it apparently reproduced. His efforts at establishing his own authority and credibility through self-promotion backfired into intrusive pedantry. However, they did cause Humboldt to consider carefully the need for much closer collaboration with future translators, which offers a neat transition into the next chapter.

Informed with how modelling practices take place, positions in model theory have revised too simplistic syntactic or semantic views. Analogously, it is now necessary to recognize that also the relationship between the data from the computational models and their sensualization is non-trivial either. ‘Visualization’ is often praised, but naturalized and thus overlooked in its structuring or creative potential. The present approach reveals the complex situation in ‘visualized’ simulations; there is no such thing as a simple equivalent between the calculated data and its depiction. Especially for the scenic rendering of the process it is necessary to develop relationships between the dynamics and the form in the first instance. The reason why the form is needed lies in the simple fact that dynamics have to be embodied in order to be perceivable. On a very basic level we can say that time and space enter into negotiations.

This introductory chapter lays out the argument of the book, discusses the largely unexplored English-language compositions it analyzes, and demonstrates its unique contributions to existing scholarship. This book analyzes Adorno’s largely unexplored English compositions, written in the United States and directed toward an American audience—Current of Music, The Psychological Technique of Martin Luther Thomas’ Radio Addresses, and The Stars Down to Earth—to show how a prescriptive and productive democratic project developed during his years of “exile.” This chapter gives an overview of the constellation of concepts the book traces—experience, critique, negative dialectics, pedagogy, leadership, democracy—to demonstrate the reparative work that Adorno performs on the practice of American citizenship during his years in the United States.

This chapter lays out Adorno’s unconventional thoughts on democratic leadership. Reading the essay “Democratic Leadership and Mass Manipulation” alongside his writings on education, it becomes clear that Adorno’s plan for democratic leadership is really a plan for a civic education project that operates through radically democratic forms of pedagogy: leadership is about education and education is a form of leadership. The duty of the leader or educator, for Adorno, is to focus the individual’s attention on these experiences of the nonidentical as a form of interruptive agency and work with him or her to identify the nascent critique of existing conditions—“countertendencies”—that is contained in these forces and feelings. In this essay he speaks of the need to communicate his ideas to the demos in a more direct and immediate way, to distribute these ideas on a large scale, working to translate and introduce a theory of democratic leadership that represents a nascent practice of negative dialectics to a broader audience. Adorno’s piece on democratic leadership provides an illuminating lens through which we can better understand the strategies he undertakes in texts such as Current of Music, The Psychological Technique of Martin Luther Thomas’ Radio Addresses, and even The Stars Down to Earth.

This chapter considers the role of private litigation, public enforcement and public surveillance in policing the integrity of information flows. It first discusses longstanding threats to integrity (such as fraud, insider trading and other forms of market abuse, and manipulative and disruptive trading practices), as well as emerging threats to reliability of information flows, (such disruptions to market continuity, operational capability, and systemic risk). It then considers the traditional role of private antifraud litigation in the United States in deterring and remediating fraud, as well as the trend to limit class action litigation in favor of public enforcement and other remedial mechanisms. It concludes with a discussion of self-regulatory surveillance mechanisms and efforts to enhance direct regulatory surveillance after the recent financial crisis.

The ‘New Labour’ managerial culture, its goals and procedural values are explored in detail in this chapter. In dealing with internal obstacles and what were seen as ruthless external enemies, from Blair and allies came a negative appraisal of the party as an organisation in need of transformation but resistant to change. As a strong, able, attractive and fluent Leader, Blair’s ease of movement in his distance-pull positioning away from ‘Old Labour’, without losing control, marked him and his management as historically different. Also different were various aspects of the Leader-managerial controlling conduct which justified important new attitudes to the party and its rules, and extended the use of imposition and manipulation in imposing subordination. At key points these eventually came into conflict with Blair’s earlier acknowledgement that it was crucial for the Labour Party to build up trust and then retain it.

The primary focus of this chapter is the fixed-form mask in its many manifestations, beginning with ‘Death Masks Re-membered’. The difference between performance masks and death masks is theorised, including a discussion of photographs of the death masks of notable figures. The fascination of modernist painters with African masks in British, French and German museums is discussed with reference to the Picasso Primitif exhibition (2017) and to the history of anthropological exhibitions of the ‘savage’ during the early years of Modernism. Indigenous masquerade is further explored by commentary on photographic portraits of the ‘other’, with consideration of the rapport between subject and photographer. Painted images of the mask object and disguised individuals by Paul Cézanne, James Ensor, Émil Nolde and Pablo Picasso are contrasted with Edward Sheriff Curtis’s photos of Native American masking. Modernist innovations in masquerade, like the dance scenography of Loïe Fuller, highlight alternative methods of changing the body image, as well as transforming the human figure into a part-object form (an aspect exhibited also in a painting by Margaret Macdonald Mackinstosh). Modernist Pierrots in Berlin, Copenhagen and St Petersburg, for example, suggest that playful disguise was an almost-universal impulse in Modernism across Europe and the United Kingdom.

Arguments for incompatibilism fall into one of two main categories: arguments based on the premise that we have free will only if we are the “sources” (first causes, originators, agent-causes) of our choices or basic actions, and arguments based on the premise that we have free will only if we are at least sometime able to do (choose, try, or begin to do) otherwise. In each case, it is claimed that determinism has the consequence that this necessary condition of free will is always absent. Arguments of both kinds are examined and rejected. The failure of the arguments is due to mistakes about the relation between laws, causation, counterfactuals, and causal powers. Van Inwagen claims that his Consequence Argument has “raised the price” of compatibilism by making its metaphysical commitments clear. It will be argued that the price of compatibilism is less than the price of the incompatibilist alternative.

Transmission is a key process for parasites. Different routes (e.g. faecal–oral) and modes (e.g. by aerosols or vectors) exist. A major context is vertical (to offspring) or horizontal (all other) transmission. All components of the transmission process evolve. Successful transmission includes the infection of a new host. Macroparasites typically infect as individuals, but microparasites need an infective dose. Doses vary enormously among parasites. Various models describe variation in infective dose. Process-based models assume random colonization, co-operative parasite manipulation, or are focused on early dynamics. With the processes of pathogenesis (e.g. tissue destruction, reducing host capacities), damage to the host emerges. Virulence factors are important mediators of parasite success and often involved in host manipulation and pathogenesis, including immunopathology.

This essay aims to take up the philosophical challenge of causal determination in divine predestination to human freedom by reconstructing Augustine’s relevant insights to argue that divine predestination still can accommodate our intuitions concerning freedom and moral responsibility today. Section 1 briefly reconstructs the development of Augustine’s reflections on predestination by focusing on his interpretation of the election of Jacob. Section 2 appeals to attacks from the Idle Argument and the Manipulation Argument to present the theoretical difficulties in Augustine’s account. Section 3 argues that Augustine’s teaching of predestination contains a significant but often-neglected aspect of moral intuitions: the asymmetry of moral responsibility, namely, the conditions of being praised for a good action are substantially different from those of being blamed for an evil one. In conclusion, this essay considers some possible objections to the Augustinian asymmetry thesis to show its relevance to our moral responsibility practices today.

The most powerful argument for the incompatibility of freedom and determinism was given its simplest expression, and dubbed the Consequence Argument, by Peter van Inwagen. The Consequence Argument aims to show that if the natural laws are deterministic, and if neither the initial conditions of the universe nor the laws of nature are under our control, then our actions cannot be under our control. This chapter examines the kind of control that a self-governing system has over its behavior. It includes brief discussions of two related arguments: Derk Pereboom’s Manipulation Argument, which assimilates determination by law to covert manipulation, and Galen Strawson’s Basic Argument.

This chapter examines in detail the thematic preoccupations of Wolfe's fiction published between 1966 and 1984 in order to substantiate claims in subsequent chapters that challenge extant critical opinions of The Urth Cycle. Focusing on a range of short stories and novels, the chapter identifies several interrelated psychological phenomena that are significant to a deeper understanding Wolfe's work. These phenomena include: the subjective perception of ontological reality; the reconstruction of perceived reality from memory; the psychological manipulation of the individual within economic, political and spiritual systems; the relationship between internal fantasy and external reality; and the psychological potency of myth, faith and symbolism. It notes that, for Wolfe, life is an ambiguous round of perceptions and misperceptions in which the individual must struggle, and ultimately fail, to apprehend the precise nature of existence. The chapter concludes by arguing that although the literary importance of Wolfe's fiction may appear to derive from the thematic integrity by which this perspective is communicated, its significance lies more in Wolfe's ability to make the reader experience this conception of existence through the reading process.

In this chapter, the hitherto undiscovered story of The Urth Cycle is revealed. Breaking with all current thinking on The Book of the New Sun and The Urth of the New Sun, the chapter argues that The Urth Cycle is a secular rather than a religious text. Accordingly, it sees the novels presenting a human race caught in two complex processes: that of an external cosmological conspiracy masterminded by the alien Hierogrammates who are intent on securing their own evolution across time, and that of its own psychological need for lenitive myths. As such, it offers an entirely materialist reading of The Urth Cycle that draws on evolutionary biology, particularly Richard Dawkins’ concept of the selfish gene. The chapter analyses The Urth Cycle's use of theatrical metaphors, its preoccupation with mythopoesis, and the potential mythmaking has for the process of psychological sublimation. It exposes the cosmological structure of Wolfe's fictional universe and argues that, around this systemic ‘whole’, Wolfe constructs his interpretative game with the reader.