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The Key Role of Selbstgefühl in Philosophy's Aesthetic and Historical Turns

Karl Ameriks

in Kant and the Historical Turn: Philosophy as Critical Interpretation

This chapter explores Manfred Frank's work, especially his recent study Selbstgefühl. With its very careful systematic and historical focus on the peculiar phenomenon of immediate self-awareness, ... More

This chapter explores Manfred Frank's work, especially his recent study Selbstgefühl. With its very careful systematic and historical focus on the peculiar phenomenon of immediate self-awareness, this work is a paradigm of the kind of detailed reconstruction of early phases of the Idealist era for which Frank is especially well known. The phenomenon of this kind of awareness suddenly became a main topic in the late 18th century, and now it has become a center of attention throughout continental philosophy and contemporary analytic philosophy as well.Less

The Norms of Morality are not Commands? Manfred Moritz's Theory: ‘Genuine’ and ‘Inauthentic’ Commands and Compliance

Hans Kelsen

in General Theory of Norms

The failure to distinguish between a norm and a statement about the validity of a norm, and so between morality and ethics, also leads to the wholly indefensible claim that the norms of morality are ... More

The failure to distinguish between a norm and a statement about the validity of a norm, and so between morality and ethics, also leads to the wholly indefensible claim that the norms of morality are not commands. Such is the thesis which Manfred Moritz tried to prove in his paper ‘Gebot und Pflicht’ (1941). He calls the norms of morality ‘moral sentences’ or ‘moral laws’. He speaks constantly of ‘moral commands’; but he says ‘The moral command does not have the properties one thought could be ascribed to it’, namely that of being a command.Less

Byron

Morton D. Paley

in Apocalypse and Millenium in English Romantic Poetry

This chapter examines the interpretation and explanation of the topics of apocalypse and millennium in the works of English Romantic poet Lord Byron. It suggests that Byron has artfully played upon ... More

This chapter examines the interpretation and explanation of the topics of apocalypse and millennium in the works of English Romantic poet Lord Byron. It suggests that Byron has artfully played upon his reader's familiarity with these topics by creating apocalypse without millennium. Apocalyptic forces have been an important aspect in Byron's poetic sensibility, and his apocalyptic imagination and cognition is highlighted in a number of his poems including Manfred, Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, and Don Juan.Less

‘Stand not on that brink!’: Byron, Gender and Romantic Suicide

Caroline Franklin

in Byron and Marginality

Byron’s splenetic wit looks right back to Burton’s Anatomy of Melancholy as well as forward to the refusal of all orthodoxies that made André Breton and the Surrealists in the 20th century. Suicide ... More

Byron’s splenetic wit looks right back to Burton’s Anatomy of Melancholy as well as forward to the refusal of all orthodoxies that made André Breton and the Surrealists in the 20th century. Suicide became one of the main preoccupations of a coterie devoted to the revivification of the Gothic. Byron’s letters were saturated with references to suicide, comic and tragic. This essay is the first devoted entirely to Byron’s representations of suicide. Taking a historicist approach and one alert to gender the essay makes it clear that suicide was particularly relevant to the era when Byron was writing, when reform of the laws criminalising self-slaughter was being discussed in Parliament.Less

Becoming-Cyborg: Changing the Subject of the Social?

Chris Land

in Deleuze and the Social

This chapter examines the possibility for a trans-human becoming that neither collapses back into the humanist conceit of an enhanced anthropomorphism nor simply negates this figure, thereby ... More

This chapter examines the possibility for a trans-human becoming that neither collapses back into the humanist conceit of an enhanced anthropomorphism nor simply negates this figure, thereby remaining caught in a binary bind of opposition. It discusses how Manfred E. Clynes and Nathan S. Kline's early formation of a logic of prosthesis has been carried into contemporary debates on cyborgs and the post-human and suggests a trans-human becoming in which technology plays a role that is decidedly non-prosthetic. It also explores Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari's ontology of flow and connection that some have referred to as ‘cyborganization’.Less

Fundamentals of International Law

Rosalyn Higgins Dbe Qc

in Themes and Theories

The fundamentals of international law refer to its essential quality and attributes — to matters that lie beneath the specific norms that it contains on particular topics. These matters concern its ... More

The fundamentals of international law refer to its essential quality and attributes — to matters that lie beneath the specific norms that it contains on particular topics. These matters concern its nature and its function. It is necessary to ask whether all norms are of equivalent weight, or whether there is a hierarchy of norms. These issues are examined through the prism of Judge Manfred Lachs’s own writings and judgments. During the twenty-six years during which Judge Lachs sat on the Bench of the International Court of Justice, he participated in some thirty-eight judgments or advisory opinions. Only twice did he dissent. He gave seven Separate Opinions and made eight Declarations. Out of this vast array of cases, some twelve or so were of particular importance for the cluster of matters that comprise the fundamentals of international law. But his contribution to the work of the Court is to be found in each and every one of the judicial decisions in which he participated, including United Nations resolutions.Less

“Hyperborean Fields”

Robert E. Lerner

in Ernst Kantorowicz: A Life

This chapter continues the discussion of Ernst Kantorowicz's life in Berkeley. Despite the five and a half years of uncertainty about his employment in Berkeley and concurrent dismaying news from ... More

This chapter continues the discussion of Ernst Kantorowicz's life in Berkeley. Despite the five and a half years of uncertainty about his employment in Berkeley and concurrent dismaying news from Europe, on the whole, Kantorowicz was happy. Contributing to this was the arrival of three German émigrés in Berkeley in successive years: Walter Horn, Manfred Bukofzer, and Leonardo Olschki. Horn, Bukofzer, and Olschki, all with Heidelberg credentials, spoke Kantorowicz's language in both senses of the expression. Horn, born in 1908, studied in Heidelberg before gaining a doctorate in art history in Hamburg under the direction of Erwin Panofsky. Musicologist Bukofzer, born in 1910, studied in Heidelberg and Basel, where he received his doctorate after the Nazi takeover. Olschki, an expert on the medieval literature of Italy, was the one with whom Kantorowicz was closest.Less

The Artistic Sixties

James R. Hines

in Figure Skating in the Formative Years: Singles, Pairs, and the Expanding Role of Women

This chapter discusses figure skating in the 1960s. In 1961, the entire U.S. World team died in a plane crash on the way to Prague. One year later, two skaters from former teams, Barbara Ann Roles ... More

This chapter discusses figure skating in the 1960s. In 1961, the entire U.S. World team died in a plane crash on the way to Prague. One year later, two skaters from former teams, Barbara Ann Roles and Yvonne Littlefield, traveled to Prague as part of an otherwise inexperienced team of American skaters. Only one new member of the 1962 team, Scott Allen, would ever win a World or Olympic medal, but collectively the team provided the foundation on which the United States built its next generation of international champions. While the United States lost its current best skaters in the crash and was thrust into the necessity of developing new ones, across the skating world, a largely new slate of skaters appeared at the 1962 World Championships. Three of the men, Canada's Donald Jackson, Germany's Manfred Schnelldorfer, and France's Alain Calmat, were destined to become World champions.Less

Narratology and Drama: Euripides, Bacchae 1043–1152 (The Death of Pentheus)

J. F. de Jong Irene

in Narratology and Classics: A Practical Guide

This chapter examines whether narratology should be applied to drama by offering a narratological close reading of Euripides's Bacchae 1043–1152 (The Death of Pentheus). Some narratologists, such as ... More

This chapter examines whether narratology should be applied to drama by offering a narratological close reading of Euripides's Bacchae 1043–1152 (The Death of Pentheus). Some narratologists, such as Paul Ricoeur, adopt a broad definition of narrative that also includes drama. Manfred Pfister considers the absence or presence of a narrator as the crucial difference between drama and narrative text, respectively. The chapter also discusses the qualities of one well-known specimen of narrative in drama: the messenger-speech.Less

Manfred's Quarrel with Immortality: Freeing the Self

Katharine Kernberger

in Liberty and Poetic Licence: New Essays on Byron

This chapter examines the meaning of death in Manfred. When the figure of Astarte speaks to Manfred in the Hall of Arimanes, she not only promises him release from life but also creates one of the ... More

This chapter examines the meaning of death in Manfred. When the figure of Astarte speaks to Manfred in the Hall of Arimanes, she not only promises him release from life but also creates one of the play's central ambiguities. She offers him the death he has long sought, but she does not clarify for him the meaning of death. Since Manfred's pain is a mental one, derived from his sense of guilt over the death of Astarte, only an extinguishing of mind and thought, of all the details of memory that form the identity of the self, can deliver him from suffering. The liberation from the past that he seeks in death requires an annihilation of consciousness.Less

Frightening Tales

in Byron in Geneva: That Summer of 1816

Percy Bysshe Shelley died in July 1822, but Lord Byron would follow him two years later. Byron settled in Venice in November 1816 and fell in love with the twenty–one–year–old Teresa Guiccioli. He ... More

Percy Bysshe Shelley died in July 1822, but Lord Byron would follow him two years later. Byron settled in Venice in November 1816 and fell in love with the twenty–one–year–old Teresa Guiccioli. He continued to produce new work, finishing Manfred after his arrival in Italy followed by a whole series of more austere dramas, including the highly controversial Cain. Despite his evolving thought on how poetry should be written, Byron completed the fourth and final canto of Childe Harold's Pilgrimage while he was in Venice. He also showed strong interest in the outbreak of the Greek war of independence in 1821. In July 1823 he went to Greece. On April 19, 1824 he died of fever at the age of thirty–six.Less

Lewis, de Staël and ‘Poor Polidori’

in Byron in Geneva: That Summer of 1816

Matthew Lewis met Madame de Staël in England, but the two got into a serious disagreement during one of their meetings. Perhaps to initiate a reconciliation between the two, Byron accompanied Lewis ... More

Matthew Lewis met Madame de Staël in England, but the two got into a serious disagreement during one of their meetings. Perhaps to initiate a reconciliation between the two, Byron accompanied Lewis to Coppet. During his stay with Byron in Diodati, Lewis had not only told ghost stories but also translated for him parts of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's play Faust. Byron would later acknowledged the particular influence of Lewis's oral rendering on Manfred, the poetic drama he was beginning to write at the time. Byron was often tempted by what Sigmund Freud calls the omnipotence of thoughts. This is evident in his response in 1818 to the suicide of Sir Samuel Romilly, a lawyer known for his humanitarian efforts to reform the English penal code.Less

Last Rites

in Byron in Geneva: That Summer of 1816

On September 19, 1816, Lord Byron and John Cam Hobhouse embarked on a journey to what was new territory for both of them. Using a popular guide book for travellers in Switzerland by Johann Gottfried ... More

On September 19, 1816, Lord Byron and John Cam Hobhouse embarked on a journey to what was new territory for both of them. Using a popular guide book for travellers in Switzerland by Johann Gottfried Ebel, they followed a route that roughly corresponds to what is tour number 33 in Ebel. The two men gave day–to–day accounts of it, Byron in a long letter he wrote to his half–sister Augusta Leigh in diary form and Hobhouse in his diary. Accompanied by the servant Berger and a local guide, they braved the mountainous country behind Montreux on horseback, climbing steeply through the villages of Chernex and Les Avants before reaching the col de Jarman. The mountain chain is dominated by the Jungfrau. The breath–taking scenery in and around Lauterbrunnen inspired Byron to set the rest of his poetic drama Manfred in this mountainous region.Less

The New Mythology: Romanticism between Religion and Humanism

Bruce Matthews

in The Relevance of Romanticism: Essays on German Romantic Philosophy

Romanticism sought a new mythology to transform the fragmented echoes of the Enlightenment into a symphonic age of scientific knowledge, Bildung, and political freedom that would sanction the ... More

Romanticism sought a new mythology to transform the fragmented echoes of the Enlightenment into a symphonic age of scientific knowledge, Bildung, and political freedom that would sanction the normative values for the future. Yet the difficulties that so concerned the romantics are still with us, chief of which is the damage we do to our natural environment. In 1804 Schelling warned that modern thought would inevitably lead to “the annihilation of nature,” and advanced as an alternative an organic form of philosophy whose mythology of nature offers the utopian potential and emancipatory power capable of perhaps liberating an engaged hope from its current bondage to our contemporary ideology of resigned irony that emasculates transformative political action.Less

What Is Early German Romantic Philosophy?

Manfred Frank

in The Relevance of Romanticism: Essays on German Romantic Philosophy

According to a general belief, it is a fundamental trait of modern philosophy to have articulated itself as a thinking grounded in the certitude of self-consciousness. Pioneered and launched by ... More

According to a general belief, it is a fundamental trait of modern philosophy to have articulated itself as a thinking grounded in the certitude of self-consciousness. Pioneered and launched by Descartes, this thinking is said to have climbed to its height with Kant and, more so, in Fichte’s philosophy. Romanticism has also been interpreted as part of this movement. However, since Dieter Henrich and his students published their investigations of previously unknown philosophical sources, it has become clear that these earlier interpretations are not entirely accurate. This chapter considers the constellation of early romantic philosophy, i.e., what was left out of Henrich’s research; or rather, it summarizes the results of Manfred Frank’s work over the last twenty-five years.Less

Romanticism and Idealism

Frederick Beiser

in The Relevance of Romanticism: Essays on German Romantic Philosophy

This chapter will attempt to resolve a dispute between Frederick Beiser and Manfred Frank about the relationship between romanticism and idealism. In German Idealism Beiser placed the romantics ... More

This chapter will attempt to resolve a dispute between Frederick Beiser and Manfred Frank about the relationship between romanticism and idealism. In German Idealism Beiser placed the romantics within the German idealist movement, seeing them as part of the same tradition as Kant, Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel. This aroused the objection of Frank, which appears in his Auswege aus dem deutschen Idealismus, and others who follow him (viz., Elizabeth Millan-Zaibert in her Friedrich Schlegel and the Emergence of Romantic Philosophy). They claim that romanticism and idealism are opposed movements because idealist is foundationalist whereas romanticism is antifoundationalist. This chapter argues that this debate partly rests on a confusion between methodological and metaphysical issues: that the romantics had an idealist metaphysics even though they did not share the methodology of Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel. There are other issues causing confusion, viz., who precisely do we want to regard as a romantic, which the chapter also attempts to sort out.Less

Dick Manfred

Laurence A. Rickels

in I Think I Am: Philip K. Dick

This chapter explores the tension span occupied by the schizophrenic boy in Melanie Klein’s case of Dick and Lord Byron’s Faustian drama Manfred. In her 1930 chapter “The Importance of Symbol ... More

This chapter explores the tension span occupied by the schizophrenic boy in Melanie Klein’s case of Dick and Lord Byron’s Faustian drama Manfred. In her 1930 chapter “The Importance of Symbol Formation in the Development of the Ego,” Klein explores a case of childhood schizophrenia, the treatability of which as arrested development is the very measure, measured in reverse, of treatment difficulties encountered with young adult schizophrenics who must fill in the blank of held-back development with the double whammy of regression. Klein opens with the all- importance of sadism in early mental development and its transmutation through symbolism. She treats Dick successfully because his so-called psychotic traits are, in the real time of development, inhibitions that can be overcome. In Manfred, Byron wrests Faustian striving from Christian pact psychology and sends his Faust figure through a series of sessions that leads through mourning to a cure.Less

Virgiliana Neapolis Urbs: Receptions of Classical Naples in the Swabian and Early Angevin Ages

Fulvio Delle Donne

in Remembering Parthenope: The Reception of Classical Naples from Antiquity to the Present

This chapter explores the different forms of reception (literary, cultural, but also non-elite and non-traditional) of classical authors in Naples in the Swabian and early Angevin periods. In 1259 ... More

This chapter explores the different forms of reception (literary, cultural, but also non-elite and non-traditional) of classical authors in Naples in the Swabian and early Angevin periods. In 1259 Manfred of Swabia described Naples as ‘Virgiliana urbs’ (‘Virgilian city’), reflecting the important role played by the poet in Neapolitan collective memory and mythology. However, while the names of classical writers do crop up in contemporary texts, their works have a ‘weak’ transmission and often appear to have been lifted straight from florilegia. The curriculum studied at the University of Naples, founded in 1224 by Manfred’s father, Frederick II, reveals a focus on medieval treatises of ars dictaminis (the art of prose composition) and collections of letters, but a notable absence of classical literature. In the Swabian and Angevin periods, classical authors seem to have taken on new identities based around stories about their lives, rather than the texts they had written.Less