Shaheen Mozaffar
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198296454
- eISBN:
- 9780191600036
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198296452.003.0032
- Subject:
- Political Science, Reference
This chapter on elections and electoral systems in Mali follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, ...
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This chapter on elections and electoral systems in Mali follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat; 2.2 Electoral Body 1957–1997 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1957–1997 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendums 1974 and 1992 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly (none held); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1957–1997 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1957–1997; 2.9 Presidential Elections 1979–1997 (details of registered voters and votes cast); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1960–1998.Less
This chapter on elections and electoral systems in Mali follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat; 2.2 Electoral Body 1957–1997 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1957–1997 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendums 1974 and 1992 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly (none held); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1957–1997 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1957–1997; 2.9 Presidential Elections 1979–1997 (details of registered voters and votes cast); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1960–1998.
D. Dennis Hudson
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195369229
- eISBN:
- 9780199871162
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195369229.003.0013
- Subject:
- Religion, Hinduism
Six panels: the first three represent the Unobstructed's potency (shakti), the second three the Unobstructed's brilliant conquering power (tejas). First, Indra, disguised as an “imposter” (pakhanda) ...
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Six panels: the first three represent the Unobstructed's potency (shakti), the second three the Unobstructed's brilliant conquering power (tejas). First, Indra, disguised as an “imposter” (pakhanda) successfully interrupts the first emperor, King Prithu's horse sacrifice, preventing him from becoming more powerful than Indra. In the next panel Krishna defeats Naraka and rescues 16,000 royal virgins, whom he marries. Next, Hari as Madhusudana kills the asuras Madhu and Kaitabha, as narrated in the Jayakhya‐samhitaand the Bhagavad‐gita. In the next three panels Krishan slays: Mali, Sumali, and Malyavan on the Milk Ocean shore; Shishupala at Yudhishthira's rajasuya; Shalva and Dantavaktra. Each demonstrates the removal of impurities in the emperor‐sadhaka's consciousness. Thus, as an “Indra of People” (Narendra), Nandivarman ruled as a true emperor (Parameshvara) because he ruled as a “slave of Krishna” (Bhagavata) in a line of sadhakas that descended from the first emperor, Prithu.Less
Six panels: the first three represent the Unobstructed's potency (shakti), the second three the Unobstructed's brilliant conquering power (tejas). First, Indra, disguised as an “imposter” (pakhanda) successfully interrupts the first emperor, King Prithu's horse sacrifice, preventing him from becoming more powerful than Indra. In the next panel Krishna defeats Naraka and rescues 16,000 royal virgins, whom he marries. Next, Hari as Madhusudana kills the asuras Madhu and Kaitabha, as narrated in the Jayakhya‐samhitaand the Bhagavad‐gita. In the next three panels Krishan slays: Mali, Sumali, and Malyavan on the Milk Ocean shore; Shishupala at Yudhishthira's rajasuya; Shalva and Dantavaktra. Each demonstrates the removal of impurities in the emperor‐sadhaka's consciousness. Thus, as an “Indra of People” (Narendra), Nandivarman ruled as a true emperor (Parameshvara) because he ruled as a “slave of Krishna” (Bhagavata) in a line of sadhakas that descended from the first emperor, Prithu.
Edith Bruder
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195333565
- eISBN:
- 9780199868889
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195333565.003.0013
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
This chapter surveys various groups in western and central Africa that self-proclaimed a Jewish identity. These include the Zakhor Jews of Timbuktu, Mali; the Igbo of Nigeria; the House of Israel of ...
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This chapter surveys various groups in western and central Africa that self-proclaimed a Jewish identity. These include the Zakhor Jews of Timbuktu, Mali; the Igbo of Nigeria; the House of Israel of Ghana; the The Tutsi-Hebrews of Havilah; and the Cape Verde-Israel Friendship Society.Less
This chapter surveys various groups in western and central Africa that self-proclaimed a Jewish identity. These include the Zakhor Jews of Timbuktu, Mali; the Igbo of Nigeria; the House of Israel of Ghana; the The Tutsi-Hebrews of Havilah; and the Cape Verde-Israel Friendship Society.
Benjamin F. Soares
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195369212
- eISBN:
- 9780199871179
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195369212.003.0015
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society, Islam
This chapter is concerned with understanding changing modalities of religious expression and modes of belonging among the Muslim youth culture in contemporary Mali. Much recent scholarship about ...
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This chapter is concerned with understanding changing modalities of religious expression and modes of belonging among the Muslim youth culture in contemporary Mali. Much recent scholarship about Muslim youth has privileged Islamism, trajectories of political radicalization, as well as ethical modes of self-fashioning associated with so-called piety movements in the Muslim world, particularly in the Arab Middle East and among Muslims living in Europe and North America. Although in many cases such approaches might be perfectly legitimate, the case of young self-styled Sufis—often dubbed Rasta Sufis—in urban Mali helps to illustrate other, rather unconventional ways certain youth have been refashioning how to be young and Muslim. By focusing on so-called Rasta Sufis and their activities in Mali, the cultural politics of youth who are often marginalized in relation to an older generation in the interconnected realms of politics, economics, and religion are explored.Less
This chapter is concerned with understanding changing modalities of religious expression and modes of belonging among the Muslim youth culture in contemporary Mali. Much recent scholarship about Muslim youth has privileged Islamism, trajectories of political radicalization, as well as ethical modes of self-fashioning associated with so-called piety movements in the Muslim world, particularly in the Arab Middle East and among Muslims living in Europe and North America. Although in many cases such approaches might be perfectly legitimate, the case of young self-styled Sufis—often dubbed Rasta Sufis—in urban Mali helps to illustrate other, rather unconventional ways certain youth have been refashioning how to be young and Muslim. By focusing on so-called Rasta Sufis and their activities in Mali, the cultural politics of youth who are often marginalized in relation to an older generation in the interconnected realms of politics, economics, and religion are explored.
Robert Elgie
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199585984
- eISBN:
- 9780191729003
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199585984.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter compares the case of Guinea-Bissau, where democracy collapsed under president-parliamentarism, with the case of Mali, where it has survived under premier-presidentialism. The two cases ...
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This chapter compares the case of Guinea-Bissau, where democracy collapsed under president-parliamentarism, with the case of Mali, where it has survived under premier-presidentialism. The two cases are examined separately. However, each study is organized along similar lines. Each case begins with a brief overview of the country’s democratic record. It then sketches the economic, social, and cultural context in which democracy has operated. The founding circumstances of semi-presidentialism are then discussed and the salient features of the country’s constitution are identified. The bulk of the case study then comprises a narrative of key events since democratization, focusing primarily on the relationship between the president, the legislature, and the government.Less
This chapter compares the case of Guinea-Bissau, where democracy collapsed under president-parliamentarism, with the case of Mali, where it has survived under premier-presidentialism. The two cases are examined separately. However, each study is organized along similar lines. Each case begins with a brief overview of the country’s democratic record. It then sketches the economic, social, and cultural context in which democracy has operated. The founding circumstances of semi-presidentialism are then discussed and the salient features of the country’s constitution are identified. The bulk of the case study then comprises a narrative of key events since democratization, focusing primarily on the relationship between the president, the legislature, and the government.
Rosa De Jorio
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- April 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780252040276
- eISBN:
- 9780252098536
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5406/illinois/9780252040276.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, African Cultural Anthropology
Up to 2012, Mali was a poster child for African democracy, despite multiple signs of growing dissatisfaction with the democratic experiment. Then disaster struck, bringing many of the nation's ...
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Up to 2012, Mali was a poster child for African democracy, despite multiple signs of growing dissatisfaction with the democratic experiment. Then disaster struck, bringing many of the nation's unresolved contradictions to international attention. A military coup carved off the country's south. A revolt by a coalition of Tuareg and extremist Islamist forces shook the north. The events, so violent and unexpected, forced experts to reassess Mali's democratic institutions and the neoliberal economic reforms enacted in conjunction with the move toward democracy. This book's detailed study of cultural heritage and its transformations provides a key to understanding the impasse that confronts Malian democracy. As the book shows, postcolonial Mali privileged its cultural heritage to display itself on the regional and international scene. The neoliberal reforms both intensified and altered this trend. Profiling heritage sites ranging from statues of colonial leaders to women's museums to historic Timbuktu, the book portrays how various actors have deployed and contested notions of heritage. These actors include not just Malian administrators and politicians but UNESCO, and non-state NGOs. The book also delves into the intricacies of heritage politics from the perspective of Malian actors and groups, as producers and receivers—but always highly informed and critically engaged—of international, national and local cultural initiatives.Less
Up to 2012, Mali was a poster child for African democracy, despite multiple signs of growing dissatisfaction with the democratic experiment. Then disaster struck, bringing many of the nation's unresolved contradictions to international attention. A military coup carved off the country's south. A revolt by a coalition of Tuareg and extremist Islamist forces shook the north. The events, so violent and unexpected, forced experts to reassess Mali's democratic institutions and the neoliberal economic reforms enacted in conjunction with the move toward democracy. This book's detailed study of cultural heritage and its transformations provides a key to understanding the impasse that confronts Malian democracy. As the book shows, postcolonial Mali privileged its cultural heritage to display itself on the regional and international scene. The neoliberal reforms both intensified and altered this trend. Profiling heritage sites ranging from statues of colonial leaders to women's museums to historic Timbuktu, the book portrays how various actors have deployed and contested notions of heritage. These actors include not just Malian administrators and politicians but UNESCO, and non-state NGOs. The book also delves into the intricacies of heritage politics from the perspective of Malian actors and groups, as producers and receivers—but always highly informed and critically engaged—of international, national and local cultural initiatives.
Philip E. Muehlenbeck
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195396096
- eISBN:
- 9780199932672
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195396096.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century, World Modern History
Much of the history of US-French competition overlooks the intense rivalry between Kennedy and Charles de Gaulle in Africa. Chapter eight sheds light on this rivalry. Africa was an essential ...
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Much of the history of US-French competition overlooks the intense rivalry between Kennedy and Charles de Gaulle in Africa. Chapter eight sheds light on this rivalry. Africa was an essential component of de Gaulle’s plan to restore French grandeur. Although Washington had little to lose from such competition, which had the possibility of weakening France’s global power, Kennedy hoped to block de Gaulle’s plan as revenge for the frustration he was causing Kennedy in Europe.Less
Much of the history of US-French competition overlooks the intense rivalry between Kennedy and Charles de Gaulle in Africa. Chapter eight sheds light on this rivalry. Africa was an essential component of de Gaulle’s plan to restore French grandeur. Although Washington had little to lose from such competition, which had the possibility of weakening France’s global power, Kennedy hoped to block de Gaulle’s plan as revenge for the frustration he was causing Kennedy in Europe.
Ryan Thomas Skinner
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780816693498
- eISBN:
- 9781452950808
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816693498.001.0001
- Subject:
- Music, Ethnomusicology, World Music
Bamako Sounds tells the story of an African city, its people, their values, and their music. Centered on the music and musicians of Bamako, Mali’s booming capital city, this book reveals a community ...
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Bamako Sounds tells the story of an African city, its people, their values, and their music. Centered on the music and musicians of Bamako, Mali’s booming capital city, this book reveals a community of artists whose lives and works evince a complex world shaped by urban culture, postcolonialism, musical expression, religious identity, and intellectual property. Drawing on years of ethnographic research with classically trained players of the kora (a twenty-one-string West African harp) as well as more contemporary, hip-hop influenced musicians and producers, Ryan Thomas Skinner analyzes how Bamako artists balance social imperatives with personal interests and global imaginations. Whether performed live on stage, broadcast on the radio, or shared over the Internet, music is a privileged mode of expression that suffuses Bamako’s urban soundscape. It animates professional projects, communicates cultural values, pronounces public piety, resounds in the marketplace, and quite literally performs the nation. Music, the artists who make it, and the audiences who interpret it thus represent a crucial means of articulating and disseminating the ethics and aesthetics of a varied and vital Afropolitanism, in Bamako and beyond.Less
Bamako Sounds tells the story of an African city, its people, their values, and their music. Centered on the music and musicians of Bamako, Mali’s booming capital city, this book reveals a community of artists whose lives and works evince a complex world shaped by urban culture, postcolonialism, musical expression, religious identity, and intellectual property. Drawing on years of ethnographic research with classically trained players of the kora (a twenty-one-string West African harp) as well as more contemporary, hip-hop influenced musicians and producers, Ryan Thomas Skinner analyzes how Bamako artists balance social imperatives with personal interests and global imaginations. Whether performed live on stage, broadcast on the radio, or shared over the Internet, music is a privileged mode of expression that suffuses Bamako’s urban soundscape. It animates professional projects, communicates cultural values, pronounces public piety, resounds in the marketplace, and quite literally performs the nation. Music, the artists who make it, and the audiences who interpret it thus represent a crucial means of articulating and disseminating the ethics and aesthetics of a varied and vital Afropolitanism, in Bamako and beyond.
Michael A. Gomez
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780691196824
- eISBN:
- 9781400888160
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691196824.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, African History
This chapter assesses the narrative of the rise of imperial Mali and the life of its founder, Sunjata. Sunjata and Mali's origins are at the center of an involved discussion of sources and method. As ...
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This chapter assesses the narrative of the rise of imperial Mali and the life of its founder, Sunjata. Sunjata and Mali's origins are at the center of an involved discussion of sources and method. As such, a layering of testimony is critical to uncovering Mali's imperial transformation, and more important than whether it was completed under Sunjata is the subsequent deployment of his person and period as vehicles of authentication. Perhaps the most poignant example of this is Sunjata's exile, for which issues of historicity fade in comparison with its purpose as a charter for central and provincial power. Similarly, the conquest of the Susu, though highly probable, also establishes the basis for Mali's enduring regional claims. The oral traditions also contain key insights into early Mali's relationship to Islam, evincing a careful balancing act between ancestral and Islamic principles and forces.Less
This chapter assesses the narrative of the rise of imperial Mali and the life of its founder, Sunjata. Sunjata and Mali's origins are at the center of an involved discussion of sources and method. As such, a layering of testimony is critical to uncovering Mali's imperial transformation, and more important than whether it was completed under Sunjata is the subsequent deployment of his person and period as vehicles of authentication. Perhaps the most poignant example of this is Sunjata's exile, for which issues of historicity fade in comparison with its purpose as a charter for central and provincial power. Similarly, the conquest of the Susu, though highly probable, also establishes the basis for Mali's enduring regional claims. The oral traditions also contain key insights into early Mali's relationship to Islam, evincing a careful balancing act between ancestral and Islamic principles and forces.
Michael A. Gomez
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780691196824
- eISBN:
- 9781400888160
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691196824.003.0016
- Subject:
- History, African History
This epilogue discusses how, some four hundred years after its fall, the world was reminded of imperial Songhay's former glory when, in early January of 2012, the National Movement for the Liberation ...
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This epilogue discusses how, some four hundred years after its fall, the world was reminded of imperial Songhay's former glory when, in early January of 2012, the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawād—or the MNLA—attacked the towns of Menaka and Aguelhok, leading to the collapse of the national army in northern Mali. However, the twenty-first century was not the first instance in which the modern world reflected on West African anterior history, though prior occasions were largely artistic in nature. In any case, through both real-world events and artistic creativity, enactments of West Africa's medieval past have filtered into contemporary consciousness. Even so, in turning from the popular to the academic, histories purporting to convey a sense of global development since antiquity continue to ignore Africa's contributions, not merely as the presumed site of human origins, but as a full participant in its cultural, technological, and political innovations. The epilogue then summarizes the full trajectory of West African history examined in the previous chapters.Less
This epilogue discusses how, some four hundred years after its fall, the world was reminded of imperial Songhay's former glory when, in early January of 2012, the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawād—or the MNLA—attacked the towns of Menaka and Aguelhok, leading to the collapse of the national army in northern Mali. However, the twenty-first century was not the first instance in which the modern world reflected on West African anterior history, though prior occasions were largely artistic in nature. In any case, through both real-world events and artistic creativity, enactments of West Africa's medieval past have filtered into contemporary consciousness. Even so, in turning from the popular to the academic, histories purporting to convey a sense of global development since antiquity continue to ignore Africa's contributions, not merely as the presumed site of human origins, but as a full participant in its cultural, technological, and political innovations. The epilogue then summarizes the full trajectory of West African history examined in the previous chapters.
Jonathan Benthall
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199916023
- eISBN:
- 9780199950447
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199916023.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter discusses the issue of “cultural proximity.” It determines that this issue has arisen almost exclusively in the context of work in the Muslim world, where the word “cultural” becomes a ...
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This chapter discusses the issue of “cultural proximity.” It determines that this issue has arisen almost exclusively in the context of work in the Muslim world, where the word “cultural” becomes a euphemism for “religious.” It studies “communitarian aid” in the context of the Christians and Jews, and introduces the concept of the Islamic umma, or transnational community of Muslims. It also describes the devastating effects of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami on Aceh, Indonesia, and the help given by Islamic Relief to the citizens in Mali. Finally, this chapter discusses the problem surrounding child sponsorship.Less
This chapter discusses the issue of “cultural proximity.” It determines that this issue has arisen almost exclusively in the context of work in the Muslim world, where the word “cultural” becomes a euphemism for “religious.” It studies “communitarian aid” in the context of the Christians and Jews, and introduces the concept of the Islamic umma, or transnational community of Muslims. It also describes the devastating effects of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami on Aceh, Indonesia, and the help given by Islamic Relief to the citizens in Mali. Finally, this chapter discusses the problem surrounding child sponsorship.
Benjamin F. Soares
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748622856
- eISBN:
- 9780748670635
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748622856.003.0004
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, African Studies
This chapter presents an overview of the social history of the Hamawiyya, one of the two main Sufi orders that are the dominant institutional forms through which Islam has been practiced in the ...
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This chapter presents an overview of the social history of the Hamawiyya, one of the two main Sufi orders that are the dominant institutional forms through which Islam has been practiced in the region for more than a century. It traces the emergence of the Hamawiyya under French colonialism, the appeal of and opposition to Shaykh Hamallah, his persecution, and the repression of his followers. By looking at the Sufi order in the postcolonial period, it focuses on what is called an economy of martyrdom around a religious community that largely defines itself in relation to its absent leader and in opposition to other Muslims.Less
This chapter presents an overview of the social history of the Hamawiyya, one of the two main Sufi orders that are the dominant institutional forms through which Islam has been practiced in the region for more than a century. It traces the emergence of the Hamawiyya under French colonialism, the appeal of and opposition to Shaykh Hamallah, his persecution, and the repression of his followers. By looking at the Sufi order in the postcolonial period, it focuses on what is called an economy of martyrdom around a religious community that largely defines itself in relation to its absent leader and in opposition to other Muslims.
Benjamin F. Soares
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748622856
- eISBN:
- 9780748670635
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748622856.003.0005
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, African Studies
This chapter presents the social history of the Tijaniyya, the second of the two main Sufi orders that are the dominant institutional forms through which Islam has been practiced in the region for ...
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This chapter presents the social history of the Tijaniyya, the second of the two main Sufi orders that are the dominant institutional forms through which Islam has been practiced in the region for more than a century. It considers the decline in influence of the Tijaniyya, particularly among the Futanke of the region, through the efforts of one of Umar Tall's most prominent descendants in the postcolonial period.Less
This chapter presents the social history of the Tijaniyya, the second of the two main Sufi orders that are the dominant institutional forms through which Islam has been practiced in the region for more than a century. It considers the decline in influence of the Tijaniyya, particularly among the Futanke of the region, through the efforts of one of Umar Tall's most prominent descendants in the postcolonial period.
David Robinson
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199755042
- eISBN:
- 9780199950508
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199755042.003.0012
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter examines the response of two Muslim states of West Africa to French and British imperialism. The first was the resistance to French expansion led by Ahmad al-Kabir in present-day Mali. ...
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This chapter examines the response of two Muslim states of West Africa to French and British imperialism. The first was the resistance to French expansion led by Ahmad al-Kabir in present-day Mali. The second was the movement led by ‘Abd al-Rahman in Hausaland (present-day Nigeria) against the advance northward of the British. ‘Abd al-Rahman, like Ahmad al-Kabir, ultimately opted for migration (hijra). The British were concerned about the size and impact of the migration, and forced the caliph to do battle at Burmi. They defeated the Muslim forces and killed the caliph, but many escaped and continued their movement to the east.Less
This chapter examines the response of two Muslim states of West Africa to French and British imperialism. The first was the resistance to French expansion led by Ahmad al-Kabir in present-day Mali. The second was the movement led by ‘Abd al-Rahman in Hausaland (present-day Nigeria) against the advance northward of the British. ‘Abd al-Rahman, like Ahmad al-Kabir, ultimately opted for migration (hijra). The British were concerned about the size and impact of the migration, and forced the caliph to do battle at Burmi. They defeated the Muslim forces and killed the caliph, but many escaped and continued their movement to the east.
Alexander Keese
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780719089305
- eISBN:
- 9781526135858
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719089305.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
How would French services operating on the ground, charged with ‘decolonizing’ African territories, adapt to the new situation? This question is posed by Alexander Keese with regard to a dramatic ...
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How would French services operating on the ground, charged with ‘decolonizing’ African territories, adapt to the new situation? This question is posed by Alexander Keese with regard to a dramatic incident in the decolonization process, the August 1960 stand-off between Senegalese and Soudanese politicians and officials in Dakar, an event that led to the end of the short-lived Federation of Mali between Soudan (present-day Mali) and Senegal. French military commanders were still in charge of the vast majority of the armed forces in these former colonial territories. These commanders were faced with an unfamiliar process of decision-making. Keese analyses the behaviour of these remaining French representatives on the ground, and comes to a new interpretation of a crucial event in the early history of Franco-African networks.Less
How would French services operating on the ground, charged with ‘decolonizing’ African territories, adapt to the new situation? This question is posed by Alexander Keese with regard to a dramatic incident in the decolonization process, the August 1960 stand-off between Senegalese and Soudanese politicians and officials in Dakar, an event that led to the end of the short-lived Federation of Mali between Soudan (present-day Mali) and Senegal. French military commanders were still in charge of the vast majority of the armed forces in these former colonial territories. These commanders were faced with an unfamiliar process of decision-making. Keese analyses the behaviour of these remaining French representatives on the ground, and comes to a new interpretation of a crucial event in the early history of Franco-African networks.
Vincent Joly
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780719089305
- eISBN:
- 9781526135858
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719089305.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
In Mali, as analyzed by Vincent Joly, military continuities led in 1961 to a real crisis. In January 1961 Modibo Keïta, the President of the independent country, enforced the evacuation of the ...
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In Mali, as analyzed by Vincent Joly, military continuities led in 1961 to a real crisis. In January 1961 Modibo Keïta, the President of the independent country, enforced the evacuation of the remaining French troops. The worries of the Malian government had been intensified by French activities during the Algerian War and by French nuclear tests in the south of the Sahara. Under the pretext of Malian anger over French behaviour during the split of the Federation of Mali one year earlier, the government in Bamako – defender of increasingly ‘radical’ positions – gladly used this occasion to get rid of structures that effectively constituted a counterweight in the country. The new Malian political elite were particularly distrustful of the presence of the French military forces because French officials maintained close relations to army veterans and to the nomadic populations in the north of the country. Joly interprets the process leading to the 1961 crisis as characteristic of the complex decolonization processes, in which the French army had its own clients and networks in the now-independent countries.Less
In Mali, as analyzed by Vincent Joly, military continuities led in 1961 to a real crisis. In January 1961 Modibo Keïta, the President of the independent country, enforced the evacuation of the remaining French troops. The worries of the Malian government had been intensified by French activities during the Algerian War and by French nuclear tests in the south of the Sahara. Under the pretext of Malian anger over French behaviour during the split of the Federation of Mali one year earlier, the government in Bamako – defender of increasingly ‘radical’ positions – gladly used this occasion to get rid of structures that effectively constituted a counterweight in the country. The new Malian political elite were particularly distrustful of the presence of the French military forces because French officials maintained close relations to army veterans and to the nomadic populations in the north of the country. Joly interprets the process leading to the 1961 crisis as characteristic of the complex decolonization processes, in which the French army had its own clients and networks in the now-independent countries.
Michael A. Gomez
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780691196824
- eISBN:
- 9781400888160
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691196824.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, African History
This chapter describes Mali's most legendary figure: Mansā Mūsā. A remarkable period of stability and expansion ensued under Mansā Mūsā, resulting in a West Africa at its pinnacle. Mūsā would embrace ...
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This chapter describes Mali's most legendary figure: Mansā Mūsā. A remarkable period of stability and expansion ensued under Mansā Mūsā, resulting in a West Africa at its pinnacle. Mūsā would embrace Islam emphatically, breaking with predecessors by building mosques in key cities, laying the foundation for Mali's reputation as a Muslim land. Islam would soon become a principal cultural signifier, articulating a realm of growing ethnic diversity while compensating for an imperial presence guided by a minimalist theory of governance. For all of Mūsā's accomplishments, however, he would never fully escape rumors of matricide and intrigue. But in paying close attention to what the sources say, it is as critical to note what they do not say, which leads to the stunning realization that the very zenith of the Malian moment is essentially disregarded in the oral traditions.Less
This chapter describes Mali's most legendary figure: Mansā Mūsā. A remarkable period of stability and expansion ensued under Mansā Mūsā, resulting in a West Africa at its pinnacle. Mūsā would embrace Islam emphatically, breaking with predecessors by building mosques in key cities, laying the foundation for Mali's reputation as a Muslim land. Islam would soon become a principal cultural signifier, articulating a realm of growing ethnic diversity while compensating for an imperial presence guided by a minimalist theory of governance. For all of Mūsā's accomplishments, however, he would never fully escape rumors of matricide and intrigue. But in paying close attention to what the sources say, it is as critical to note what they do not say, which leads to the stunning realization that the very zenith of the Malian moment is essentially disregarded in the oral traditions.
Michael A. Gomez
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780691196824
- eISBN:
- 9781400888160
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691196824.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, African History
This chapter explores the writings of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, which provide a glimpse into a post-Mansā Mūsā Mali in initial decline. Suffering from invidious comparison with his brother, Sulaymān's reign is ...
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This chapter explores the writings of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, which provide a glimpse into a post-Mansā Mūsā Mali in initial decline. Suffering from invidious comparison with his brother, Sulaymān's reign is yet remarkable in including an episode featuring a demoted wife, Qāsā, challenging for the leadership of his vast empire. It is also with Sulaymān that the pivot to North Africa begins. However, relations between the regions are less than transparent, an opacity reflecting ambiguity that would lead to misunderstanding and, eventually, open conflict. Though waning as a regional power, Mali was highly successful in achieving a paradigm in which Islam and polity worked in close cooperation. This intimate association of culture and statecraft would completely transform the politics of the region for centuries to come. Critical to this new model of West African statecraft were efforts to reimagine and situate the region within the larger Muslim context.Less
This chapter explores the writings of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, which provide a glimpse into a post-Mansā Mūsā Mali in initial decline. Suffering from invidious comparison with his brother, Sulaymān's reign is yet remarkable in including an episode featuring a demoted wife, Qāsā, challenging for the leadership of his vast empire. It is also with Sulaymān that the pivot to North Africa begins. However, relations between the regions are less than transparent, an opacity reflecting ambiguity that would lead to misunderstanding and, eventually, open conflict. Though waning as a regional power, Mali was highly successful in achieving a paradigm in which Islam and polity worked in close cooperation. This intimate association of culture and statecraft would completely transform the politics of the region for centuries to come. Critical to this new model of West African statecraft were efforts to reimagine and situate the region within the larger Muslim context.
Camilla Toulmin
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- March 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780198852766
- eISBN:
- 9780191887147
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198852766.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
How do people survive and thrive in the uncertain and risk-prone Sahel? This long-term study portrays the people of Dlonguébougou in Central Mali, to show how they have adapted to change over the ...
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How do people survive and thrive in the uncertain and risk-prone Sahel? This long-term study portrays the people of Dlonguébougou in Central Mali, to show how they have adapted to change over the last 35 years, shaping new strategies and finding new sources of cash. Drawing on my 2 years in the village in 1980–1982, published in Cattle, Women, and Wells: Managing Household Survival in the Sahel (OUP 1992), I have revisited the people to explore the village economy and society today. A tripling in population, unpredictable rainfall, and the arrival of the Chinese have forced people into new ways of both making ends meet and building up wealth—some are doing much better than others. Using a combination of infographics, satellite images, interviews, and survey data, my research presents the different strategies and fortunes of individuals and their families, the search for new cash incomes, the shift of people from village to town, and the erosion of collective solidarity at household and village levels. Overall, people’s fortunes have been mixed. Many people acknowledge they have become financially better off, but they are no longer so rooted in the life and landscape of millet farming, which had structured household relationships and village society. Land has become much scarcer, and the villagers can no longer exert much power over the wider society and environment. In eight chapters, Land, Investment, and Migration is written in an engaging style, with plenty of illustrations and material from interviews.Less
How do people survive and thrive in the uncertain and risk-prone Sahel? This long-term study portrays the people of Dlonguébougou in Central Mali, to show how they have adapted to change over the last 35 years, shaping new strategies and finding new sources of cash. Drawing on my 2 years in the village in 1980–1982, published in Cattle, Women, and Wells: Managing Household Survival in the Sahel (OUP 1992), I have revisited the people to explore the village economy and society today. A tripling in population, unpredictable rainfall, and the arrival of the Chinese have forced people into new ways of both making ends meet and building up wealth—some are doing much better than others. Using a combination of infographics, satellite images, interviews, and survey data, my research presents the different strategies and fortunes of individuals and their families, the search for new cash incomes, the shift of people from village to town, and the erosion of collective solidarity at household and village levels. Overall, people’s fortunes have been mixed. Many people acknowledge they have become financially better off, but they are no longer so rooted in the life and landscape of millet farming, which had structured household relationships and village society. Land has become much scarcer, and the villagers can no longer exert much power over the wider society and environment. In eight chapters, Land, Investment, and Migration is written in an engaging style, with plenty of illustrations and material from interviews.
Roman Loimeier
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780748695430
- eISBN:
- 9781474427050
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748695430.003.0003
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Middle Eastern Studies
This chapter introduces Senegal as a first regional context for the emergence of both Sufi- and Salafi-oriented movements of reform. It shows that neither movement of reform was monolithic but ...
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This chapter introduces Senegal as a first regional context for the emergence of both Sufi- and Salafi-oriented movements of reform. It shows that neither movement of reform was monolithic but characterized by multiple splits, often linked with family disputes and generational change. The chapter presents Cheikh Touré as the major representative of Salafi-minded reform in Senegal and discusses the different ways in which Sufi movements responded to the challenge of Salafi-oriented reform. The chapter shows that both Sufi- and Salafi-oriented movements of reform tried to take part actively in Senegalese politics and to influence politics. It also explains why Salafi-oriented reform has not managed to become a popular mass movement in Senegal and why Sufi movements managed to consolidate their role as the major political players in Senegal. The chapter finally compares the development of Salafi-oriented reform in Mali with developments in Senegal and shows that the success of Salafi-minded reform in Mali was linked with the different historical and social context. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the civil war in Mali in 2011 and 2012 and the emergence of jihad-minded groups in northern Mali.Less
This chapter introduces Senegal as a first regional context for the emergence of both Sufi- and Salafi-oriented movements of reform. It shows that neither movement of reform was monolithic but characterized by multiple splits, often linked with family disputes and generational change. The chapter presents Cheikh Touré as the major representative of Salafi-minded reform in Senegal and discusses the different ways in which Sufi movements responded to the challenge of Salafi-oriented reform. The chapter shows that both Sufi- and Salafi-oriented movements of reform tried to take part actively in Senegalese politics and to influence politics. It also explains why Salafi-oriented reform has not managed to become a popular mass movement in Senegal and why Sufi movements managed to consolidate their role as the major political players in Senegal. The chapter finally compares the development of Salafi-oriented reform in Mali with developments in Senegal and shows that the success of Salafi-minded reform in Mali was linked with the different historical and social context. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the civil war in Mali in 2011 and 2012 and the emergence of jihad-minded groups in northern Mali.
