Shaheen Mozaffar
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198296454
- eISBN:
- 9780191600036
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198296452.003.0032
- Subject:
- Political Science, Reference
This chapter on elections and electoral systems in Mali follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, ...
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This chapter on elections and electoral systems in Mali follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat; 2.2 Electoral Body 1957–1997 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1957–1997 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendums 1974 and 1992 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly (none held); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1957–1997 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1957–1997; 2.9 Presidential Elections 1979–1997 (details of registered voters and votes cast); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1960–1998.Less
This chapter on elections and electoral systems in Mali follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat; 2.2 Electoral Body 1957–1997 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1957–1997 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendums 1974 and 1992 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly (none held); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1957–1997 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1957–1997; 2.9 Presidential Elections 1979–1997 (details of registered voters and votes cast); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1960–1998.
D. Dennis Hudson
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195369229
- eISBN:
- 9780199871162
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195369229.003.0013
- Subject:
- Religion, Hinduism
Six panels: the first three represent the Unobstructed's potency (shakti), the second three the Unobstructed's brilliant conquering power (tejas). First, Indra, disguised as an “imposter” (pakhanda) ...
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Six panels: the first three represent the Unobstructed's potency (shakti), the second three the Unobstructed's brilliant conquering power (tejas). First, Indra, disguised as an “imposter” (pakhanda) successfully interrupts the first emperor, King Prithu's horse sacrifice, preventing him from becoming more powerful than Indra. In the next panel Krishna defeats Naraka and rescues 16,000 royal virgins, whom he marries. Next, Hari as Madhusudana kills the asuras Madhu and Kaitabha, as narrated in the Jayakhya‐samhitaand the Bhagavad‐gita. In the next three panels Krishan slays: Mali, Sumali, and Malyavan on the Milk Ocean shore; Shishupala at Yudhishthira's rajasuya; Shalva and Dantavaktra. Each demonstrates the removal of impurities in the emperor‐sadhaka's consciousness. Thus, as an “Indra of People” (Narendra), Nandivarman ruled as a true emperor (Parameshvara) because he ruled as a “slave of Krishna” (Bhagavata) in a line of sadhakas that descended from the first emperor, Prithu.Less
Six panels: the first three represent the Unobstructed's potency (shakti), the second three the Unobstructed's brilliant conquering power (tejas). First, Indra, disguised as an “imposter” (pakhanda) successfully interrupts the first emperor, King Prithu's horse sacrifice, preventing him from becoming more powerful than Indra. In the next panel Krishna defeats Naraka and rescues 16,000 royal virgins, whom he marries. Next, Hari as Madhusudana kills the asuras Madhu and Kaitabha, as narrated in the Jayakhya‐samhitaand the Bhagavad‐gita. In the next three panels Krishan slays: Mali, Sumali, and Malyavan on the Milk Ocean shore; Shishupala at Yudhishthira's rajasuya; Shalva and Dantavaktra. Each demonstrates the removal of impurities in the emperor‐sadhaka's consciousness. Thus, as an “Indra of People” (Narendra), Nandivarman ruled as a true emperor (Parameshvara) because he ruled as a “slave of Krishna” (Bhagavata) in a line of sadhakas that descended from the first emperor, Prithu.
Edith Bruder
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195333565
- eISBN:
- 9780199868889
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195333565.003.0013
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
This chapter surveys various groups in western and central Africa that self-proclaimed a Jewish identity. These include the Zakhor Jews of Timbuktu, Mali; the Igbo of Nigeria; the House of Israel of ...
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This chapter surveys various groups in western and central Africa that self-proclaimed a Jewish identity. These include the Zakhor Jews of Timbuktu, Mali; the Igbo of Nigeria; the House of Israel of Ghana; the The Tutsi-Hebrews of Havilah; and the Cape Verde-Israel Friendship Society.Less
This chapter surveys various groups in western and central Africa that self-proclaimed a Jewish identity. These include the Zakhor Jews of Timbuktu, Mali; the Igbo of Nigeria; the House of Israel of Ghana; the The Tutsi-Hebrews of Havilah; and the Cape Verde-Israel Friendship Society.
Benjamin F. Soares
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195369212
- eISBN:
- 9780199871179
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195369212.003.0015
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society, Islam
This chapter is concerned with understanding changing modalities of religious expression and modes of belonging among the Muslim youth culture in contemporary Mali. Much recent scholarship about ...
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This chapter is concerned with understanding changing modalities of religious expression and modes of belonging among the Muslim youth culture in contemporary Mali. Much recent scholarship about Muslim youth has privileged Islamism, trajectories of political radicalization, as well as ethical modes of self-fashioning associated with so-called piety movements in the Muslim world, particularly in the Arab Middle East and among Muslims living in Europe and North America. Although in many cases such approaches might be perfectly legitimate, the case of young self-styled Sufis—often dubbed Rasta Sufis—in urban Mali helps to illustrate other, rather unconventional ways certain youth have been refashioning how to be young and Muslim. By focusing on so-called Rasta Sufis and their activities in Mali, the cultural politics of youth who are often marginalized in relation to an older generation in the interconnected realms of politics, economics, and religion are explored.Less
This chapter is concerned with understanding changing modalities of religious expression and modes of belonging among the Muslim youth culture in contemporary Mali. Much recent scholarship about Muslim youth has privileged Islamism, trajectories of political radicalization, as well as ethical modes of self-fashioning associated with so-called piety movements in the Muslim world, particularly in the Arab Middle East and among Muslims living in Europe and North America. Although in many cases such approaches might be perfectly legitimate, the case of young self-styled Sufis—often dubbed Rasta Sufis—in urban Mali helps to illustrate other, rather unconventional ways certain youth have been refashioning how to be young and Muslim. By focusing on so-called Rasta Sufis and their activities in Mali, the cultural politics of youth who are often marginalized in relation to an older generation in the interconnected realms of politics, economics, and religion are explored.
Robert Elgie
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199585984
- eISBN:
- 9780191729003
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199585984.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter compares the case of Guinea-Bissau, where democracy collapsed under president-parliamentarism, with the case of Mali, where it has survived under premier-presidentialism. The two cases ...
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This chapter compares the case of Guinea-Bissau, where democracy collapsed under president-parliamentarism, with the case of Mali, where it has survived under premier-presidentialism. The two cases are examined separately. However, each study is organized along similar lines. Each case begins with a brief overview of the country’s democratic record. It then sketches the economic, social, and cultural context in which democracy has operated. The founding circumstances of semi-presidentialism are then discussed and the salient features of the country’s constitution are identified. The bulk of the case study then comprises a narrative of key events since democratization, focusing primarily on the relationship between the president, the legislature, and the government.Less
This chapter compares the case of Guinea-Bissau, where democracy collapsed under president-parliamentarism, with the case of Mali, where it has survived under premier-presidentialism. The two cases are examined separately. However, each study is organized along similar lines. Each case begins with a brief overview of the country’s democratic record. It then sketches the economic, social, and cultural context in which democracy has operated. The founding circumstances of semi-presidentialism are then discussed and the salient features of the country’s constitution are identified. The bulk of the case study then comprises a narrative of key events since democratization, focusing primarily on the relationship between the president, the legislature, and the government.
Philip E. Muehlenbeck
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195396096
- eISBN:
- 9780199932672
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195396096.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century, World Modern History
Much of the history of US-French competition overlooks the intense rivalry between Kennedy and Charles de Gaulle in Africa. Chapter eight sheds light on this rivalry. Africa was an essential ...
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Much of the history of US-French competition overlooks the intense rivalry between Kennedy and Charles de Gaulle in Africa. Chapter eight sheds light on this rivalry. Africa was an essential component of de Gaulle’s plan to restore French grandeur. Although Washington had little to lose from such competition, which had the possibility of weakening France’s global power, Kennedy hoped to block de Gaulle’s plan as revenge for the frustration he was causing Kennedy in Europe.Less
Much of the history of US-French competition overlooks the intense rivalry between Kennedy and Charles de Gaulle in Africa. Chapter eight sheds light on this rivalry. Africa was an essential component of de Gaulle’s plan to restore French grandeur. Although Washington had little to lose from such competition, which had the possibility of weakening France’s global power, Kennedy hoped to block de Gaulle’s plan as revenge for the frustration he was causing Kennedy in Europe.
Rosa De Jorio
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- April 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780252040276
- eISBN:
- 9780252098536
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5406/illinois/9780252040276.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, African Cultural Anthropology
Up to 2012, Mali was a poster child for African democracy, despite multiple signs of growing dissatisfaction with the democratic experiment. Then disaster struck, bringing many of the nation's ...
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Up to 2012, Mali was a poster child for African democracy, despite multiple signs of growing dissatisfaction with the democratic experiment. Then disaster struck, bringing many of the nation's unresolved contradictions to international attention. A military coup carved off the country's south. A revolt by a coalition of Tuareg and extremist Islamist forces shook the north. The events, so violent and unexpected, forced experts to reassess Mali's democratic institutions and the neoliberal economic reforms enacted in conjunction with the move toward democracy. This book's detailed study of cultural heritage and its transformations provides a key to understanding the impasse that confronts Malian democracy. As the book shows, postcolonial Mali privileged its cultural heritage to display itself on the regional and international scene. The neoliberal reforms both intensified and altered this trend. Profiling heritage sites ranging from statues of colonial leaders to women's museums to historic Timbuktu, the book portrays how various actors have deployed and contested notions of heritage. These actors include not just Malian administrators and politicians but UNESCO, and non-state NGOs. The book also delves into the intricacies of heritage politics from the perspective of Malian actors and groups, as producers and receivers—but always highly informed and critically engaged—of international, national and local cultural initiatives.Less
Up to 2012, Mali was a poster child for African democracy, despite multiple signs of growing dissatisfaction with the democratic experiment. Then disaster struck, bringing many of the nation's unresolved contradictions to international attention. A military coup carved off the country's south. A revolt by a coalition of Tuareg and extremist Islamist forces shook the north. The events, so violent and unexpected, forced experts to reassess Mali's democratic institutions and the neoliberal economic reforms enacted in conjunction with the move toward democracy. This book's detailed study of cultural heritage and its transformations provides a key to understanding the impasse that confronts Malian democracy. As the book shows, postcolonial Mali privileged its cultural heritage to display itself on the regional and international scene. The neoliberal reforms both intensified and altered this trend. Profiling heritage sites ranging from statues of colonial leaders to women's museums to historic Timbuktu, the book portrays how various actors have deployed and contested notions of heritage. These actors include not just Malian administrators and politicians but UNESCO, and non-state NGOs. The book also delves into the intricacies of heritage politics from the perspective of Malian actors and groups, as producers and receivers—but always highly informed and critically engaged—of international, national and local cultural initiatives.
Jonathan Benthall
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199916023
- eISBN:
- 9780199950447
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199916023.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter discusses the issue of “cultural proximity.” It determines that this issue has arisen almost exclusively in the context of work in the Muslim world, where the word “cultural” becomes a ...
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This chapter discusses the issue of “cultural proximity.” It determines that this issue has arisen almost exclusively in the context of work in the Muslim world, where the word “cultural” becomes a euphemism for “religious.” It studies “communitarian aid” in the context of the Christians and Jews, and introduces the concept of the Islamic umma, or transnational community of Muslims. It also describes the devastating effects of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami on Aceh, Indonesia, and the help given by Islamic Relief to the citizens in Mali. Finally, this chapter discusses the problem surrounding child sponsorship.Less
This chapter discusses the issue of “cultural proximity.” It determines that this issue has arisen almost exclusively in the context of work in the Muslim world, where the word “cultural” becomes a euphemism for “religious.” It studies “communitarian aid” in the context of the Christians and Jews, and introduces the concept of the Islamic umma, or transnational community of Muslims. It also describes the devastating effects of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami on Aceh, Indonesia, and the help given by Islamic Relief to the citizens in Mali. Finally, this chapter discusses the problem surrounding child sponsorship.
Ryan Thomas Skinner
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780816693498
- eISBN:
- 9781452950808
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816693498.001.0001
- Subject:
- Music, Ethnomusicology, World Music
Bamako Sounds tells the story of an African city, its people, their values, and their music. Centered on the music and musicians of Bamako, Mali’s booming capital city, this book reveals a community ...
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Bamako Sounds tells the story of an African city, its people, their values, and their music. Centered on the music and musicians of Bamako, Mali’s booming capital city, this book reveals a community of artists whose lives and works evince a complex world shaped by urban culture, postcolonialism, musical expression, religious identity, and intellectual property. Drawing on years of ethnographic research with classically trained players of the kora (a twenty-one-string West African harp) as well as more contemporary, hip-hop influenced musicians and producers, Ryan Thomas Skinner analyzes how Bamako artists balance social imperatives with personal interests and global imaginations. Whether performed live on stage, broadcast on the radio, or shared over the Internet, music is a privileged mode of expression that suffuses Bamako’s urban soundscape. It animates professional projects, communicates cultural values, pronounces public piety, resounds in the marketplace, and quite literally performs the nation. Music, the artists who make it, and the audiences who interpret it thus represent a crucial means of articulating and disseminating the ethics and aesthetics of a varied and vital Afropolitanism, in Bamako and beyond.Less
Bamako Sounds tells the story of an African city, its people, their values, and their music. Centered on the music and musicians of Bamako, Mali’s booming capital city, this book reveals a community of artists whose lives and works evince a complex world shaped by urban culture, postcolonialism, musical expression, religious identity, and intellectual property. Drawing on years of ethnographic research with classically trained players of the kora (a twenty-one-string West African harp) as well as more contemporary, hip-hop influenced musicians and producers, Ryan Thomas Skinner analyzes how Bamako artists balance social imperatives with personal interests and global imaginations. Whether performed live on stage, broadcast on the radio, or shared over the Internet, music is a privileged mode of expression that suffuses Bamako’s urban soundscape. It animates professional projects, communicates cultural values, pronounces public piety, resounds in the marketplace, and quite literally performs the nation. Music, the artists who make it, and the audiences who interpret it thus represent a crucial means of articulating and disseminating the ethics and aesthetics of a varied and vital Afropolitanism, in Bamako and beyond.
Benjamin F. Soares
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748622856
- eISBN:
- 9780748670635
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748622856.003.0004
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, African Studies
This chapter presents an overview of the social history of the Hamawiyya, one of the two main Sufi orders that are the dominant institutional forms through which Islam has been practiced in the ...
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This chapter presents an overview of the social history of the Hamawiyya, one of the two main Sufi orders that are the dominant institutional forms through which Islam has been practiced in the region for more than a century. It traces the emergence of the Hamawiyya under French colonialism, the appeal of and opposition to Shaykh Hamallah, his persecution, and the repression of his followers. By looking at the Sufi order in the postcolonial period, it focuses on what is called an economy of martyrdom around a religious community that largely defines itself in relation to its absent leader and in opposition to other Muslims.Less
This chapter presents an overview of the social history of the Hamawiyya, one of the two main Sufi orders that are the dominant institutional forms through which Islam has been practiced in the region for more than a century. It traces the emergence of the Hamawiyya under French colonialism, the appeal of and opposition to Shaykh Hamallah, his persecution, and the repression of his followers. By looking at the Sufi order in the postcolonial period, it focuses on what is called an economy of martyrdom around a religious community that largely defines itself in relation to its absent leader and in opposition to other Muslims.
Benjamin F. Soares
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748622856
- eISBN:
- 9780748670635
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748622856.003.0005
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, African Studies
This chapter presents the social history of the Tijaniyya, the second of the two main Sufi orders that are the dominant institutional forms through which Islam has been practiced in the region for ...
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This chapter presents the social history of the Tijaniyya, the second of the two main Sufi orders that are the dominant institutional forms through which Islam has been practiced in the region for more than a century. It considers the decline in influence of the Tijaniyya, particularly among the Futanke of the region, through the efforts of one of Umar Tall's most prominent descendants in the postcolonial period.Less
This chapter presents the social history of the Tijaniyya, the second of the two main Sufi orders that are the dominant institutional forms through which Islam has been practiced in the region for more than a century. It considers the decline in influence of the Tijaniyya, particularly among the Futanke of the region, through the efforts of one of Umar Tall's most prominent descendants in the postcolonial period.
David Robinson
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199755042
- eISBN:
- 9780199950508
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199755042.003.0012
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter examines the response of two Muslim states of West Africa to French and British imperialism. The first was the resistance to French expansion led by Ahmad al-Kabir in present-day Mali. ...
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This chapter examines the response of two Muslim states of West Africa to French and British imperialism. The first was the resistance to French expansion led by Ahmad al-Kabir in present-day Mali. The second was the movement led by ‘Abd al-Rahman in Hausaland (present-day Nigeria) against the advance northward of the British. ‘Abd al-Rahman, like Ahmad al-Kabir, ultimately opted for migration (hijra). The British were concerned about the size and impact of the migration, and forced the caliph to do battle at Burmi. They defeated the Muslim forces and killed the caliph, but many escaped and continued their movement to the east.Less
This chapter examines the response of two Muslim states of West Africa to French and British imperialism. The first was the resistance to French expansion led by Ahmad al-Kabir in present-day Mali. The second was the movement led by ‘Abd al-Rahman in Hausaland (present-day Nigeria) against the advance northward of the British. ‘Abd al-Rahman, like Ahmad al-Kabir, ultimately opted for migration (hijra). The British were concerned about the size and impact of the migration, and forced the caliph to do battle at Burmi. They defeated the Muslim forces and killed the caliph, but many escaped and continued their movement to the east.
Alexander Keese
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780719089305
- eISBN:
- 9781526135858
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719089305.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
How would French services operating on the ground, charged with ‘decolonizing’ African territories, adapt to the new situation? This question is posed by Alexander Keese with regard to a dramatic ...
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How would French services operating on the ground, charged with ‘decolonizing’ African territories, adapt to the new situation? This question is posed by Alexander Keese with regard to a dramatic incident in the decolonization process, the August 1960 stand-off between Senegalese and Soudanese politicians and officials in Dakar, an event that led to the end of the short-lived Federation of Mali between Soudan (present-day Mali) and Senegal. French military commanders were still in charge of the vast majority of the armed forces in these former colonial territories. These commanders were faced with an unfamiliar process of decision-making. Keese analyses the behaviour of these remaining French representatives on the ground, and comes to a new interpretation of a crucial event in the early history of Franco-African networks.Less
How would French services operating on the ground, charged with ‘decolonizing’ African territories, adapt to the new situation? This question is posed by Alexander Keese with regard to a dramatic incident in the decolonization process, the August 1960 stand-off between Senegalese and Soudanese politicians and officials in Dakar, an event that led to the end of the short-lived Federation of Mali between Soudan (present-day Mali) and Senegal. French military commanders were still in charge of the vast majority of the armed forces in these former colonial territories. These commanders were faced with an unfamiliar process of decision-making. Keese analyses the behaviour of these remaining French representatives on the ground, and comes to a new interpretation of a crucial event in the early history of Franco-African networks.
Vincent Joly
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780719089305
- eISBN:
- 9781526135858
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719089305.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
In Mali, as analyzed by Vincent Joly, military continuities led in 1961 to a real crisis. In January 1961 Modibo Keïta, the President of the independent country, enforced the evacuation of the ...
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In Mali, as analyzed by Vincent Joly, military continuities led in 1961 to a real crisis. In January 1961 Modibo Keïta, the President of the independent country, enforced the evacuation of the remaining French troops. The worries of the Malian government had been intensified by French activities during the Algerian War and by French nuclear tests in the south of the Sahara. Under the pretext of Malian anger over French behaviour during the split of the Federation of Mali one year earlier, the government in Bamako – defender of increasingly ‘radical’ positions – gladly used this occasion to get rid of structures that effectively constituted a counterweight in the country. The new Malian political elite were particularly distrustful of the presence of the French military forces because French officials maintained close relations to army veterans and to the nomadic populations in the north of the country. Joly interprets the process leading to the 1961 crisis as characteristic of the complex decolonization processes, in which the French army had its own clients and networks in the now-independent countries.Less
In Mali, as analyzed by Vincent Joly, military continuities led in 1961 to a real crisis. In January 1961 Modibo Keïta, the President of the independent country, enforced the evacuation of the remaining French troops. The worries of the Malian government had been intensified by French activities during the Algerian War and by French nuclear tests in the south of the Sahara. Under the pretext of Malian anger over French behaviour during the split of the Federation of Mali one year earlier, the government in Bamako – defender of increasingly ‘radical’ positions – gladly used this occasion to get rid of structures that effectively constituted a counterweight in the country. The new Malian political elite were particularly distrustful of the presence of the French military forces because French officials maintained close relations to army veterans and to the nomadic populations in the north of the country. Joly interprets the process leading to the 1961 crisis as characteristic of the complex decolonization processes, in which the French army had its own clients and networks in the now-independent countries.
Roman Loimeier
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780748695430
- eISBN:
- 9781474427050
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748695430.003.0003
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Middle Eastern Studies
This chapter introduces Senegal as a first regional context for the emergence of both Sufi- and Salafi-oriented movements of reform. It shows that neither movement of reform was monolithic but ...
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This chapter introduces Senegal as a first regional context for the emergence of both Sufi- and Salafi-oriented movements of reform. It shows that neither movement of reform was monolithic but characterized by multiple splits, often linked with family disputes and generational change. The chapter presents Cheikh Touré as the major representative of Salafi-minded reform in Senegal and discusses the different ways in which Sufi movements responded to the challenge of Salafi-oriented reform. The chapter shows that both Sufi- and Salafi-oriented movements of reform tried to take part actively in Senegalese politics and to influence politics. It also explains why Salafi-oriented reform has not managed to become a popular mass movement in Senegal and why Sufi movements managed to consolidate their role as the major political players in Senegal. The chapter finally compares the development of Salafi-oriented reform in Mali with developments in Senegal and shows that the success of Salafi-minded reform in Mali was linked with the different historical and social context. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the civil war in Mali in 2011 and 2012 and the emergence of jihad-minded groups in northern Mali.Less
This chapter introduces Senegal as a first regional context for the emergence of both Sufi- and Salafi-oriented movements of reform. It shows that neither movement of reform was monolithic but characterized by multiple splits, often linked with family disputes and generational change. The chapter presents Cheikh Touré as the major representative of Salafi-minded reform in Senegal and discusses the different ways in which Sufi movements responded to the challenge of Salafi-oriented reform. The chapter shows that both Sufi- and Salafi-oriented movements of reform tried to take part actively in Senegalese politics and to influence politics. It also explains why Salafi-oriented reform has not managed to become a popular mass movement in Senegal and why Sufi movements managed to consolidate their role as the major political players in Senegal. The chapter finally compares the development of Salafi-oriented reform in Mali with developments in Senegal and shows that the success of Salafi-minded reform in Mali was linked with the different historical and social context. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the civil war in Mali in 2011 and 2012 and the emergence of jihad-minded groups in northern Mali.
Ephraim Chirwa and Andrew Dorward
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199683529
- eISBN:
- 9780191763069
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199683529.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Resurgent interest in agricultural input subsidies has led a number of countries in Africa to implement agricultural input subsidy programmes focusing particularly on fertilizers. This chapter ...
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Resurgent interest in agricultural input subsidies has led a number of countries in Africa to implement agricultural input subsidy programmes focusing particularly on fertilizers. This chapter reviews available information on recent agricultural input subsidy programmes in Ghana, Zambia, Nigeria, Tanzania, Rwanda, Mali, and Senegal. These programmes are of different scales and pursue different, sometimes, multiple objectives, with the private sector playing different roles, and have varied implementation and programme outcomes. The chapter notes that while there are a number of objectives in different programmes, most focus on production objectives and producer welfare and ignore the interests of consumers and the processes by which subsidy programmes contribute to wider pro-poor economic growth. The review also shows that graduation from subsidies has not been an explicit design feature of these programmes.Less
Resurgent interest in agricultural input subsidies has led a number of countries in Africa to implement agricultural input subsidy programmes focusing particularly on fertilizers. This chapter reviews available information on recent agricultural input subsidy programmes in Ghana, Zambia, Nigeria, Tanzania, Rwanda, Mali, and Senegal. These programmes are of different scales and pursue different, sometimes, multiple objectives, with the private sector playing different roles, and have varied implementation and programme outcomes. The chapter notes that while there are a number of objectives in different programmes, most focus on production objectives and producer welfare and ignore the interests of consumers and the processes by which subsidy programmes contribute to wider pro-poor economic growth. The review also shows that graduation from subsidies has not been an explicit design feature of these programmes.
Benjamin F. Soares
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748622856
- eISBN:
- 9780748670635
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748622856.003.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, African Studies
This introductory chapter introduces this innovative combination of anthropology, history, and social theory that explores Islam and Muslim practice in an important Islamic religious centre in West ...
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This introductory chapter introduces this innovative combination of anthropology, history, and social theory that explores Islam and Muslim practice in an important Islamic religious centre in West Africa from the late nineteenth century to the present. Drawing on ethnography, archival research, and written sources, the book provides a richly detailed discussion of Sufism, Islamic reform, and other contemporary ways of being Muslim in Mali and offers an original analytical perspective for understanding changes in the practice of Islam more generally.Less
This introductory chapter introduces this innovative combination of anthropology, history, and social theory that explores Islam and Muslim practice in an important Islamic religious centre in West Africa from the late nineteenth century to the present. Drawing on ethnography, archival research, and written sources, the book provides a richly detailed discussion of Sufism, Islamic reform, and other contemporary ways of being Muslim in Mali and offers an original analytical perspective for understanding changes in the practice of Islam more generally.
Benjamin F. Soares
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748622856
- eISBN:
- 9780748670635
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748622856.003.0003
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, African Studies
This chapter discusses the history of Nioro du Sahel in Mali as a socio-political and religious space in the aftermath of the French colonial conquest, the development of colonial policies toward ...
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This chapter discusses the history of Nioro du Sahel in Mali as a socio-political and religious space in the aftermath of the French colonial conquest, the development of colonial policies toward Islam and Muslims (‘la politique musulmane’), and some of the major political economic changes associated with colonial rule. Changes in understandings of Islam and its practices in this setting can only be understood in relation to some of the complex social transformations that began under colonial rule and have continued in the postcolonial period.Less
This chapter discusses the history of Nioro du Sahel in Mali as a socio-political and religious space in the aftermath of the French colonial conquest, the development of colonial policies toward Islam and Muslims (‘la politique musulmane’), and some of the major political economic changes associated with colonial rule. Changes in understandings of Islam and its practices in this setting can only be understood in relation to some of the complex social transformations that began under colonial rule and have continued in the postcolonial period.
Rosalyn Higgins Dbe Qc
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198262350
- eISBN:
- 9780191682322
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198262350.003.0049
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This chapter examines political problems resulting from the dissolution of the former Federation of Mali into the separate sovereign states of Senegal and Mali. The former Mali Federation was ...
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This chapter examines political problems resulting from the dissolution of the former Federation of Mali into the separate sovereign states of Senegal and Mali. The former Mali Federation was composed of the Republic of Senegal and the Soudanese Republic, both former colonies of France. On August 20, 1960, the Senegalese Assembly, after a series of political crises, passed a decree annulling its participation in the Mali Federation and denying any further competence over it by the Federation. The Government of Soudan immediately denied the lawfulness of this action, but the Government of Senegal claimed that its secession was legal. It seems likely that the autonomous States of Senegal and Soudan achieved recognition of sovereignty and independence at the same time as did the Federation of Mali which they composed. The Government of Senegal has defended its withdrawal from the Federation on grounds other than the right of secession; namely, that breaches by Sudanese Federal Government officers, of basic terms of the constitution, had rendered the constitution legally worthless.Less
This chapter examines political problems resulting from the dissolution of the former Federation of Mali into the separate sovereign states of Senegal and Mali. The former Mali Federation was composed of the Republic of Senegal and the Soudanese Republic, both former colonies of France. On August 20, 1960, the Senegalese Assembly, after a series of political crises, passed a decree annulling its participation in the Mali Federation and denying any further competence over it by the Federation. The Government of Soudan immediately denied the lawfulness of this action, but the Government of Senegal claimed that its secession was legal. It seems likely that the autonomous States of Senegal and Soudan achieved recognition of sovereignty and independence at the same time as did the Federation of Mali which they composed. The Government of Senegal has defended its withdrawal from the Federation on grounds other than the right of secession; namely, that breaches by Sudanese Federal Government officers, of basic terms of the constitution, had rendered the constitution legally worthless.
Nicolas van de Walle
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199686285
- eISBN:
- 9780191766206
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199686285.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Mali long seemed a model low-income democracy. Yet, in a few short weeks in early 2012, more than half of the territory came under the military control of an Islamist secessionist movement, and a ...
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Mali long seemed a model low-income democracy. Yet, in a few short weeks in early 2012, more than half of the territory came under the military control of an Islamist secessionist movement, and a military coup deposed the democratically elected government in the capital. Given the substantial amount of foreign aid received by the democratic regime in the years before these events, this chapter asks whether or not foreign aid could have done more to prevent the present outcomes. The chapter concludes that it is very difficult to make such an assessment. On the one hand, aid can be credited for helping strengthen key elements of vertical accountability that are necessary for democracy. On the other hand, aid was not very successful at reducing several of the underlying, structural constraints that were to prove the country’s undoing in 2012Less
Mali long seemed a model low-income democracy. Yet, in a few short weeks in early 2012, more than half of the territory came under the military control of an Islamist secessionist movement, and a military coup deposed the democratically elected government in the capital. Given the substantial amount of foreign aid received by the democratic regime in the years before these events, this chapter asks whether or not foreign aid could have done more to prevent the present outcomes. The chapter concludes that it is very difficult to make such an assessment. On the one hand, aid can be credited for helping strengthen key elements of vertical accountability that are necessary for democracy. On the other hand, aid was not very successful at reducing several of the underlying, structural constraints that were to prove the country’s undoing in 2012
