Bernhard Thibaut
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198296454
- eISBN:
- 9780191600036
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198296452.003.0030
- Subject:
- Political Science, Reference
This chapter on elections and electoral systems in Madagascar follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical ...
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This chapter on elections and electoral systems in Madagascar follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat; 2.2 Electoral Body 1960–1998 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1960–1998 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendums 1972–1995 (details of registered voters and votes cast, excluding the 1998 referendum); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly (none held); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1960–1989 (details of registered voters and votes cast, excluding the 1993 and 1998 elections); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1960–1998; 2.9 Presidential Elections 1965–1996 (details of registered voters and votes cast); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1960–1998.Less
This chapter on elections and electoral systems in Madagascar follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat; 2.2 Electoral Body 1960–1998 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1960–1998 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendums 1972–1995 (details of registered voters and votes cast, excluding the 1998 referendum); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly (none held); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1960–1989 (details of registered voters and votes cast, excluding the 1993 and 1998 elections); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1960–1998; 2.9 Presidential Elections 1965–1996 (details of registered voters and votes cast); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1960–1998.
Elizabeth E. Prevost
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199570744
- eISBN:
- 9780191722097
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199570744.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
This chapter investigates the campaign for female education in Anglican missions in Madagascar through the women's wing of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, and particularly through the ...
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This chapter investigates the campaign for female education in Anglican missions in Madagascar through the women's wing of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, and particularly through the work of Emily Lawrence and Gertrude King. In the late nineteenth century, missionaries and the indigenous Merina state engaged in a collaborative effort that tied evangelism to education; however, the day‐to‐day work of evangelism involved a constant struggle over the terms and meanings of Christianity, particularly in the context of illness and healing, and the rituals surrounding rites of passage. Moreover, the French colonization of the island in 1895 undermined Protestant hegemony. This chapter traces the how the ideology and practice of residential education responded to this changing political and social context, shifting from a rescue effort for protecting young girls to a professional scheme for training Malagasy women.Less
This chapter investigates the campaign for female education in Anglican missions in Madagascar through the women's wing of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, and particularly through the work of Emily Lawrence and Gertrude King. In the late nineteenth century, missionaries and the indigenous Merina state engaged in a collaborative effort that tied evangelism to education; however, the day‐to‐day work of evangelism involved a constant struggle over the terms and meanings of Christianity, particularly in the context of illness and healing, and the rituals surrounding rites of passage. Moreover, the French colonization of the island in 1895 undermined Protestant hegemony. This chapter traces the how the ideology and practice of residential education responded to this changing political and social context, shifting from a rescue effort for protecting young girls to a professional scheme for training Malagasy women.
Elizabeth E. Prevost
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199570744
- eISBN:
- 9780191722097
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199570744.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
This chapter examines the next generation of Anglican women's mission work in Madagascar through the growth of the Mothers' Union, particularly under the leadership of Gertrude King. The MU ...
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This chapter examines the next generation of Anglican women's mission work in Madagascar through the growth of the Mothers' Union, particularly under the leadership of Gertrude King. The MU supplemented women's evangelism in two ways. First, it offered a means of building a corporate Christian community that mitigated the secularist effects of French colonial policy. Second, it conceived a sacred, ritual function for motherhood in ‘high‐church’ terms that engaged both Malagasy and British religious expression and crafted a new basis for female authority in the mission church. However, the moral regulation of membership, particularly centred on divorce, exposed the limits of the MU as an inclusive, multiracial body.Less
This chapter examines the next generation of Anglican women's mission work in Madagascar through the growth of the Mothers' Union, particularly under the leadership of Gertrude King. The MU supplemented women's evangelism in two ways. First, it offered a means of building a corporate Christian community that mitigated the secularist effects of French colonial policy. Second, it conceived a sacred, ritual function for motherhood in ‘high‐church’ terms that engaged both Malagasy and British religious expression and crafted a new basis for female authority in the mission church. However, the moral regulation of membership, particularly centred on divorce, exposed the limits of the MU as an inclusive, multiracial body.
Edith Bruder
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195333565
- eISBN:
- 9780199868889
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195333565.003.0014
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
This chapter surveys various groups in eastern and southern Africa that self-proclaimed a Jewish identity. These include the Abayudaya of Uganda; the Lemba of South Africa and Zimbabwe; Zionist and ...
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This chapter surveys various groups in eastern and southern Africa that self-proclaimed a Jewish identity. These include the Abayudaya of Uganda; the Lemba of South Africa and Zimbabwe; Zionist and Israelite churches in South Africa; the Jews of Rusape, Zimbabwe; and the “Descendants of David” of Madagascar.Less
This chapter surveys various groups in eastern and southern Africa that self-proclaimed a Jewish identity. These include the Abayudaya of Uganda; the Lemba of South Africa and Zimbabwe; Zionist and Israelite churches in South Africa; the Jews of Rusape, Zimbabwe; and the “Descendants of David” of Madagascar.
Mushirul Hasan
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198063117
- eISBN:
- 9780199080199
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198063117.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Indian History
On the 7th of Shoual, the author arrived at the Mauritius and paid a visit to a person called a Sarang, or an officer of Lascars, and to seven Musselmans who had come (together) to pray at the feast. ...
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On the 7th of Shoual, the author arrived at the Mauritius and paid a visit to a person called a Sarang, or an officer of Lascars, and to seven Musselmans who had come (together) to pray at the feast. He recalled that every man had a wife and children, marrying female slaves of the French, and had become their servants, consequently their masters would not allow them to leave. He was very happy to see his countrymen, and through their means, during the sixteen days that he remained on the island, he was comfortably lodged. He also made observations about the Mauritius's plants and animals and slaves who, in their youth and nonage, are brought from Madagascar and Malabar, where they are purchased at a high price (fifty or sixty rupees each) from the ships employed in the slave trade, and are employed in agriculture.Less
On the 7th of Shoual, the author arrived at the Mauritius and paid a visit to a person called a Sarang, or an officer of Lascars, and to seven Musselmans who had come (together) to pray at the feast. He recalled that every man had a wife and children, marrying female slaves of the French, and had become their servants, consequently their masters would not allow them to leave. He was very happy to see his countrymen, and through their means, during the sixteen days that he remained on the island, he was comfortably lodged. He also made observations about the Mauritius's plants and animals and slaves who, in their youth and nonage, are brought from Madagascar and Malabar, where they are purchased at a high price (fifty or sixty rupees each) from the ships employed in the slave trade, and are employed in agriculture.
J. P. Daughton
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195305302
- eISBN:
- 9780199866991
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195305302.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
Between 1880 and 1914, tens of thousands of men and women left France for distant religious missions, driven by the desire to spread the word of Jesus Christ, combat Satan, and convert the world's ...
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Between 1880 and 1914, tens of thousands of men and women left France for distant religious missions, driven by the desire to spread the word of Jesus Christ, combat Satan, and convert the world's pagans to Catholicism. But they were not the only ones with eyes fixed on foreign shores. Just as the Catholic missionary movement reached its apex, the young, staunchly secular Third Republic launched the most aggressive campaign of colonial expansion in French history. Missionaries and republicans abroad knew they had much to gain from working together, but their starkly different motivations regularly led them to view one another with resentment, distrust, and even fear. This book tells the story of how troubled relations between Catholic missionaries and a host of republican critics shaped colonial policies, Catholic perspectives, and domestic French politics in the tumultuous decades before the First World War. With case studies on Indochina, Polynesia, and Madagascar, this book challenges the long-held view that French colonizing and “civilizing” goals were shaped by a distinctly secular republican ideology built on Enlightenment ideals. By exploring the experiences of Catholic missionaries, one of the largest groups of French men and women working abroad, the book argues that colonial policies were regularly wrought in the fires of religious discord — discord which indigenous communities exploited in responding to colonial rule.Less
Between 1880 and 1914, tens of thousands of men and women left France for distant religious missions, driven by the desire to spread the word of Jesus Christ, combat Satan, and convert the world's pagans to Catholicism. But they were not the only ones with eyes fixed on foreign shores. Just as the Catholic missionary movement reached its apex, the young, staunchly secular Third Republic launched the most aggressive campaign of colonial expansion in French history. Missionaries and republicans abroad knew they had much to gain from working together, but their starkly different motivations regularly led them to view one another with resentment, distrust, and even fear. This book tells the story of how troubled relations between Catholic missionaries and a host of republican critics shaped colonial policies, Catholic perspectives, and domestic French politics in the tumultuous decades before the First World War. With case studies on Indochina, Polynesia, and Madagascar, this book challenges the long-held view that French colonizing and “civilizing” goals were shaped by a distinctly secular republican ideology built on Enlightenment ideals. By exploring the experiences of Catholic missionaries, one of the largest groups of French men and women working abroad, the book argues that colonial policies were regularly wrought in the fires of religious discord — discord which indigenous communities exploited in responding to colonial rule.
Arthur J. Marder
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198201502
- eISBN:
- 9780191674907
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198201502.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Military History
The first section of this chapter describes Operation ‘Ironclad’. It describes the plans to capture Diego Suarez from Vichy France operations, the Japanese midget submarines, and the Japanese ...
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The first section of this chapter describes Operation ‘Ironclad’. It describes the plans to capture Diego Suarez from Vichy France operations, the Japanese midget submarines, and the Japanese strategy for commerce raiding in the Indian Ocean. The second section discusses the importance of the Indian Ocean in 1942, the limited involvement of Japanese submarines, the defects of Japanese submarine torpedoes, German raiders and U-boats, Somerville's preference for hunting-groups, his lack of long-range aircraft, and the difficulties of organizing convoys. The third section examines Churchill's expectations, Mediterranean exigencies, Pound's views on strategy after Midway, the limitations of British carriers and their aircraft, and Somerville's objectives at Kilindini. The last section presents the Japanese strategy in 1942.Less
The first section of this chapter describes Operation ‘Ironclad’. It describes the plans to capture Diego Suarez from Vichy France operations, the Japanese midget submarines, and the Japanese strategy for commerce raiding in the Indian Ocean. The second section discusses the importance of the Indian Ocean in 1942, the limited involvement of Japanese submarines, the defects of Japanese submarine torpedoes, German raiders and U-boats, Somerville's preference for hunting-groups, his lack of long-range aircraft, and the difficulties of organizing convoys. The third section examines Churchill's expectations, Mediterranean exigencies, Pound's views on strategy after Midway, the limitations of British carriers and their aircraft, and Somerville's objectives at Kilindini. The last section presents the Japanese strategy in 1942.
Samuel T. Turvey
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199535095
- eISBN:
- 9780191715754
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199535095.003.0002
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
Huge numbers of prehistoric vertebrate extinctions and large-scale range contractions have been documented throughout the Holocene. Evidence for direct human involvement in these extinctions and ...
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Huge numbers of prehistoric vertebrate extinctions and large-scale range contractions have been documented throughout the Holocene. Evidence for direct human involvement in these extinctions and population shifts is not confounded by other factors and remains relatively undisputed. The Holocene has the potential to act as an ideal study system for investigating the long-term dynamics of anthropogenically mediated extinctions at a global scale, but it remains uncertain whether most prehistoric Holocene extinction events occurred as a result of direct overkill or indirect factors such as habitat destruction. This chapter reviews data on global patterns of mammal and bird species extinctions to provide an assessment of patterns of prehistoric human impact across space and time since the end of the last glaciation. Whereas continental mammals and bird extinctions were relatively minor in comparison to Late Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions, insular faunas have experienced massive-scale extinction events of varying complexity over the past few thousand years.Less
Huge numbers of prehistoric vertebrate extinctions and large-scale range contractions have been documented throughout the Holocene. Evidence for direct human involvement in these extinctions and population shifts is not confounded by other factors and remains relatively undisputed. The Holocene has the potential to act as an ideal study system for investigating the long-term dynamics of anthropogenically mediated extinctions at a global scale, but it remains uncertain whether most prehistoric Holocene extinction events occurred as a result of direct overkill or indirect factors such as habitat destruction. This chapter reviews data on global patterns of mammal and bird species extinctions to provide an assessment of patterns of prehistoric human impact across space and time since the end of the last glaciation. Whereas continental mammals and bird extinctions were relatively minor in comparison to Late Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions, insular faunas have experienced massive-scale extinction events of varying complexity over the past few thousand years.
J. P. DAUGHTON
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195305302
- eISBN:
- 9780199866991
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195305302.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter describes the establishment of the French missionary organization in Madagascar. It notes that the pacification of Madagascar was an official project that combined military force and the ...
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This chapter describes the establishment of the French missionary organization in Madagascar. It notes that the pacification of Madagascar was an official project that combined military force and the general goals of the republican civilizing mission. It also talks about the rise of Christianity in Madagascar. The chapter suggests that the invasion of Madagascar is a supreme example of a debacle. It adds that for more than five years after the invasion, Madagascar remained in the grips of social and political unrest. It tells of the violence that some of the missionaries experienced, and the response of the French troops. It also narrates the discouraging act imposed on the French protestant alternative. It examines the conflict formed between Protestant and Catholic missionaries. It discusses the renewed efforts of French Protestants to defend their right to religious freedom in Madagascar.Less
This chapter describes the establishment of the French missionary organization in Madagascar. It notes that the pacification of Madagascar was an official project that combined military force and the general goals of the republican civilizing mission. It also talks about the rise of Christianity in Madagascar. The chapter suggests that the invasion of Madagascar is a supreme example of a debacle. It adds that for more than five years after the invasion, Madagascar remained in the grips of social and political unrest. It tells of the violence that some of the missionaries experienced, and the response of the French troops. It also narrates the discouraging act imposed on the French protestant alternative. It examines the conflict formed between Protestant and Catholic missionaries. It discusses the renewed efforts of French Protestants to defend their right to religious freedom in Madagascar.
J. P. DAUGHTON
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195305302
- eISBN:
- 9780199866991
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195305302.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter notes that critics of Catholic missions regularly played the role of catalyst in motivating changes in both religious and republican work in the empire. It narrates that the onslaught of ...
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This chapter notes that critics of Catholic missions regularly played the role of catalyst in motivating changes in both religious and republican work in the empire. It narrates that the onslaught of the missions also acted to motivate both Parisian and local officials to implement the republic's promised civilizing mission in a way that suited their political ideals. It suggests that the cases of Indochina, Polynesia, and Madagascar also show that indigenous leaders and communities played a significant role in the political culture. It explores the turbulent reactions between the religion and its legacies. It explains that considering how deeply religion shapes people's lives and defines their communities, the most profound legacy of French republican imperialism may well be, ironically, Christianity.Less
This chapter notes that critics of Catholic missions regularly played the role of catalyst in motivating changes in both religious and republican work in the empire. It narrates that the onslaught of the missions also acted to motivate both Parisian and local officials to implement the republic's promised civilizing mission in a way that suited their political ideals. It suggests that the cases of Indochina, Polynesia, and Madagascar also show that indigenous leaders and communities played a significant role in the political culture. It explores the turbulent reactions between the religion and its legacies. It explains that considering how deeply religion shapes people's lives and defines their communities, the most profound legacy of French republican imperialism may well be, ironically, Christianity.
Ravi Kanbur and Anthony J. Venables
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- April 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199278633
- eISBN:
- 9780191602191
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199278636.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Based on a statistical procedure that combines household survey data with population census data, this chapter presents estimates of inequality for three developing countries at a level of ...
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Based on a statistical procedure that combines household survey data with population census data, this chapter presents estimates of inequality for three developing countries at a level of disaggregation far below that allowed by household surveys alone. The authors show that while the share of within-community inequality in overall inequality is high, this does not necessarily imply that all communities in a given country are as unequal as the country as a whole. In fact, in all three countries there is considerable variation in inequality across communities. The authors also show that economic inequality is strongly correlated with geography, even after controlling for basic demographic and economic conditions.Less
Based on a statistical procedure that combines household survey data with population census data, this chapter presents estimates of inequality for three developing countries at a level of disaggregation far below that allowed by household surveys alone. The authors show that while the share of within-community inequality in overall inequality is high, this does not necessarily imply that all communities in a given country are as unequal as the country as a whole. In fact, in all three countries there is considerable variation in inequality across communities. The authors also show that economic inequality is strongly correlated with geography, even after controlling for basic demographic and economic conditions.
Jean-François Zorn
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195396447
- eISBN:
- 9780199979318
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195396447.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, History of Religion, World Modern History
This chapter explores three cases—Tahiti, the Loyalty Islands, and Madagascar—in order to illustrate how Protestants from the Société des Missions Évangéliques de Paris (or Paris Mission) negotiated ...
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This chapter explores three cases—Tahiti, the Loyalty Islands, and Madagascar—in order to illustrate how Protestants from the Société des Missions Évangéliques de Paris (or Paris Mission) negotiated working in colonies alongside French Catholics. In each situation, the Paris Mission defended a missionary internationalism against a colonial nationalism, which both the French state and Catholic missionaries sought to impose by associating Protestantism with allegiance to the British Empire. The Paris Mission viewed this association of politics and religion as a trap meant to subordinate apostolic work to a political project.Less
This chapter explores three cases—Tahiti, the Loyalty Islands, and Madagascar—in order to illustrate how Protestants from the Société des Missions Évangéliques de Paris (or Paris Mission) negotiated working in colonies alongside French Catholics. In each situation, the Paris Mission defended a missionary internationalism against a colonial nationalism, which both the French state and Catholic missionaries sought to impose by associating Protestantism with allegiance to the British Empire. The Paris Mission viewed this association of politics and religion as a trap meant to subordinate apostolic work to a political project.
Neil Rennie
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198186274
- eISBN:
- 9780191674471
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198186274.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, American, 18th Century and Early American Literature
Madagascar: or, Robert Drury's Journal, during Fifteen Years Captivity on that Island, published in London in 1729, presents what seems like a paradox. Although the journal is ...
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Madagascar: or, Robert Drury's Journal, during Fifteen Years Captivity on that Island, published in London in 1729, presents what seems like a paradox. Although the journal is clearly a work of fiction, expressing many of Daniel Defoe's own interests and observations and written throughout in his own style, it gives one of the most realistic accounts of Madagascar in existence. The case for connecting Defoe with Drury's Journal rests on verbal and narrative parallels of no significance in 18th-century accounts of travel, where ‘old and crazy’ ships or dogs and ‘miserable’ slaveries, for example, are surely not distinctive signs of Defoe's diction or imagination. Such evidence would not seem to constitute proof, but the connection between Defoe and Madagascar: or, Robert Drury's Journal supposedly established by John R. Moore, is generally accepted as satisfactorily proven. The renewed popularity of travel literature reflects increased maritime as well as literary activity, and the most important figure here is the buccaneering writer William Dampier, whose voyages and accounts of voyages inspired a number of other travels and texts.Less
Madagascar: or, Robert Drury's Journal, during Fifteen Years Captivity on that Island, published in London in 1729, presents what seems like a paradox. Although the journal is clearly a work of fiction, expressing many of Daniel Defoe's own interests and observations and written throughout in his own style, it gives one of the most realistic accounts of Madagascar in existence. The case for connecting Defoe with Drury's Journal rests on verbal and narrative parallels of no significance in 18th-century accounts of travel, where ‘old and crazy’ ships or dogs and ‘miserable’ slaveries, for example, are surely not distinctive signs of Defoe's diction or imagination. Such evidence would not seem to constitute proof, but the connection between Defoe and Madagascar: or, Robert Drury's Journal supposedly established by John R. Moore, is generally accepted as satisfactorily proven. The renewed popularity of travel literature reflects increased maritime as well as literary activity, and the most important figure here is the buccaneering writer William Dampier, whose voyages and accounts of voyages inspired a number of other travels and texts.
Mauro Migotto, Benjamin Davis, Calogero Carletto, and Kathleen Beegle
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199236558
- eISBN:
- 9780191717031
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199236558.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter compares information on self-perceived food consumption adequacy from the subjective modules of household surveys with standard quantitative indicators, namely calorie consumption, ...
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This chapter compares information on self-perceived food consumption adequacy from the subjective modules of household surveys with standard quantitative indicators, namely calorie consumption, dietary diversity, and anthropometry. Datasets from four countries are analysed: Albania, Indonesia, Madagascar, and Nepal. The chapter concludes that while subjective food adequacy indicators may provide insight on the vulnerability or ‘relative’ dimension of food insecurity, they are too blunt an indicator for food insecurity targeting. An effort towards developing improved subjective food security modules that are contextually sensitive should go hand in hand with research into how to improve household survey data for food security measurement along other dimensions of the phenomenon, particularly calorie consumption.Less
This chapter compares information on self-perceived food consumption adequacy from the subjective modules of household surveys with standard quantitative indicators, namely calorie consumption, dietary diversity, and anthropometry. Datasets from four countries are analysed: Albania, Indonesia, Madagascar, and Nepal. The chapter concludes that while subjective food adequacy indicators may provide insight on the vulnerability or ‘relative’ dimension of food insecurity, they are too blunt an indicator for food insecurity targeting. An effort towards developing improved subjective food security modules that are contextually sensitive should go hand in hand with research into how to improve household survey data for food security measurement along other dimensions of the phenomenon, particularly calorie consumption.
Deepak Lal and H. Myint
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198294320
- eISBN:
- 9780191596582
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198294328.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The thinking behind the method of pairing countries used in the book for the purpose of comparative analysis of their economic history is explained. The salient relationships are then outlined ...
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The thinking behind the method of pairing countries used in the book for the purpose of comparative analysis of their economic history is explained. The salient relationships are then outlined between economic policies and the outcomes of economic growth, poverty alleviation, and income distribution that have emerged from the pairwise country comparisons. The two main findings of the analysis are that (1) there is a close relationship between a country's success or failure in pursuing policies to expand exports and its rate of economic growth; and (2) the growth in income per capita of a country tends to reduce poverty in an absolute sense, although income distribution in a relative sense may become more or less equal with economic growth. The last part of the chapter presents the pairwise country profiles. The first is a group of five small open economies that are divided into two pairs—Hong Kong and Singapore, and Jamaica and Mauritius, linked by a fifth country—Malta; the remaining pairs are Sri Lanka and Malaysia, Thailand and Ghana, Brazil and Mexico, Uruguay and Costa Rica, Colombia and Peru, Egypt and Turkey, Nigeria and Indonesia, and Malawi and Madagascar.Less
The thinking behind the method of pairing countries used in the book for the purpose of comparative analysis of their economic history is explained. The salient relationships are then outlined between economic policies and the outcomes of economic growth, poverty alleviation, and income distribution that have emerged from the pairwise country comparisons. The two main findings of the analysis are that (1) there is a close relationship between a country's success or failure in pursuing policies to expand exports and its rate of economic growth; and (2) the growth in income per capita of a country tends to reduce poverty in an absolute sense, although income distribution in a relative sense may become more or less equal with economic growth. The last part of the chapter presents the pairwise country profiles. The first is a group of five small open economies that are divided into two pairs—Hong Kong and Singapore, and Jamaica and Mauritius, linked by a fifth country—Malta; the remaining pairs are Sri Lanka and Malaysia, Thailand and Ghana, Brazil and Mexico, Uruguay and Costa Rica, Colombia and Peru, Egypt and Turkey, Nigeria and Indonesia, and Malawi and Madagascar.
Michael Stenton
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198208433
- eISBN:
- 9780191678004
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208433.003.0018
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, Political History
When the British took Madagascar from Vichy control in May 1942, the Free French were neither consulted nor invited to assist. De Gaulle was prohibited to complain in public, but he made violent ...
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When the British took Madagascar from Vichy control in May 1942, the Free French were neither consulted nor invited to assist. De Gaulle was prohibited to complain in public, but he made violent objections behind closed doors. PWE considered they frequently saved de Gaulle from making remarks which would destroy any change of mending his position in Washington. Operation Torch, the Allied seizure of French North Africa, was planned when the Axis was still successful. Churchill was so grateful for Roosevelt's support that he accepted American conditions: the Fighting French must be excluded and a pretense should be made that British troops were not in assault force. Churchill assured Roosevelt that Torch was an American operation which Britain was assisting. Secret preparations in French North Africa were in American hands, but the planning was Anglo-American and done in London with the assistance of a small PWE team.Less
When the British took Madagascar from Vichy control in May 1942, the Free French were neither consulted nor invited to assist. De Gaulle was prohibited to complain in public, but he made violent objections behind closed doors. PWE considered they frequently saved de Gaulle from making remarks which would destroy any change of mending his position in Washington. Operation Torch, the Allied seizure of French North Africa, was planned when the Axis was still successful. Churchill was so grateful for Roosevelt's support that he accepted American conditions: the Fighting French must be excluded and a pretense should be made that British troops were not in assault force. Churchill assured Roosevelt that Torch was an American operation which Britain was assisting. Secret preparations in French North Africa were in American hands, but the planning was Anglo-American and done in London with the assistance of a small PWE team.
Britt Halvorson
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780226557120
- eISBN:
- 9780226557434
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226557434.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, African Cultural Anthropology
American Lutherans have had a longstanding foreign involvement with Madagascar through pre-colonial evangelical missions that began on the island in 1888 and continued for over a century. This book ...
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American Lutherans have had a longstanding foreign involvement with Madagascar through pre-colonial evangelical missions that began on the island in 1888 and continued for over a century. This book explores Lutherans’ efforts to institute an aid alliance that departs from the inequalities of the earlier mission work on the island. Focusing on a 30-year-old medical aid program between Lutherans in Madagascar (Fiangonana Loterana Malagasy) and the U.S. (after 1988, Evangelical Lutheran Church in America), it provides a close analysis of the tensions among humanitarian activity, capitalism and global religious fellowship. Since the early 1980s, Lutherans have pursued an increasingly common aid model that entails sending from Minneapolis to Antananarivo the often unused medical discards of the U.S. medical establishment, created primarily by planned obsolescence or biomedical innovation. The book draws upon twenty-four months of primary ethnographic research in the Midwest U.S. and shorter research periods in Madagascar among Lutheran clinicians, aid workers, volunteer laborers, healer-evangelists and former missionaries. It develops an approach to Christian aid spaces as “conversionary sites,” or under-analyzed cultural spaces that operate as busy moral crossroads between past and present, as well as between geographically dispersed religious communities and global commodity chains. The book therefore maintains that contemporary biomedical aid from the United States to Madagascar is a multifaceted cultural and historical transaction; it is an ongoing, incomplete conversion of the moral foundation, practices and ways of knowing tied to the colonial legacy.Less
American Lutherans have had a longstanding foreign involvement with Madagascar through pre-colonial evangelical missions that began on the island in 1888 and continued for over a century. This book explores Lutherans’ efforts to institute an aid alliance that departs from the inequalities of the earlier mission work on the island. Focusing on a 30-year-old medical aid program between Lutherans in Madagascar (Fiangonana Loterana Malagasy) and the U.S. (after 1988, Evangelical Lutheran Church in America), it provides a close analysis of the tensions among humanitarian activity, capitalism and global religious fellowship. Since the early 1980s, Lutherans have pursued an increasingly common aid model that entails sending from Minneapolis to Antananarivo the often unused medical discards of the U.S. medical establishment, created primarily by planned obsolescence or biomedical innovation. The book draws upon twenty-four months of primary ethnographic research in the Midwest U.S. and shorter research periods in Madagascar among Lutheran clinicians, aid workers, volunteer laborers, healer-evangelists and former missionaries. It develops an approach to Christian aid spaces as “conversionary sites,” or under-analyzed cultural spaces that operate as busy moral crossroads between past and present, as well as between geographically dispersed religious communities and global commodity chains. The book therefore maintains that contemporary biomedical aid from the United States to Madagascar is a multifaceted cultural and historical transaction; it is an ongoing, incomplete conversion of the moral foundation, practices and ways of knowing tied to the colonial legacy.
Catherine A. Corson
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780300212273
- eISBN:
- 9780300225068
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300212273.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, African History
Since the 1970s, the U.S. Agency for International Development has spent millions of dollars to preserve Madagascar's rich biological diversity. Yet its habitats are still in decline. Studying forty ...
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Since the 1970s, the U.S. Agency for International Development has spent millions of dollars to preserve Madagascar's rich biological diversity. Yet its habitats are still in decline. Studying forty years of policy making in multiple sites, this book reveals how blaming impoverished Malagasy farmers for Madagascar's environmental decline has avoided challenging other drivers of deforestation, such as the logging and mining industries. This ethnographic study reveals how Madagascar's environmental program reflects the transformation of global environmental governance under neoliberalism.Less
Since the 1970s, the U.S. Agency for International Development has spent millions of dollars to preserve Madagascar's rich biological diversity. Yet its habitats are still in decline. Studying forty years of policy making in multiple sites, this book reveals how blaming impoverished Malagasy farmers for Madagascar's environmental decline has avoided challenging other drivers of deforestation, such as the logging and mining industries. This ethnographic study reveals how Madagascar's environmental program reflects the transformation of global environmental governance under neoliberalism.
Jennifer Cole and Lynn M. Thomas (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226113524
- eISBN:
- 9780226113555
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226113555.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, African Cultural Anthropology
In recent years, scholarly interest in love has flourished. Historians have addressed the rise of romantic love and marriage in Europe and the United States, while anthropologists have explored the ...
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In recent years, scholarly interest in love has flourished. Historians have addressed the rise of romantic love and marriage in Europe and the United States, while anthropologists have explored the ways globalization has reshaped local ideas about those same topics. Yet, love in Africa has been peculiarly ignored, resulting in a serious lack of understanding about this vital element of social life—a glaring omission given the intense focus on sexuality in Africa in the wake of HIV/AIDS. This book seeks both to understand this failure to consider love and to begin to correct it. In a substantive introduction and eight essays that examine a variety of countries and range in time from the 1930s to the present, the contributors collectively argue for the importance of paying attention to the many different cultural and historical strands that constitute love in Africa. Covering such diverse topics as the reception of Bollywood movies in 1950s Zanzibar, the effects of a Mexican telenovela on young people's ideas about courtship in Niger, the models of romance promoted by South African and Kenyan magazines, and the complex relationship between love and money in Madagascar and South Africa, this book is a vivid and compelling look at love's role in African society.Less
In recent years, scholarly interest in love has flourished. Historians have addressed the rise of romantic love and marriage in Europe and the United States, while anthropologists have explored the ways globalization has reshaped local ideas about those same topics. Yet, love in Africa has been peculiarly ignored, resulting in a serious lack of understanding about this vital element of social life—a glaring omission given the intense focus on sexuality in Africa in the wake of HIV/AIDS. This book seeks both to understand this failure to consider love and to begin to correct it. In a substantive introduction and eight essays that examine a variety of countries and range in time from the 1930s to the present, the contributors collectively argue for the importance of paying attention to the many different cultural and historical strands that constitute love in Africa. Covering such diverse topics as the reception of Bollywood movies in 1950s Zanzibar, the effects of a Mexican telenovela on young people's ideas about courtship in Niger, the models of romance promoted by South African and Kenyan magazines, and the complex relationship between love and money in Madagascar and South Africa, this book is a vivid and compelling look at love's role in African society.
Ned Horning, Julie A. Robinson, Eleanor J. Sterling, Woody Turner, and Sacha Spector
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780199219940
- eISBN:
- 9780191917417
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199219940.003.0015
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Applied Ecology
There is a compelling need for environmental managers to consider atmospheric and climatic impacts upon the systems they manage. Pounds et al. (2006) ...
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There is a compelling need for environmental managers to consider atmospheric and climatic impacts upon the systems they manage. Pounds et al. (2006) linked dramatic losses of frog species in the neotropical genus Atelopus to regional climate effects on the temperature and relative humidity of highland forests. They related frog disappearances to tropical air temperatures, finding that ~80 percent of the missing species were lost after relatively warm years. The strength of association between warm years and disappearing frogs was independent of elevation, latitude, or range size. Such an association of extinctions with warmer years leads to a paradox: the believed cause of death of the Atelopine frogs is chytridiomycosis due to outbreaks of the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, but Batrachochytrium becomes more pathogenic at lower rather than higher temperatures. Pounds et al. posited a resolution to this paradox by coupling higher temperatures to increased evaporation rates resulting in more water vapor in the atmosphere. Higher atmospheric water vapor drives increased cloud cover over Monteverde and other sites where scientists observed disappearances. In this case, more clouds led to cooler days, because they reflected more solar radiation, but also to warmer nights as they decreased heat loss to the atmosphere. The net result was that the range of daily maximum and minimum temperatures was not only less but less in a way that favored chytrid fungi (which grow best at 17–25 °C). Preventing it from getting too hot by day or too cold at night, the increased clouds during warmer years kept the temperature “just right” for Batrachochytrium to infect frogs. Conservation biologists recognize the significant impact that regional shifts in climate may have on populations of conservation concern (Hannah et al. 2005). However, much of the remote sensing work on the atmosphere and climate addresses global-scale phenomena, such as general circulation models (GCMs) of the atmosphere. Moving from these global scales to scales more appropriate to conservation work continues to be a significant challenge.
Less
There is a compelling need for environmental managers to consider atmospheric and climatic impacts upon the systems they manage. Pounds et al. (2006) linked dramatic losses of frog species in the neotropical genus Atelopus to regional climate effects on the temperature and relative humidity of highland forests. They related frog disappearances to tropical air temperatures, finding that ~80 percent of the missing species were lost after relatively warm years. The strength of association between warm years and disappearing frogs was independent of elevation, latitude, or range size. Such an association of extinctions with warmer years leads to a paradox: the believed cause of death of the Atelopine frogs is chytridiomycosis due to outbreaks of the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, but Batrachochytrium becomes more pathogenic at lower rather than higher temperatures. Pounds et al. posited a resolution to this paradox by coupling higher temperatures to increased evaporation rates resulting in more water vapor in the atmosphere. Higher atmospheric water vapor drives increased cloud cover over Monteverde and other sites where scientists observed disappearances. In this case, more clouds led to cooler days, because they reflected more solar radiation, but also to warmer nights as they decreased heat loss to the atmosphere. The net result was that the range of daily maximum and minimum temperatures was not only less but less in a way that favored chytrid fungi (which grow best at 17–25 °C). Preventing it from getting too hot by day or too cold at night, the increased clouds during warmer years kept the temperature “just right” for Batrachochytrium to infect frogs. Conservation biologists recognize the significant impact that regional shifts in climate may have on populations of conservation concern (Hannah et al. 2005). However, much of the remote sensing work on the atmosphere and climate addresses global-scale phenomena, such as general circulation models (GCMs) of the atmosphere. Moving from these global scales to scales more appropriate to conservation work continues to be a significant challenge.
