Fred Feldman
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199571178
- eISBN:
- 9780191722547
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199571178.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
This book is a philosophical study of the nature and value of happiness. Part I is devoted to critical discussion of the most important theories about the nature of happiness, understood as some sort ...
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This book is a philosophical study of the nature and value of happiness. Part I is devoted to critical discussion of the most important theories about the nature of happiness, understood as some sort of psychological state. Views discussed include sensory hedonism, local preferentism, Kahneman's theory, and Whole Life Satisfactionism. Part II of the book contains the exposition and defense of a novel theory about the nature and value of happiness. It is a form of attitudinal hedonism. The idea that a person's welfare, or well‐being, depends essentially on happiness is explained and (with reservations) defended, provided that happiness is understood according to the theory presented here. Part III of the book extends the discussion into some areas that bear on interactions between empirical research concerning happiness and philosophical inquiry into the same phenomenon. Current methods of measuring happiness are criticized and a new method is proposed. Philosophical implications of empirical research concerning happiness are evaluated.Less
This book is a philosophical study of the nature and value of happiness. Part I is devoted to critical discussion of the most important theories about the nature of happiness, understood as some sort of psychological state. Views discussed include sensory hedonism, local preferentism, Kahneman's theory, and Whole Life Satisfactionism. Part II of the book contains the exposition and defense of a novel theory about the nature and value of happiness. It is a form of attitudinal hedonism. The idea that a person's welfare, or well‐being, depends essentially on happiness is explained and (with reservations) defended, provided that happiness is understood according to the theory presented here. Part III of the book extends the discussion into some areas that bear on interactions between empirical research concerning happiness and philosophical inquiry into the same phenomenon. Current methods of measuring happiness are criticized and a new method is proposed. Philosophical implications of empirical research concerning happiness are evaluated.
Walter Glannon
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195307788
- eISBN:
- 9780199867431
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195307788.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Our ability to map and intervene in the structure of the human brain is proceeding at a very quick rate. Advances in psychiatry, neurology, and neurosurgery have given us fresh insights into the ...
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Our ability to map and intervene in the structure of the human brain is proceeding at a very quick rate. Advances in psychiatry, neurology, and neurosurgery have given us fresh insights into the neurobiological basis of human thought and behavior. Technologies like MRI and PET scans can detect early signs of psychiatric disorders before they manifest symptoms. Electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain can non-invasively relieve symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, and other conditions resistant to treatment, while implanting neuro-electrodes can help patients with Parkinson's and other motor control-related diseases. New drugs can help regenerate neuronal connections otherwise disrupted by schizophrenia and similar diseases. All these procedures and drugs alter the neural correlates of our mind, and raise fascinating and important ethical questions about their benefits and harms. They are, in a sense, among the most profound bioethical questions we face, since these techniques can touch on the deepest aspects of the human mind: free will, personal identity, the self, and the soul. This book starts by describing the state of the art in neuroscientific research and treatment, and gives an up-to-date picture of the brain. It then looks at the ethical implications of various kinds of treatments, such as whether or not brain imaging will end up changing our views on free will and moral responsibility; whether patients should always be told that they are at future risk for neurological diseases; if erasing unconscious emotional memories implicated in depression can go too far; if forcing behavior-modifying drugs or surgery on violent offenders can ever be justified; the implications of drugs that enhance cognitive abilities; and how to define brain death and the criteria for the withdrawal of life–support.Less
Our ability to map and intervene in the structure of the human brain is proceeding at a very quick rate. Advances in psychiatry, neurology, and neurosurgery have given us fresh insights into the neurobiological basis of human thought and behavior. Technologies like MRI and PET scans can detect early signs of psychiatric disorders before they manifest symptoms. Electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain can non-invasively relieve symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, and other conditions resistant to treatment, while implanting neuro-electrodes can help patients with Parkinson's and other motor control-related diseases. New drugs can help regenerate neuronal connections otherwise disrupted by schizophrenia and similar diseases. All these procedures and drugs alter the neural correlates of our mind, and raise fascinating and important ethical questions about their benefits and harms. They are, in a sense, among the most profound bioethical questions we face, since these techniques can touch on the deepest aspects of the human mind: free will, personal identity, the self, and the soul. This book starts by describing the state of the art in neuroscientific research and treatment, and gives an up-to-date picture of the brain. It then looks at the ethical implications of various kinds of treatments, such as whether or not brain imaging will end up changing our views on free will and moral responsibility; whether patients should always be told that they are at future risk for neurological diseases; if erasing unconscious emotional memories implicated in depression can go too far; if forcing behavior-modifying drugs or surgery on violent offenders can ever be justified; the implications of drugs that enhance cognitive abilities; and how to define brain death and the criteria for the withdrawal of life–support.
Matthias J. Koepp
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195342765
- eISBN:
- 9780199863617
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342765.003.0011
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
This chapter examines the role of Flumazenil (PET) PET in research and clinical practice. FMZ is a good marker for the integrity of GABA-ergic neurotransmission in epilepsy and other diseases. First, ...
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This chapter examines the role of Flumazenil (PET) PET in research and clinical practice. FMZ is a good marker for the integrity of GABA-ergic neurotransmission in epilepsy and other diseases. First, methodological aspects of data acquisition and analysis are considered, followed by a summary and meta-analysis of FMZ PET studies in temporal and extra-temporal lobe epilepsies, malformations of cortical development and acquired lesions. The chapter defines the current and future clinical roles of [11C] FMZ PET that it can yield information complementary to structural MR imaging techniques and that this will lead to its use primarily in the presurgical evaluation of patients in whom the epileptogenic area is difficult to define by other means.Less
This chapter examines the role of Flumazenil (PET) PET in research and clinical practice. FMZ is a good marker for the integrity of GABA-ergic neurotransmission in epilepsy and other diseases. First, methodological aspects of data acquisition and analysis are considered, followed by a summary and meta-analysis of FMZ PET studies in temporal and extra-temporal lobe epilepsies, malformations of cortical development and acquired lesions. The chapter defines the current and future clinical roles of [11C] FMZ PET that it can yield information complementary to structural MR imaging techniques and that this will lead to its use primarily in the presurgical evaluation of patients in whom the epileptogenic area is difficult to define by other means.
William Jagust and Mark D'Esposito (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195328875
- eISBN:
- 9780199864836
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195328875.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Techniques, Development
The study of brain aging has been revolutionized through advances in molecular neuroscience, cognitive neuroscience, and brain imaging. The application of new concepts and techniques has permitted ...
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The study of brain aging has been revolutionized through advances in molecular neuroscience, cognitive neuroscience, and brain imaging. The application of new concepts and techniques has permitted investigators to explore the changes in structure, function, and biochemistry in living humans in order to unravel mechanisms that underlie both age-related cognitive decline and preservation of cognition into old age. This book reviews both the basic science and clinical applications of brain imaging in the study of brain aging. Topics reviewed include technical issues associated with imaging studies in older brains, pathology of brain aging, structural changes in the aging brain, changes in dopamine function, and mechanisms of brain reserve and plasticity. The use of genetics in combination with brain imaging and the use of animal models are also explored. Clinical applications include the diagnosis and prediction of cognitive decline using a variety of different imaging approaches as well as a detailed description of amyloid imaging using PET scanning. Other topics include functional MRI studies in aging, the use of imaging in therapeutic monitoring and drug development, and the role of large-scale databases. The volume contains information both for those involved in brain imaging research and for those new to the field who are in need of a systematic overview.Less
The study of brain aging has been revolutionized through advances in molecular neuroscience, cognitive neuroscience, and brain imaging. The application of new concepts and techniques has permitted investigators to explore the changes in structure, function, and biochemistry in living humans in order to unravel mechanisms that underlie both age-related cognitive decline and preservation of cognition into old age. This book reviews both the basic science and clinical applications of brain imaging in the study of brain aging. Topics reviewed include technical issues associated with imaging studies in older brains, pathology of brain aging, structural changes in the aging brain, changes in dopamine function, and mechanisms of brain reserve and plasticity. The use of genetics in combination with brain imaging and the use of animal models are also explored. Clinical applications include the diagnosis and prediction of cognitive decline using a variety of different imaging approaches as well as a detailed description of amyloid imaging using PET scanning. Other topics include functional MRI studies in aging, the use of imaging in therapeutic monitoring and drug development, and the role of large-scale databases. The volume contains information both for those involved in brain imaging research and for those new to the field who are in need of a systematic overview.
Kim Cornish and John Wilding
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195179941
- eISBN:
- 9780199864652
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179941.003.0004
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Development
Chapter 4 discusses the feasibility and pitfalls of using brain imaging and recording technologies such as fMRI, PET and SPECT scans, magnetoencephalography, transcranial magnetic stimulation and ...
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Chapter 4 discusses the feasibility and pitfalls of using brain imaging and recording technologies such as fMRI, PET and SPECT scans, magnetoencephalography, transcranial magnetic stimulation and event-related potentials in neurodevelopmental disorders. While such techniques are useful in assessing the typically developing brain, their full potential is yet to be realized in disorders that result in atypical brain development. Nevertheless, brain imaging and recording techniques can offer some clues to the underlying causes of attention deficits. For example, research in children with ADHD offers promising insights into how the atypical brain processes information in the attention domain. However, issues such as degree of intellectual impairment, anxiety levels, and attention difficulties pose significant problems in obtaining reliable imaging neuropsychological data in some neurodevelopmental disorders. The authors propose that the next decade will see such challenges evaporate as brain imaging and recording technologies become more refined and accessible to a wider range of neurodevelopmental disorders.Less
Chapter 4 discusses the feasibility and pitfalls of using brain imaging and recording technologies such as fMRI, PET and SPECT scans, magnetoencephalography, transcranial magnetic stimulation and event-related potentials in neurodevelopmental disorders. While such techniques are useful in assessing the typically developing brain, their full potential is yet to be realized in disorders that result in atypical brain development. Nevertheless, brain imaging and recording techniques can offer some clues to the underlying causes of attention deficits. For example, research in children with ADHD offers promising insights into how the atypical brain processes information in the attention domain. However, issues such as degree of intellectual impairment, anxiety levels, and attention difficulties pose significant problems in obtaining reliable imaging neuropsychological data in some neurodevelopmental disorders. The authors propose that the next decade will see such challenges evaporate as brain imaging and recording technologies become more refined and accessible to a wider range of neurodevelopmental disorders.
Jeffrey Kaye
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195328875
- eISBN:
- 9780199864836
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195328875.003.0010
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Techniques, Development
The focus of this chapter is predicting cognitive decline or dementia in normal older people using structural imaging. Key questions addressed include the following: What are the major methods, both ...
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The focus of this chapter is predicting cognitive decline or dementia in normal older people using structural imaging. Key questions addressed include the following: What are the major methods, both clinical and imaging, that may help us to predict decline? What underlying pathologies do structural changes preceding decline suggest are developing in the brain? What is the evidence from structural studies that anatomical changes are present before behavioral ones or precede the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment or dementia? Does imaging provide information about the pace of future decline? What are the limitations of these studies? Finally, what are the implications of structural imaging outcomes for application to the conduct of treatment studies and future research?Less
The focus of this chapter is predicting cognitive decline or dementia in normal older people using structural imaging. Key questions addressed include the following: What are the major methods, both clinical and imaging, that may help us to predict decline? What underlying pathologies do structural changes preceding decline suggest are developing in the brain? What is the evidence from structural studies that anatomical changes are present before behavioral ones or precede the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment or dementia? Does imaging provide information about the pace of future decline? What are the limitations of these studies? Finally, what are the implications of structural imaging outcomes for application to the conduct of treatment studies and future research?
Clifford R. Jack
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195328875
- eISBN:
- 9780199864836
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195328875.003.0012
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Techniques, Development
This chapter describes the concept of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), the initial construct of amnestic MCI as well as the expanded construct that includes both amnestic and nonamnestic forms. The ...
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This chapter describes the concept of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), the initial construct of amnestic MCI as well as the expanded construct that includes both amnestic and nonamnestic forms. The focus of the chapter is on quantitative magnetic resonance (MR) imaging studies in MCI. While the major emphasis is on structural MRI, other MR imaging techniques such as spectroscopy and diffusion imaging are described in the context of MCI. Specifically, relationships between imaging and clinical features of MCI in cross-sectional and longitudinal contexts are outlined. The chapter also describes the complementary nature of the information provided by MRI and amyloid imaging.Less
This chapter describes the concept of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), the initial construct of amnestic MCI as well as the expanded construct that includes both amnestic and nonamnestic forms. The focus of the chapter is on quantitative magnetic resonance (MR) imaging studies in MCI. While the major emphasis is on structural MRI, other MR imaging techniques such as spectroscopy and diffusion imaging are described in the context of MCI. Specifically, relationships between imaging and clinical features of MCI in cross-sectional and longitudinal contexts are outlined. The chapter also describes the complementary nature of the information provided by MRI and amyloid imaging.
António J. Bastos-Leite and Philip Scheltens
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195328875
- eISBN:
- 9780199864836
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195328875.003.0016
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Techniques, Development
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has opened up the way to diagnose dementia in vivo. It provides clear evidence for hippocampal atrophy in Alzheimer's disease (AD), lobar atrophy in frontotemporal ...
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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has opened up the way to diagnose dementia in vivo. It provides clear evidence for hippocampal atrophy in Alzheimer's disease (AD), lobar atrophy in frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), vascular changes in VaD, and specific findings in some rare forms of dementia. In addition, the traditional role of excluding space-occupying lesions has been kept and the combination of both aspects has rendered MRI indispensable in the diagnostic work-up.Less
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has opened up the way to diagnose dementia in vivo. It provides clear evidence for hippocampal atrophy in Alzheimer's disease (AD), lobar atrophy in frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), vascular changes in VaD, and specific findings in some rare forms of dementia. In addition, the traditional role of excluding space-occupying lesions has been kept and the combination of both aspects has rendered MRI indispensable in the diagnostic work-up.
Adriane Mayda, Mitsuhiro Yoshita, and Charles DeCarli
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195328875
- eISBN:
- 9780199864836
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195328875.003.0017
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Techniques, Development
Both advancing age and cognitive impairment are associated with increased prevalence of various brain diseases, with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cerebrovascular disease (CVD) being the most common. ...
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Both advancing age and cognitive impairment are associated with increased prevalence of various brain diseases, with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cerebrovascular disease (CVD) being the most common. Abnormalities of cerebral white matter commonly seen on a magnetic resonance image (MRI) as white matter hyperintensities (WMH) are non-specific, but are increased with aging, CVD, and as a possible consequence of AD. In this chapter, we review current scientific evidence regarding the impact of white matter changes, particularly WMH, on cognition with aging and in the setting of cognitive impairment syndromes such as mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD.Less
Both advancing age and cognitive impairment are associated with increased prevalence of various brain diseases, with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cerebrovascular disease (CVD) being the most common. Abnormalities of cerebral white matter commonly seen on a magnetic resonance image (MRI) as white matter hyperintensities (WMH) are non-specific, but are increased with aging, CVD, and as a possible consequence of AD. In this chapter, we review current scientific evidence regarding the impact of white matter changes, particularly WMH, on cognition with aging and in the setting of cognitive impairment syndromes such as mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD.
Frank Jessen and Harald Hampel
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195328875
- eISBN:
- 9780199864836
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195328875.003.0019
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Techniques, Development
The rapid development of novel treatment targets for Alzheimer's disease (AD) requires tools to assess the effects of these treatments on disease progression. Structural neuroimaging with CCT and ...
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The rapid development of novel treatment targets for Alzheimer's disease (AD) requires tools to assess the effects of these treatments on disease progression. Structural neuroimaging with CCT and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been extensively applied in patients with AD over the last two decades. Today longitudinal MRI is integrated in the majority of clinical trials with novel compounds that aim at modifying the disease process. This makes MRI one of the major surrogate marker candidates in AD. A surrogate marker according to the definition of the regulatory agencies must correlate with the disease process and with drug-induced modifications of the disease. Beyond this, effects on the surrogate marker need to predict future clinical outcomes. Brain volume measures obtained from structural imaging studies in AD reflect the underlying pathology and correlate with clinical symptoms cross-sectionally and longitudinally. The effects of drugs on brain volume measures and the prediction of clinical outcomes by brain volume changes, however, are not yet sufficiently defined.Less
The rapid development of novel treatment targets for Alzheimer's disease (AD) requires tools to assess the effects of these treatments on disease progression. Structural neuroimaging with CCT and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been extensively applied in patients with AD over the last two decades. Today longitudinal MRI is integrated in the majority of clinical trials with novel compounds that aim at modifying the disease process. This makes MRI one of the major surrogate marker candidates in AD. A surrogate marker according to the definition of the regulatory agencies must correlate with the disease process and with drug-induced modifications of the disease. Beyond this, effects on the surrogate marker need to predict future clinical outcomes. Brain volume measures obtained from structural imaging studies in AD reflect the underlying pathology and correlate with clinical symptoms cross-sectionally and longitudinally. The effects of drugs on brain volume measures and the prediction of clinical outcomes by brain volume changes, however, are not yet sufficiently defined.
Naftali Raz and Kristen M. Kennedy
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195328875
- eISBN:
- 9780199864836
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195328875.003.0004
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Techniques, Development
Success in diagnosing and treating age-related brain disease depends on understanding normative and optimal aging of the brain. Neuroimaging studies of healthy adults reveal differential brain ...
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Success in diagnosing and treating age-related brain disease depends on understanding normative and optimal aging of the brain. Neuroimaging studies of healthy adults reveal differential brain shrinkage. Prefrontal cortices evidence the largest age-related differences, whereas tertiary association cortices, the neostriatum, and the cerebellum show the greatest rate of shrinkage. Reduced regional brain volumes and steeper longitudinal declines are usually associated with lower cognitive performance. Trajectories of differential brain aging are modified by multiple negative and positive factors. Vascular risk factors affect the regions deemed most vulnerable to aging. However, the positive modifying influence of aerobic fitness is clearest in the same age-sensitive areas. Genetic variation may have a significant impact on age-related changes in brain and cognition. In addition to (and in conjunction with) improved aerobic fitness, antihypertensive treatment and hormone replacement therapy may alleviate negative effects of aging on the brain structure.Less
Success in diagnosing and treating age-related brain disease depends on understanding normative and optimal aging of the brain. Neuroimaging studies of healthy adults reveal differential brain shrinkage. Prefrontal cortices evidence the largest age-related differences, whereas tertiary association cortices, the neostriatum, and the cerebellum show the greatest rate of shrinkage. Reduced regional brain volumes and steeper longitudinal declines are usually associated with lower cognitive performance. Trajectories of differential brain aging are modified by multiple negative and positive factors. Vascular risk factors affect the regions deemed most vulnerable to aging. However, the positive modifying influence of aerobic fitness is clearest in the same age-sensitive areas. Genetic variation may have a significant impact on age-related changes in brain and cognition. In addition to (and in conjunction with) improved aerobic fitness, antihypertensive treatment and hormone replacement therapy may alleviate negative effects of aging on the brain structure.
Sidonie T. Jones and Scott A. Small
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195328875
- eISBN:
- 9780199864836
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195328875.003.0008
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Techniques, Development
Whether ‘cognitive aging’ and Alzheimer's disease are overlapping processes or whether they are mechanistically distinct has been an ongoing debate. Indeed, both the early stages of Alzheimer's ...
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Whether ‘cognitive aging’ and Alzheimer's disease are overlapping processes or whether they are mechanistically distinct has been an ongoing debate. Indeed, both the early stages of Alzheimer's disease and aging itself have been found to affect the function of the hippocampal formation, a brain structure vital for memory. The hippocampal formation is made up of separate subregions, each expressing a unique molecular profile. It is this molecular anatomy that explains why mechanistically distinct processes that cause hippocampal dysfunction do so by differentially targeting select hippocampal subregions. Here, we review a series of recent studies that have applied a high-resolution variant of functional magnetic resonance imaging to map hippocampal dysfunction in human patients, aging nonhuman primates, and transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease and aging. Taken together with additional postmortem observations, these studies suggest that Alzheimer's disease and aging target different subregions of hippocampal formation. More than just informing the debate over Alzheimer's disease and aging, pinpointing hippocampal subregions differentially affected by each may improve diagnostic abilities, and—more importantly—can be used to uncover pathogenic mechanisms.Less
Whether ‘cognitive aging’ and Alzheimer's disease are overlapping processes or whether they are mechanistically distinct has been an ongoing debate. Indeed, both the early stages of Alzheimer's disease and aging itself have been found to affect the function of the hippocampal formation, a brain structure vital for memory. The hippocampal formation is made up of separate subregions, each expressing a unique molecular profile. It is this molecular anatomy that explains why mechanistically distinct processes that cause hippocampal dysfunction do so by differentially targeting select hippocampal subregions. Here, we review a series of recent studies that have applied a high-resolution variant of functional magnetic resonance imaging to map hippocampal dysfunction in human patients, aging nonhuman primates, and transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease and aging. Taken together with additional postmortem observations, these studies suggest that Alzheimer's disease and aging target different subregions of hippocampal formation. More than just informing the debate over Alzheimer's disease and aging, pinpointing hippocampal subregions differentially affected by each may improve diagnostic abilities, and—more importantly—can be used to uncover pathogenic mechanisms.
David Milner and Mel Goodale
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198524724
- eISBN:
- 9780191689239
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198524724.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
First published in 1995, this book presents a model for understanding the visual processing underlying perception and action, proposing a broad distinction within the brain between two kinds of ...
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First published in 1995, this book presents a model for understanding the visual processing underlying perception and action, proposing a broad distinction within the brain between two kinds of vision: conscious perception and unconscious ‘online’ vision. It argues that each kind of vision can occur quasi-independently of the other, and is separately handled by a quite different processing system. For this new edition, the text from the original edition has been left untouched, standing as a coherent statement of the authors' position. However, a very substantial epilogue has been added to the book, which reviews some of the key developments that support or challenge the views that were put forward in the first edition. The new chapter summarizes developments in various relevant areas of psychology, neuroscience, and behaviour. It supplements the main text by updating the reader on the contributions that have emerged from the use of functional neuroimaging, which was in its infancy when the first edition was written. Neuroimaging, and functional MRI in particular, has revolutionized the field by allowing investigators to plot in detail the patterns of activity within the visual brains of behaving and perceiving humans. The authors show how its use now allows scientists to test and confirm their proposals, based largely on evidence accrued from primate neuroscience in conjunction with studies of neurological patients.Less
First published in 1995, this book presents a model for understanding the visual processing underlying perception and action, proposing a broad distinction within the brain between two kinds of vision: conscious perception and unconscious ‘online’ vision. It argues that each kind of vision can occur quasi-independently of the other, and is separately handled by a quite different processing system. For this new edition, the text from the original edition has been left untouched, standing as a coherent statement of the authors' position. However, a very substantial epilogue has been added to the book, which reviews some of the key developments that support or challenge the views that were put forward in the first edition. The new chapter summarizes developments in various relevant areas of psychology, neuroscience, and behaviour. It supplements the main text by updating the reader on the contributions that have emerged from the use of functional neuroimaging, which was in its infancy when the first edition was written. Neuroimaging, and functional MRI in particular, has revolutionized the field by allowing investigators to plot in detail the patterns of activity within the visual brains of behaving and perceiving humans. The authors show how its use now allows scientists to test and confirm their proposals, based largely on evidence accrued from primate neuroscience in conjunction with studies of neurological patients.
Fred Feldman
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199571178
- eISBN:
- 9780191722547
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199571178.003.0013
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
Philosophers and others have alleged that empirical research on happiness has important implications for some long‐standing philosophical questions about happiness. The distinguished British ...
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Philosophers and others have alleged that empirical research on happiness has important implications for some long‐standing philosophical questions about happiness. The distinguished British economist Richard Layard seems to claim that the empirical research such as that done by the psychologist Richard Davidson has philosophical implications. Layard apparently thinks that this empirical research supports the conclusion that “there is such a thing as happiness”. He also suggests that it demonstrates that interpersonal comparisons of levels of happiness are feasible. Finally, there is a suggestion that this research might help to show that happiness is a natural kind rather than a mere figment of “folk psychology”. In this chapter, the relevant empirical research is described. There is an attempt to reconstruct the arguments that purport to show that the empirical research supports the philosophical conclusions. In each case it turns out that the research does not have any relevance to philosophy.Less
Philosophers and others have alleged that empirical research on happiness has important implications for some long‐standing philosophical questions about happiness. The distinguished British economist Richard Layard seems to claim that the empirical research such as that done by the psychologist Richard Davidson has philosophical implications. Layard apparently thinks that this empirical research supports the conclusion that “there is such a thing as happiness”. He also suggests that it demonstrates that interpersonal comparisons of levels of happiness are feasible. Finally, there is a suggestion that this research might help to show that happiness is a natural kind rather than a mere figment of “folk psychology”. In this chapter, the relevant empirical research is described. There is an attempt to reconstruct the arguments that purport to show that the empirical research supports the philosophical conclusions. In each case it turns out that the research does not have any relevance to philosophy.
Roberto Cabeza, Lars Nyberg, and Denise Park (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195156744
- eISBN:
- 9780199864171
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195156744.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Development
Until very recently, our knowledge about the neural basis of cognitive aging was based on two disciplines that had very little contact with each other. Whereas the neuroscience of aging investigated ...
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Until very recently, our knowledge about the neural basis of cognitive aging was based on two disciplines that had very little contact with each other. Whereas the neuroscience of aging investigated the effects of aging on the brain independently of age-related changes in cognition, the cognitive psychology of aging investigated the effects of aging on cognition independently of age-related changes in the brain. The lack of communication between these two disciplines is currently being addressed by an increasing number of studies that focus on the relationships between cognitive aging and cerebral aging. This rapidly growing body of research has come to constitute a new discipline, which may be called cognitive neuroscience of aging. The goal of this book is to introduce this new discipline. This book is divided into four main sections. The first section describes non-invasive measures of cerebral aging, including structural (e.g., volumetric MRI), chemical (e.g., dopamine PET), electrophysiological (e.g., ERPs), and hemodynamic (e.g., fMRI), and discusses how they can be linked to behavioral measures of cognitive aging. The second section reviews evidence for the effects of aging on neural activity during different cognitive functions, including perception and attention, imagery, working memory, long-term memory, and prospective memory. The third section focuses on clinical and applied topics, such as the distinction between healthy aging and Alzheimer's disease and the use of cognitive training to ameliorate age-related cognitive decline. The last section describes theories that relate cognitive and cerebral aging, including models accounting for functional neuroimaging evidence and models supported by computer simulations.Less
Until very recently, our knowledge about the neural basis of cognitive aging was based on two disciplines that had very little contact with each other. Whereas the neuroscience of aging investigated the effects of aging on the brain independently of age-related changes in cognition, the cognitive psychology of aging investigated the effects of aging on cognition independently of age-related changes in the brain. The lack of communication between these two disciplines is currently being addressed by an increasing number of studies that focus on the relationships between cognitive aging and cerebral aging. This rapidly growing body of research has come to constitute a new discipline, which may be called cognitive neuroscience of aging. The goal of this book is to introduce this new discipline. This book is divided into four main sections. The first section describes non-invasive measures of cerebral aging, including structural (e.g., volumetric MRI), chemical (e.g., dopamine PET), electrophysiological (e.g., ERPs), and hemodynamic (e.g., fMRI), and discusses how they can be linked to behavioral measures of cognitive aging. The second section reviews evidence for the effects of aging on neural activity during different cognitive functions, including perception and attention, imagery, working memory, long-term memory, and prospective memory. The third section focuses on clinical and applied topics, such as the distinction between healthy aging and Alzheimer's disease and the use of cognitive training to ameliorate age-related cognitive decline. The last section describes theories that relate cognitive and cerebral aging, including models accounting for functional neuroimaging evidence and models supported by computer simulations.
V. Andrew Stenger
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198565741
- eISBN:
- 9780191723971
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198565741.003.0017
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience
Neuroimaging plays a major role in furthering our understanding of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). This chapter presents some of the technical challenges, limitations, and potential solutions with ...
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Neuroimaging plays a major role in furthering our understanding of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). This chapter presents some of the technical challenges, limitations, and potential solutions with regard to using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to study the OFC. The proximity of the OFC to the sinus results in signal loss and distortion due to inhomogeneity in magnetic susceptibility. Several techniques have proven useful in reducing signal loss and distortion including shorter echo times, thinner slice acquisitions, shimming, post-processing distortion correction using field maps, reduced data acquisition methods, parallel imaging, use of rapid acquisition trajectories including reverse spiral and spiral in-out sequences, gradient compensation, and tailored radiofrequency pulses. The advantages and disadvantages of each of these imaging techniques are discussed.Less
Neuroimaging plays a major role in furthering our understanding of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). This chapter presents some of the technical challenges, limitations, and potential solutions with regard to using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to study the OFC. The proximity of the OFC to the sinus results in signal loss and distortion due to inhomogeneity in magnetic susceptibility. Several techniques have proven useful in reducing signal loss and distortion including shorter echo times, thinner slice acquisitions, shimming, post-processing distortion correction using field maps, reduced data acquisition methods, parallel imaging, use of rapid acquisition trajectories including reverse spiral and spiral in-out sequences, gradient compensation, and tailored radiofrequency pulses. The advantages and disadvantages of each of these imaging techniques are discussed.
Michael Chappell, Bradley MacIntosh, and Thomas Okell
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- December 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198793816
- eISBN:
- 9780191835612
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198793816.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Techniques
Arterial spin labeling (ASL) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is unique in being a completely non-invasive method for imaging perfusion in the brain. Relying upon a blood-borne tracer that is created ...
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Arterial spin labeling (ASL) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is unique in being a completely non-invasive method for imaging perfusion in the brain. Relying upon a blood-borne tracer that is created by the MRI scanner itself, ASL is becoming a popular tool to study cerebral perfusion, as well as how this perfusion changes in response to neuronal activity or in disease. This primer provides an introduction to perfusion quantification using ASL MRI, focusing both on the methods needed to extract perfusion-weighted images and on how to quantify perfusion and other hemodynamic parameters. Starting with the simplest implementation of ASL, the primer details all the common acquisition methods, as well as the subsequent analysis steps required to quantify perfusion in an individual, detect changes in perfusion in response to neural activity or pharmacological intervention, and examine perfusion variations across groups of individuals. This is supported with examples from real data illustrating all the major steps in the analysis process, linked to online material where the reader can undertake the same analysis for themselves.Less
Arterial spin labeling (ASL) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is unique in being a completely non-invasive method for imaging perfusion in the brain. Relying upon a blood-borne tracer that is created by the MRI scanner itself, ASL is becoming a popular tool to study cerebral perfusion, as well as how this perfusion changes in response to neuronal activity or in disease. This primer provides an introduction to perfusion quantification using ASL MRI, focusing both on the methods needed to extract perfusion-weighted images and on how to quantify perfusion and other hemodynamic parameters. Starting with the simplest implementation of ASL, the primer details all the common acquisition methods, as well as the subsequent analysis steps required to quantify perfusion in an individual, detect changes in perfusion in response to neural activity or pharmacological intervention, and examine perfusion variations across groups of individuals. This is supported with examples from real data illustrating all the major steps in the analysis process, linked to online material where the reader can undertake the same analysis for themselves.
Paul T. Callaghan
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- December 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199556984
- eISBN:
- 9780191774928
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199556984.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials, Nuclear and Plasma Physics
In 1950, Erwin Hahn pointed out that spin echoes in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) could be used to measure molecular translational motion, an effect made possible because nuclear spins carry a ...
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In 1950, Erwin Hahn pointed out that spin echoes in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) could be used to measure molecular translational motion, an effect made possible because nuclear spins carry a phase determined by the history of their residence in magnetic fields. If, through our own volition or by consequence of sample structure, magnetic fields can be given some spatial variation, and if the spin-bearing molecules translate, then the spin phases can be made to tell the story of that migration. Unlike modern bio-molecular NMR, the multitude of tricks used to measure molecular translational motion take place without the need for high spectral resolution. They work, with equal power, at low field and in the absence of spectral discrimination, and so lend themselves to that new branch of NMR technology that concerns itself with ‘outside the laboratory’ applications, in geophysics and petroleum physics, in horticulture, in food technology, in security screening and in environmental monitoring. The translational dynamics of molecules provide a signature for molecular size and shape size, the visco-elasticity of the surrounding fluid medium, their organization into supramolecular assemblies, their exchange between different sites, their intermittent binding, their confinement by a surrounding matrix or phase boundary, and the topology of that confinement. This book takes us through the various underlying principles of molecular translational dynamics, outlining the ways in which magnetic resonance, through the use of magnetic field gradients, can reveal those dynamics. It covers the full range of time and Frequency Domain methodologies, showing how they can be used, as well as advances in ‘scattering and diffraction’ methods, multidimensional exchange and correlation experiments, and orientational correlation methods ideal for studying dynamics in anisotropic environments.Less
In 1950, Erwin Hahn pointed out that spin echoes in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) could be used to measure molecular translational motion, an effect made possible because nuclear spins carry a phase determined by the history of their residence in magnetic fields. If, through our own volition or by consequence of sample structure, magnetic fields can be given some spatial variation, and if the spin-bearing molecules translate, then the spin phases can be made to tell the story of that migration. Unlike modern bio-molecular NMR, the multitude of tricks used to measure molecular translational motion take place without the need for high spectral resolution. They work, with equal power, at low field and in the absence of spectral discrimination, and so lend themselves to that new branch of NMR technology that concerns itself with ‘outside the laboratory’ applications, in geophysics and petroleum physics, in horticulture, in food technology, in security screening and in environmental monitoring. The translational dynamics of molecules provide a signature for molecular size and shape size, the visco-elasticity of the surrounding fluid medium, their organization into supramolecular assemblies, their exchange between different sites, their intermittent binding, their confinement by a surrounding matrix or phase boundary, and the topology of that confinement. This book takes us through the various underlying principles of molecular translational dynamics, outlining the ways in which magnetic resonance, through the use of magnetic field gradients, can reveal those dynamics. It covers the full range of time and Frequency Domain methodologies, showing how they can be used, as well as advances in ‘scattering and diffraction’ methods, multidimensional exchange and correlation experiments, and orientational correlation methods ideal for studying dynamics in anisotropic environments.
Sarah D. Richmond, Geraint Rees, and Sarah J. L. Edwards (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199596492
- eISBN:
- 9780191745669
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199596492.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Techniques, Development
Since the 1980s, MRI scanners have told us much about brain function and played an important role in the clinical diagnosis of a number of conditions — both in the brain and the rest of the body. ...
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Since the 1980s, MRI scanners have told us much about brain function and played an important role in the clinical diagnosis of a number of conditions — both in the brain and the rest of the body. Their routine use has made the diagnosis of brain tumours and brain damage both quicker and more accurate. However, some neuroscientific advances, in particular those that relate specifically to the mind have provoked excitement and discussion in a number of disciplines. One of the most thought provoking developments in recent neuroscience has been the progress made with ‘mind-reading’. There seems nothing more private than one's thoughts, some of which we might choose to share with others, and some not. Yet, until now, little has been published on the particular issue of privacy in relation to ‘brain’ or ‘mind’ reading. This book presents an interdisciplinary account of the neuroscientific evidence on ‘mind reading’, as well as a thorough analysis of both legal and moral accounts of privacy. The book considers such issues as the use of imaging to detect awareness in those considered to be in a vegetative state. It looks at issues of mental imaging and national security, the neurobiology of violence, and issues regarding diminished responsibility in criminals, and thus reduced punishment. It also considers how the use of neuroimaging can and should be regulated.Less
Since the 1980s, MRI scanners have told us much about brain function and played an important role in the clinical diagnosis of a number of conditions — both in the brain and the rest of the body. Their routine use has made the diagnosis of brain tumours and brain damage both quicker and more accurate. However, some neuroscientific advances, in particular those that relate specifically to the mind have provoked excitement and discussion in a number of disciplines. One of the most thought provoking developments in recent neuroscience has been the progress made with ‘mind-reading’. There seems nothing more private than one's thoughts, some of which we might choose to share with others, and some not. Yet, until now, little has been published on the particular issue of privacy in relation to ‘brain’ or ‘mind’ reading. This book presents an interdisciplinary account of the neuroscientific evidence on ‘mind reading’, as well as a thorough analysis of both legal and moral accounts of privacy. The book considers such issues as the use of imaging to detect awareness in those considered to be in a vegetative state. It looks at issues of mental imaging and national security, the neurobiology of violence, and issues regarding diminished responsibility in criminals, and thus reduced punishment. It also considers how the use of neuroimaging can and should be regulated.
Jean-François Démonet and Caroline Reilhac
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199589814
- eISBN:
- 9780191744785
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199589814.003.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Development, Behavioral Neuroscience
Imaging studies in dyslexic subjects have revealed structural abnormalities of the brain, defective activity and abnormal connectivity between regions crucial for language functions. These findings ...
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Imaging studies in dyslexic subjects have revealed structural abnormalities of the brain, defective activity and abnormal connectivity between regions crucial for language functions. These findings provide a neurobiological signature for dyslexia, specifically disruption of two left-hemispheric posterior systems, a parieto-temporal network and an occipito-temporal network; these dysfunctions can be compensated for by the engagement of anterior and right posterior (occipito-temporal) territories. The combination of different brain imaging modalities (Morphometric MRI, Positron Emission Tomography, functional MRI, etc.) with cognitive studies has contributed to better understanding of the written language deficits in dyslexic subjects. Overall, findings highlight the heterogeneity of the dyslexia phenotype and demonstrate that far from being mutually exclusive, the main theories that have been advanced as to its aetiology probably each relate to different aspects of its causation. This chapter covers some of the main results of brain imaging studies that describe the structural and functional abnormalities in adults and children with dyslexia.Less
Imaging studies in dyslexic subjects have revealed structural abnormalities of the brain, defective activity and abnormal connectivity between regions crucial for language functions. These findings provide a neurobiological signature for dyslexia, specifically disruption of two left-hemispheric posterior systems, a parieto-temporal network and an occipito-temporal network; these dysfunctions can be compensated for by the engagement of anterior and right posterior (occipito-temporal) territories. The combination of different brain imaging modalities (Morphometric MRI, Positron Emission Tomography, functional MRI, etc.) with cognitive studies has contributed to better understanding of the written language deficits in dyslexic subjects. Overall, findings highlight the heterogeneity of the dyslexia phenotype and demonstrate that far from being mutually exclusive, the main theories that have been advanced as to its aetiology probably each relate to different aspects of its causation. This chapter covers some of the main results of brain imaging studies that describe the structural and functional abnormalities in adults and children with dyslexia.
