Yujiro Hayami and Masao Kikuchi
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- August 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199241019
- eISBN:
- 9780191601217
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199241015.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, South and East Asia
This chapter analyses the emergence of two distinct agrarian systems in major rice-producing provinces in Luzon Island, Philippines. These are the large hacienda system characterized by the ...
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This chapter analyses the emergence of two distinct agrarian systems in major rice-producing provinces in Luzon Island, Philippines. These are the large hacienda system characterized by the management hierarchy for supervising a large number of tenants in Inner Central Luzon, and the relatively small-scale landlordism wherein landlords and tenants were tied by a patron-client bond. These agrarian systems evolved despite basic similarities in economic conditions such as ecological conditions for rice production, market access, colonial history, and post-independent government policies such as land reform.Less
This chapter analyses the emergence of two distinct agrarian systems in major rice-producing provinces in Luzon Island, Philippines. These are the large hacienda system characterized by the management hierarchy for supervising a large number of tenants in Inner Central Luzon, and the relatively small-scale landlordism wherein landlords and tenants were tied by a patron-client bond. These agrarian systems evolved despite basic similarities in economic conditions such as ecological conditions for rice production, market access, colonial history, and post-independent government policies such as land reform.
Linda A. Newson
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824832728
- eISBN:
- 9780824870096
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824832728.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
Scholars have long assumed that Spanish colonial rule had only a limited demographic impact on the Philippines. Filipinos, they believed, had acquired immunity to Old World diseases prior to Spanish ...
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Scholars have long assumed that Spanish colonial rule had only a limited demographic impact on the Philippines. Filipinos, they believed, had acquired immunity to Old World diseases prior to Spanish arrival; conquest was thought to have been more benignt han what took place in the Americas because of more enlightened colonial policies introduced by Philip II. This book illuminates the demographic history of the Spanish Philippines in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and, in the process, challenges these assumptions. The book demonstrates that the islands suffered a significant population decline in the early colonial period. It argues that the sparse population of the islands meant that Old World diseases could not become endemic in pre-Spanish times, and also shows that the initial conquest of the Philippines was far bloodier than has often been supposed. Comparisons are made with the impact of Spanish colonial rule in the Americas. The book examines critically each major area in Luzon and the Visayas in turn. It proposes a new estimate for the population of the Visayas and Luzon of 1.57 million in 1565 and calculates that by the mid-seventeenth century this figure may have fallen by about two-thidrs.Less
Scholars have long assumed that Spanish colonial rule had only a limited demographic impact on the Philippines. Filipinos, they believed, had acquired immunity to Old World diseases prior to Spanish arrival; conquest was thought to have been more benignt han what took place in the Americas because of more enlightened colonial policies introduced by Philip II. This book illuminates the demographic history of the Spanish Philippines in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and, in the process, challenges these assumptions. The book demonstrates that the islands suffered a significant population decline in the early colonial period. It argues that the sparse population of the islands meant that Old World diseases could not become endemic in pre-Spanish times, and also shows that the initial conquest of the Philippines was far bloodier than has often been supposed. Comparisons are made with the impact of Spanish colonial rule in the Americas. The book examines critically each major area in Luzon and the Visayas in turn. It proposes a new estimate for the population of the Visayas and Luzon of 1.57 million in 1565 and calculates that by the mid-seventeenth century this figure may have fallen by about two-thidrs.
Hiroshi Masuda
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801449390
- eISBN:
- 9780801466199
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801449390.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter first describes the MacArthur group's fortress in Corregidor Island. On December 24, 1941, the group spent Christmas Eve in the Malinta Tunnel, which was to house MacArthur's General ...
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This chapter first describes the MacArthur group's fortress in Corregidor Island. On December 24, 1941, the group spent Christmas Eve in the Malinta Tunnel, which was to house MacArthur's General Headquarters. On December 29, at 11:45 a.m., the air raid alarm sounded on Corregidor. The Japanese were finally attacking the island, with eighteen midsized bombers and ten dive-bombers: they knew that MacArthur had fled there from Manila. The remainder of the chapter details the Japanese military landing on Luzon; U.S. and Filipino force's tactical withdrawal to the Bataan Peninsula; the fall of Manila and the first Bataan operation; and the hardships of MacArthur's troops.Less
This chapter first describes the MacArthur group's fortress in Corregidor Island. On December 24, 1941, the group spent Christmas Eve in the Malinta Tunnel, which was to house MacArthur's General Headquarters. On December 29, at 11:45 a.m., the air raid alarm sounded on Corregidor. The Japanese were finally attacking the island, with eighteen midsized bombers and ten dive-bombers: they knew that MacArthur had fled there from Manila. The remainder of the chapter details the Japanese military landing on Luzon; U.S. and Filipino force's tactical withdrawal to the Bataan Peninsula; the fall of Manila and the first Bataan operation; and the hardships of MacArthur's troops.
Linda A. Newson
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824832728
- eISBN:
- 9780824870096
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824832728.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter examines the evidence that can shed light on the demographic impact of Spanish colonial rule on the Philippines and allow comparisons between population trends in the islands with other ...
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This chapter examines the evidence that can shed light on the demographic impact of Spanish colonial rule on the Philippines and allow comparisons between population trends in the islands with other parts of the Southeast Asian archipelago. Focusing on demographic trends for each major island and region in Luzon and the Visayas, the chapter shows that Spanish conquest and early colonial rule in the Philippines resulted in significant population decline that was more pervasive and prolonged than generally assumed, but varied regionally. The evidence includes early Spanish colonial sources such as letters and memorials written by the first explorers, conquistadors, and priests; civil records like fiscal accounts and censuses; ecclesiastical records; and corroborative evidence derived from records of native traditions and from archaeology. The chapter also discusses some of the problems associated with the use of early Spanish colonial sources for demographic analysis and the role of racial mixing in population losses. Finally, it considers a regional approach for evaluating the early demographic history of the Spanish Philippines.Less
This chapter examines the evidence that can shed light on the demographic impact of Spanish colonial rule on the Philippines and allow comparisons between population trends in the islands with other parts of the Southeast Asian archipelago. Focusing on demographic trends for each major island and region in Luzon and the Visayas, the chapter shows that Spanish conquest and early colonial rule in the Philippines resulted in significant population decline that was more pervasive and prolonged than generally assumed, but varied regionally. The evidence includes early Spanish colonial sources such as letters and memorials written by the first explorers, conquistadors, and priests; civil records like fiscal accounts and censuses; ecclesiastical records; and corroborative evidence derived from records of native traditions and from archaeology. The chapter also discusses some of the problems associated with the use of early Spanish colonial sources for demographic analysis and the role of racial mixing in population losses. Finally, it considers a regional approach for evaluating the early demographic history of the Spanish Philippines.
Linda A. Newson
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824832728
- eISBN:
- 9780824870096
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824832728.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter examines the decline of populations in southwest Luzon during Spanish times. The history of southwest Luzon was closely intertwined with that of Manila. The friar estates that developed ...
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This chapter examines the decline of populations in southwest Luzon during Spanish times. The history of southwest Luzon was closely intertwined with that of Manila. The friar estates that developed in the west of the region became major suppliers of provisions for the city and helped shape its economic and social structure. Spanish contacts with southwest Luzon began in 1570, when Juan de Salcedo and his exploratory expedition from Panay arrived on the island of Ilin, plundered the town of Mamburao in Mindoro, and destroyed some settlements on the island of Lubang. This chapter first provides an overview of southwest Luzon's geography, population, and socioeconomic profile in 1570 before discussing the development of friar estates in the region. It then assesses the impact of shipbuilding, polos, fugitivism, missions, and Moro raids on the demography of the region. It also analyzes demographic trends in southwest Luzon, with particular emphasis on factors that contributed to population decline, including epidemics and migration.Less
This chapter examines the decline of populations in southwest Luzon during Spanish times. The history of southwest Luzon was closely intertwined with that of Manila. The friar estates that developed in the west of the region became major suppliers of provisions for the city and helped shape its economic and social structure. Spanish contacts with southwest Luzon began in 1570, when Juan de Salcedo and his exploratory expedition from Panay arrived on the island of Ilin, plundered the town of Mamburao in Mindoro, and destroyed some settlements on the island of Lubang. This chapter first provides an overview of southwest Luzon's geography, population, and socioeconomic profile in 1570 before discussing the development of friar estates in the region. It then assesses the impact of shipbuilding, polos, fugitivism, missions, and Moro raids on the demography of the region. It also analyzes demographic trends in southwest Luzon, with particular emphasis on factors that contributed to population decline, including epidemics and migration.
Linda A. Newson
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824832728
- eISBN:
- 9780824870096
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824832728.003.0013
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter examines the impact of Spanish colonial rule on the population of interior Luzon, with particular emphasis on groups living within the southern and central Cordillera. It begins with a ...
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This chapter examines the impact of Spanish colonial rule on the population of interior Luzon, with particular emphasis on groups living within the southern and central Cordillera. It begins with a brief review of the incidence and timing of Spanish contacts in the southern and central Cordillera, including the regions of Ituy and Paniqui, Italon and Abaca, and Igorot territory. It then considers the demographic history of the Igorot in Benguet, Kankanai and Bontoc, and Ifugao. It also discusses Dominican missionary efforts in northern Cordillera, along with demographic trends in the entire Cordillera region. It cites population estimates for interior Luzon for the period 1570–1800 and suggests that the region experienced an overall population decline of approximately 36 percent in 1570.Less
This chapter examines the impact of Spanish colonial rule on the population of interior Luzon, with particular emphasis on groups living within the southern and central Cordillera. It begins with a brief review of the incidence and timing of Spanish contacts in the southern and central Cordillera, including the regions of Ituy and Paniqui, Italon and Abaca, and Igorot territory. It then considers the demographic history of the Igorot in Benguet, Kankanai and Bontoc, and Ifugao. It also discusses Dominican missionary efforts in northern Cordillera, along with demographic trends in the entire Cordillera region. It cites population estimates for interior Luzon for the period 1570–1800 and suggests that the region experienced an overall population decline of approximately 36 percent in 1570.
