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Reading the early American canon through its Middle Eastern translations, Nineteenth-Century US Literature in Middle Eastern Languages examines prominent renditions of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Washington Irving, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville and Walt Whitman into Hebrew, Persian and Arabic. Tracing the revisionary processes which give rise to these Middle Eastern versions, the book argues that such translations offer unique and pivotal interpretations of their US sources, refiguring the American Renaissance through alterities of language, nationality and religion. The book suggests, in particular, that the importation of the US canon into arenas of Middle Eastern language serves to uncover implications latent within these American classics themselves, disclosing their compound cultural genealogies, while also promoting their complex participation within global cycles of textual transmission. Recovering Hebrew, Arabic and Persian renditions produced by seminal Middle Eastern artists and academics, the book also exposes illuminating readings of US literature previously neglected, accounting for the interpretations of prominent translators, novelists and scholars, such as Joseph Massel, Sīmīn Dāneshvar and Iḥsān ‘Abbās.

In contrast to recent theories of the ‘global’ or ‘post-national’ Latin American novel, this book reveals the enduring importance of the national in contemporary Venezuelan fiction, arguing that the novels studied respond to both the nationalist and populist cultural policies of the Bolivarian Revolution and Venezuela’s literary isolation. The latter results from factors including the legacy of the Boom and historically low levels of emigration from Venezuela. Grounded in theories of metafiction and intertextuality, the book provides a close reading of eight novels published between 2004 (the year in which the first Minister for Culture was appointed) and 2012 (the last full year of President Chávez’s life), relating these novels to the context of their production. Each chapter explores a way in which these novels reflect on writing, from the protagonists as readers and writers in different contexts, through appearances from real life writers, to experiments with style and popular culture, and finally questioning the boundaries between fiction and reality. This literary analysis complements overarching studies of the Bolivarian Revolution by offering an insight into how Bolivarian policies and practices affect people on an individual, emotional and creative level. In this context, self-reflexive narratives afford their writers a form of political agency.