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This chapter examines the origins, development, and implications of operational art in the British armed forces. The Field Service Regulations of 1909 represented the first official attempt to encapsulate this approach within operational art. Nonetheless, establishment of doctrine remained an anathema, and without it operational art was driven by tactics rather than by strategy. This, according to the author, was a key reason why the British army tended to perform poorly at the operational level in the Second World War. When the operational level of war re-emerged in Great Britain during the 1980s, it was accompanied by doctrine for the first time. The linkage between doctrine and operational art was inspired less by the US army's response to Vietnam than by responses to Soviet and German practice and theory going back to lessons from the First and Second World Wars.

This chapter surveys events in Pimlico in west London between the end of the 1840s and the end of the 1850s. In these dramatic years St. Paul's, Knightsbridge and St. Barnabas, Pimlico became the centre of intense disputes over ritualism in the Church of England. William Bennett was forced from the parish in the winter of 1850-51 as the result of a series of riots and disturbances partly caused by the intervention of the Prime Minister in accusing High Church Anglicans in general and, by implication, Bennett in particular, of leading people to Rome. Bennett's successor, Robert Liddell, defended a serious of high profile legal cases which culminated in 1857 in the vindication of many ritualist practices such as the use of the cross in church (so long as it were clearly seen as an ornament rather than an object of worship in its own right). The centre of opposition in the parish was Charles Westerton, a Chartist, library owner and stationer whose actions opposed the Protestant (and proto-socialist) word against the Anglo-Catholic image via repeated accusations of idolatry.

Henry George Liddell, Dean of Christ Church College from 1855 to 1891, was the nephew of the Baron Ravensworth of the second creation and the cousin of the latter’s successor, later the first Earl; he came from County Durham and always retained something of a northern accent, though he spent his life in southern England, at Charterhouse, Christ Church, Westminster, Christ Church again, and Ascot. He returned to Christ Church in 1855 as the obvious choice to succeed Dean Gaisford. Since 1846, he had been headmaster of Westminster, the pre-eminent source of young men for Christ Church. Liddell was known as a leading Greek scholar, the famous lexicon which he edited with his Christ Church contemporary Robert Scott having already reached its fourth edition. He had been a chaplain to the Queen and a member of the first Oxford University Commission. To John Ruskin, he was ‘one of the rarest types of nobly presenced Englishmen’.

The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn was founded in England in 1888 and has strongly influenced contemporary Western magical beliefs and practices. The rituals of the order were based originally on five Masonic grades discovered in the papers of a deceased English Rosicrucian. One of the co-founders, Dr. Wynn Westcott, who was himself a Freemason, asked his colleague Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers to expand the material to form a more complete occult system. Mathers worked on the formation of a new body of rituals and chose as his basis the Kabbalistic Tree of Life, using its ten sephiroth (or levels of consciousness) as the basis of different ceremonial grades. Westcott, Mathers, and another occultist, Dr. William Woodman, appointed themselves the heads of the Second Order of the Golden Dawn (known as the “Red Rose and the Cross of Gold”—Rosae Rubae et Aurea Crucis). The first Golden Dawn temple, Isis-Urania, opened in London in 1888. By 1896 there were also temples in Weston-Super-Mare, Bradford, Edinburgh, and Paris. In a break with Masonic tradition, all of the Golden Dawn temples admitted both men and women. The Golden Dawn attracted many well-known figures, including the distinguished Irish poet William Butler Yeats; A. E. Waite, originator of the popular Rider Tarot pack and the leading occult scholar of his day; and Aleister Crowley, the famous, and later notorious, “Great Beast 666.” Well-known female members included Maud Gonne, Florence Farr, Moina Bergson, and Violet Firth—later known as Dion Fortune. As MacGregor Mathers became increasingly autocratic in his relationships with fellow members, the order began to fragment, and following Mathers’ death in 1918, the original Golden Dawn splintered completely. However, other derivative groups emerged, including the Stella Matutina (Morning Star). Between 1937 and 1941, Israel Regardie, a one-time secretary to Aleister Crowley, published the complete rituals of the Stella Matutina in four volumes under the title The Golden Dawn. These books constitute the most complete magical system produced in modern times.

This chapter presents the secret MI5 history that was prepared for internal consumption only but which was copied by Blunt. This history of the Security Service was supplied to Guy Liddell, then director of B Division, MI5's counter-espionage branch, who was known administratively simply by the initials “DB,” and whose personal assistant, Anthony Blunt, was, accordingly, “PADB.” The document was written by Jack Curry, and he refers in passing to two members of F Division, (Sir) Roger Hollis and Graham Mitchell, both of whom remained in the Security Service after the war and were appointed Director General and Deputy Director General, respectively. The chapter states that this document was the first draft of a longer document which was declassified and released to the Public Record Office at Kew, and then, in 1999, published as a book with an introduction by Professor Christopher Andrew.

In March 1933, as the Nazi reign of terror began in Germany, Guy Liddell, MI5’s head of counter-espionage (and a distant relative of Lewis Carroll's ‘Alice’), visited Berlin to meet officials of the Prussian Secret Police (later known as the Gestapo). At a time when Germany had the largest Communist party outside the Soviet Union, Liddell was invited to view documents concerning Comintern subversion in the British Empire. He was assisted in his mission by Frank Foley, officially Passport Control Officer in Berlin, but actually MI6 station chief there. Foley had access to secret police files on Communists and Socialists which must have formed the basis of MI5's ‘Black List’ of left-wing refugees from Germany.

This chapter deals with MI5's problems in the years 1939-41. According to its own internal history, written in 1946 by John Curry, MI5 was ‘in a state of confusion amounting almost to chaos’ for most of the two years following the outbreak of war. The chapter introduces the academic William Robson-Scott, who was recruited to MI5 before the outbreak of war as a German specialist. It also draws on the wartime diaries of Guy Liddell which illuminate MI5's attitudes towards government and in particular its differences with the Home Office, as well as its attitude towards the Communist Party of Great Britain following the Nazi-Soviet Pact and finally its interrogation of the Soviet defector Walter Krivitsky.

This chapter examines Kim Philby's early years, first by focusing on his father, Harry St John Bridger Philby, whose career placed Kim's life in an international context and enabled him to establish an early pattern of deceit. It considers St John's acceptance to the Indian Civil Service, the organisation through which Britain administered the sub-continent, his travels to India in December 1908, and how his career finally took off following the outbreak of World War I. The chapter also analyses St John's influence on Kim, Kim's admission to Cambridge University in November 1929, and the role played by counter-espionage specialists Guy Liddell of Special Branch (the unit of the police force responsible for matters of national security) and Valentine Vivian of the British Secret Intelligence Service in Philby's story.

We have to find some compromise between extreme contextualism and complete universalism. We cannot operate with one theory of corruption per country, or region, or village, or “one-size-fits-all” approaches. General knowledge that is useful for anti-corruption policies must be applied according to the specific circumstances in each case. The social contract approach necessitates a dialogue between those who are doing basic research and those who are area or country specialists. Taking inspiration from military theorist Basil Liddell Hart’s indirect approach strategy, it is argued that decision makers should focus on policies that can change the basic social contract, instead of relying solely on measures that are intended to change incentives for corrupt actors. The indirect approach does not emphasize any single instrument, instead, the means depend on the case at hand. The main goal for the indirect approach is to change the opponent’s psychological willingness to resist change.

This chapter talks about Olivia Manning's relief at landing safely after leaving Sofia. This was followed almost immediately by recognition of a difference between the English in Bucharest and the English in Athens. In the former city, they were there primarily to work, and in the latter, most seemed to have come to escape or perhaps, to work at their own pace, like the novelist and poet Robert Liddell who became Olivia's close friend during her time in Greece. This chapter also points out that in the third novel in the ‘Balkan Trilogy’, ‘Friends and Heroes’, Olivia modeled Harriet Pringle's English friend and ally Alan Frewen on Liddell and characterized him through his love of Greece and its culture.

Although study of the classics was central to the University's activities throughout the period discussed in this book, it was in the first half of the nineteenth century rivalled by, and linked to, the study of religion. The curriculum gradually broadened to include new areas of knowledge, and new markets for Press books, thereby weakening the predominance of the classics in the second half of the century. This chapter considers first the growth of the Press's classics publishing, noting the relationship of Latin to Greek, the uses of different formats, and the impact of the changing curriculum. The influence of German and Continental scholarship upon Oxford classical texts is then considered, particularly Thomas Gaisford's role in editing books and inviting other scholars to the Press. The chapter studies closely the two outstanding successes of the 1840s — Liddell and Scott's Greek-English Lexicon and Charles Wordsworth's Greek Grammar — and the growth of the school book market.