Victoria Harris
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199578573
- eISBN:
- 9780191722936
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199578573.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This book examines the German sex trade from the lowest level upwards, focusing on the voices and experiences of the prostitutes. The book moves telescopically through four chapters. It begins with ...
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This book examines the German sex trade from the lowest level upwards, focusing on the voices and experiences of the prostitutes. The book moves telescopically through four chapters. It begins with the the prostitute herself, then turns to the wider community in which she operated, before discussing her interactions with German society more widely, and finishing with a discussion of the prostitute's relationship to the larger, bureaucratic workings of the nation‐state. In doing this, the book uses prostitution to help recast our understanding of sexuality and ethics in twentieth‐century Germany. It demonstrates the difficult relationship between criminality, marginality, and deviance, teaching us much about how German society defined itself by determining who did not belong within it. Finally, the book challenges our conception of the relationship between the type of government in power and official attitudes towards sexuality, arguing that the prevalent desire to control citizens' sexuality transcended traditional left–right divides and intensified with economic and political modernization. Throughout, the study notes the important continuities and breaks across this difficult thirty‐year period of Germany's history. Despite the inherent problems in doing so, in studying prostitution it is first necessary to try to understand prostitutes, as well as the other individuals who ensured the continued operation of the sex trade. The title of this book, Prostitutes in German Society, is more than simply a semantic choice. It encapsulates its focus on the individual human actors at the centre of the sex trade.Less
This book examines the German sex trade from the lowest level upwards, focusing on the voices and experiences of the prostitutes. The book moves telescopically through four chapters. It begins with the the prostitute herself, then turns to the wider community in which she operated, before discussing her interactions with German society more widely, and finishing with a discussion of the prostitute's relationship to the larger, bureaucratic workings of the nation‐state. In doing this, the book uses prostitution to help recast our understanding of sexuality and ethics in twentieth‐century Germany. It demonstrates the difficult relationship between criminality, marginality, and deviance, teaching us much about how German society defined itself by determining who did not belong within it. Finally, the book challenges our conception of the relationship between the type of government in power and official attitudes towards sexuality, arguing that the prevalent desire to control citizens' sexuality transcended traditional left–right divides and intensified with economic and political modernization. Throughout, the study notes the important continuities and breaks across this difficult thirty‐year period of Germany's history. Despite the inherent problems in doing so, in studying prostitution it is first necessary to try to understand prostitutes, as well as the other individuals who ensured the continued operation of the sex trade. The title of this book, Prostitutes in German Society, is more than simply a semantic choice. It encapsulates its focus on the individual human actors at the centre of the sex trade.
Brian Lugioyo
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195387360
- eISBN:
- 9780199866663
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195387360.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
Martin Bucer has been predominantly portrayed as a diplomat, who attempted to reconcile divergent theological views, sometimes at any costs, or as a pragmatic pastor, who was more concerned with ...
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Martin Bucer has been predominantly portrayed as a diplomat, who attempted to reconcile divergent theological views, sometimes at any costs, or as a pragmatic pastor, who was more concerned with ethics than theology. These representations have led to the view that Bucer was a theological light-weight, a Vermittlungstheologe, rightly placed in the shadow of Luther and Calvin. This book argues differently. Bucer was an ecclesial diplomat and he was a pragmatic pastor, yet his ecclesial and practical approaches to reforming the church were guided by coherent theological convictions. Central to his theology was his understanding of the doctrine of justification, which the book argues has an integrity of its own and has been imprecisely represented as intentionally conciliatory (i.e. as Vermittlungstheologie). It was this solid doctrine that guided his irenicism and acted as a foundation for entering into discussions with Catholics between 1539 and 1541. He was consistent in his approach, and did not sacrifice his theological convictions for ecclesial expediency. His understanding was an accepted evangelical perspective on justification, one to be commended along with those of Luther and Calvin.Less
Martin Bucer has been predominantly portrayed as a diplomat, who attempted to reconcile divergent theological views, sometimes at any costs, or as a pragmatic pastor, who was more concerned with ethics than theology. These representations have led to the view that Bucer was a theological light-weight, a Vermittlungstheologe, rightly placed in the shadow of Luther and Calvin. This book argues differently. Bucer was an ecclesial diplomat and he was a pragmatic pastor, yet his ecclesial and practical approaches to reforming the church were guided by coherent theological convictions. Central to his theology was his understanding of the doctrine of justification, which the book argues has an integrity of its own and has been imprecisely represented as intentionally conciliatory (i.e. as Vermittlungstheologie). It was this solid doctrine that guided his irenicism and acted as a foundation for entering into discussions with Catholics between 1539 and 1541. He was consistent in his approach, and did not sacrifice his theological convictions for ecclesial expediency. His understanding was an accepted evangelical perspective on justification, one to be commended along with those of Luther and Calvin.
Martin Schöneld
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195132182
- eISBN:
- 9780199786336
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195132181.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
This chapter explores the text and contentions of Kant’s first book, Thoughts on the True Estimation of Living Forces (1747). Section 1 describes how Kant’s debut turned into a debacle. Section 2 ...
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This chapter explores the text and contentions of Kant’s first book, Thoughts on the True Estimation of Living Forces (1747). Section 1 describes how Kant’s debut turned into a debacle. Section 2 discusses Kant’s dynamic ontology, such as his ideas on substantial interaction and energetic space. Section 3 analyzes Kant’s experimental and kinematic appraisals, which form the bulk of his first book. Section 4 describes Kant’s proposed synthesis of Cartesian momentum and Leibnizian energy as “true estimation” of force.Less
This chapter explores the text and contentions of Kant’s first book, Thoughts on the True Estimation of Living Forces (1747). Section 1 describes how Kant’s debut turned into a debacle. Section 2 discusses Kant’s dynamic ontology, such as his ideas on substantial interaction and energetic space. Section 3 analyzes Kant’s experimental and kinematic appraisals, which form the bulk of his first book. Section 4 describes Kant’s proposed synthesis of Cartesian momentum and Leibnizian energy as “true estimation” of force.
Victoria Harris
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199578573
- eISBN:
- 9780191722936
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199578573.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This prologue sets the scene for the book's focus on experience. It chronicles the life story of Cornelie Bauer, who worked as a prostitute in Leipzig from 1907 to 1940. Beginning with a discussion ...
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This prologue sets the scene for the book's focus on experience. It chronicles the life story of Cornelie Bauer, who worked as a prostitute in Leipzig from 1907 to 1940. Beginning with a discussion of her early life, the prologue describes Cornelie's entrance into the sex trade and her reasons for choosing prostitution. It then narrates her experiences working from the First World War, through the Weimar Republic and into the Third Reich, noting her distinct experiences under the regulation system, and under abolition and decriminalization, and detailing medical approaches to managing prostitution and venereal disease. Particular attention is paid to Cornelie's difficult, and perhaps unexpected, relationship with those bureaucrats charged with controlling her, and with her fellow citizens. The chapter also explores her experiences of incarceration.Less
This prologue sets the scene for the book's focus on experience. It chronicles the life story of Cornelie Bauer, who worked as a prostitute in Leipzig from 1907 to 1940. Beginning with a discussion of her early life, the prologue describes Cornelie's entrance into the sex trade and her reasons for choosing prostitution. It then narrates her experiences working from the First World War, through the Weimar Republic and into the Third Reich, noting her distinct experiences under the regulation system, and under abolition and decriminalization, and detailing medical approaches to managing prostitution and venereal disease. Particular attention is paid to Cornelie's difficult, and perhaps unexpected, relationship with those bureaucrats charged with controlling her, and with her fellow citizens. The chapter also explores her experiences of incarceration.
Victoria Harris
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199578573
- eISBN:
- 9780191722936
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199578573.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter examines the relationship between the prostitute milieu and wider society. It begins with the example of citizen vigilante Hermann Abel and the anti‐prostitution newspaper he produced in ...
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This chapter examines the relationship between the prostitute milieu and wider society. It begins with the example of citizen vigilante Hermann Abel and the anti‐prostitution newspaper he produced in Hamburg in the 1920s, before moving to other popular responses to prostitution during the period. It explores the differences in motivation and scope between different types of complaints about prostitution. What, in relation to the sex trade, did different individual and groups complain about and why? What caused citizens to choose one particular mechanism of complaint over another? What factors predisposed some citizens to be more likely to make a complaint than others? Why might some citizens not have complained at all?Less
This chapter examines the relationship between the prostitute milieu and wider society. It begins with the example of citizen vigilante Hermann Abel and the anti‐prostitution newspaper he produced in Hamburg in the 1920s, before moving to other popular responses to prostitution during the period. It explores the differences in motivation and scope between different types of complaints about prostitution. What, in relation to the sex trade, did different individual and groups complain about and why? What caused citizens to choose one particular mechanism of complaint over another? What factors predisposed some citizens to be more likely to make a complaint than others? Why might some citizens not have complained at all?
Hans G. Kippenberg
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195394337
- eISBN:
- 9780199777358
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195394337.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
Kippenberg explores the differing contexts within which Joachim Wach’s thought has been situated: those of Max Weber and the George Circle. Kippenberg demonstrates the ambiguous relationship of Wach ...
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Kippenberg explores the differing contexts within which Joachim Wach’s thought has been situated: those of Max Weber and the George Circle. Kippenberg demonstrates the ambiguous relationship of Wach and his thinking on religion and culture to these two intellectual circles in early twentieth-century Germany. He further demonstrates that an essay on Stefan George included in a posthumously published collection of Wach’s essays was in fact the translation of a Dutch eulogy penned by Gerardus van der Leeuw.Less
Kippenberg explores the differing contexts within which Joachim Wach’s thought has been situated: those of Max Weber and the George Circle. Kippenberg demonstrates the ambiguous relationship of Wach and his thinking on religion and culture to these two intellectual circles in early twentieth-century Germany. He further demonstrates that an essay on Stefan George included in a posthumously published collection of Wach’s essays was in fact the translation of a Dutch eulogy penned by Gerardus van der Leeuw.
Brian Lugioyo
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195387360
- eISBN:
- 9780199866663
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195387360.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
Chapter 1 introduces the book’s main argument that Bucer’s doctrine of justification is consistent through the period of the religious colloquies of Leipzig, Hagenau, Worms, and Regensburg. This ...
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Chapter 1 introduces the book’s main argument that Bucer’s doctrine of justification is consistent through the period of the religious colloquies of Leipzig, Hagenau, Worms, and Regensburg. This chapter also provides a brief survey of the main trends in Bucer research.Less
Chapter 1 introduces the book’s main argument that Bucer’s doctrine of justification is consistent through the period of the religious colloquies of Leipzig, Hagenau, Worms, and Regensburg. This chapter also provides a brief survey of the main trends in Bucer research.
Brian Lugioyo
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195387360
- eISBN:
- 9780199866663
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195387360.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
Chapter 5 examines the agreement reached at the Colloquy of Regensburg (1541) on justification (including the evaluation of formulations on the doctrine of justification from important preceding ...
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Chapter 5 examines the agreement reached at the Colloquy of Regensburg (1541) on justification (including the evaluation of formulations on the doctrine of justification from important preceding colloquies and conferences). This chapter argues that Bucer believed that the evangelical understanding of justification was present in the formulations from Leipzig (1539), Worms (1540–1541), and Regensburg (1541) and that they are compatible with Bucer’s earlier view found in the Romans Commentary. For Bucer reform could not be achieved at the expense of the truth of justification as he understood it.Less
Chapter 5 examines the agreement reached at the Colloquy of Regensburg (1541) on justification (including the evaluation of formulations on the doctrine of justification from important preceding colloquies and conferences). This chapter argues that Bucer believed that the evangelical understanding of justification was present in the formulations from Leipzig (1539), Worms (1540–1541), and Regensburg (1541) and that they are compatible with Bucer’s earlier view found in the Romans Commentary. For Bucer reform could not be achieved at the expense of the truth of justification as he understood it.
Wendy S. Mercer
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263884
- eISBN:
- 9780191734830
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263884.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
Marmier spent some two years in the German-speaking world, with Leipzig as his base, returning only briefly to France in the intervening period. Immersing himself in the language and culture of these ...
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Marmier spent some two years in the German-speaking world, with Leipzig as his base, returning only briefly to France in the intervening period. Immersing himself in the language and culture of these countries, Marmier met a number of the great literary figures of the day including Tieck, Schwab, Uhland, the brothers Grimm, Chamisso, Holtei, and many others. The publications resulting from his work here established his reputation as an exceptional linguist, travel writer, literary critic, and translator. However, it was Marmier's work on Goethe which really sealed his reputation as a literary critic in France. In retrospect, this chapter argues that he must be viewed as the most influential figure in Franco-German literary relations of the era.Less
Marmier spent some two years in the German-speaking world, with Leipzig as his base, returning only briefly to France in the intervening period. Immersing himself in the language and culture of these countries, Marmier met a number of the great literary figures of the day including Tieck, Schwab, Uhland, the brothers Grimm, Chamisso, Holtei, and many others. The publications resulting from his work here established his reputation as an exceptional linguist, travel writer, literary critic, and translator. However, it was Marmier's work on Goethe which really sealed his reputation as a literary critic in France. In retrospect, this chapter argues that he must be viewed as the most influential figure in Franco-German literary relations of the era.
David Manning
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195182392
- eISBN:
- 9780199851485
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195182392.003.0029
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
There are at present very few musicians who think that Johann Sebastian Bach is merely learned, or that learning and emotion cannot go hand in hand. Nevertheless, even now, the whole nature of Bach's ...
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There are at present very few musicians who think that Johann Sebastian Bach is merely learned, or that learning and emotion cannot go hand in hand. Nevertheless, even now, the whole nature of Bach's work is often misunderstood. However, it cannot be mere coincidence that Bach's music, which had so long lain dormant, underwent such a revival in the time of Robert Schumann. It was, in truth, at once the symbol and the proof of the close bond of unity which existed between the Leipzig schools of the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries—a unity not of form only, but of spirit also; so that when Schumann acknowledged his indebtedness to Bach, he was not simply naming his counterpoint master, but was indicating the true founder of the romantic school. It would be a poor argument to claim Bach as the inventor of musical romanticism merely on the grounds that Schumann admired him.Less
There are at present very few musicians who think that Johann Sebastian Bach is merely learned, or that learning and emotion cannot go hand in hand. Nevertheless, even now, the whole nature of Bach's work is often misunderstood. However, it cannot be mere coincidence that Bach's music, which had so long lain dormant, underwent such a revival in the time of Robert Schumann. It was, in truth, at once the symbol and the proof of the close bond of unity which existed between the Leipzig schools of the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries—a unity not of form only, but of spirit also; so that when Schumann acknowledged his indebtedness to Bach, he was not simply naming his counterpoint master, but was indicating the true founder of the romantic school. It would be a poor argument to claim Bach as the inventor of musical romanticism merely on the grounds that Schumann admired him.
Frederick C. Beiser
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199573011
- eISBN:
- 9780191722202
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199573011.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Aesthetics, History of Philosophy
This chapter focuses on one of the most famous episodes in German cultural history in the early 18th century: Gottsched's bitter quarrel with the Swiss aestheticians J. J. Bodmer and J. J. ...
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This chapter focuses on one of the most famous episodes in German cultural history in the early 18th century: Gottsched's bitter quarrel with the Swiss aestheticians J. J. Bodmer and J. J. Breitinger. This dispute officially began in 1740, though there were preliminary skirmishes dating back to the 1720s. Its epicenters were Leipzig and Zurich, but it eventually spread to every corner of Germany. Gottsched and the Swiss had armies of supporters, and everyone became either a Gottschedianer or a Schweizer. For ten years the dispute raged, giving birth to treatises, satires, poems, plays, and even whole journals. The basic issue dividing Gottsched and the Swiss concerns the nature of aesthetic pleasure itself. True to the Wolffian tradition, Gottsched defends a neo-classical aesthetic, according to which the sole object of aesthetic pleasure is beauty, which consists in order, regularity, or unity-in-variety. The Swiss, however, champion a proto-Romantic aesthetic, according to which there are other sources of aesthetic pleasure besides beauty; namely, the sublime and the wonderful, or, to use their own terms, the great (das Grosse) and the new (das Neue).Less
This chapter focuses on one of the most famous episodes in German cultural history in the early 18th century: Gottsched's bitter quarrel with the Swiss aestheticians J. J. Bodmer and J. J. Breitinger. This dispute officially began in 1740, though there were preliminary skirmishes dating back to the 1720s. Its epicenters were Leipzig and Zurich, but it eventually spread to every corner of Germany. Gottsched and the Swiss had armies of supporters, and everyone became either a Gottschedianer or a Schweizer. For ten years the dispute raged, giving birth to treatises, satires, poems, plays, and even whole journals. The basic issue dividing Gottsched and the Swiss concerns the nature of aesthetic pleasure itself. True to the Wolffian tradition, Gottsched defends a neo-classical aesthetic, according to which the sole object of aesthetic pleasure is beauty, which consists in order, regularity, or unity-in-variety. The Swiss, however, champion a proto-Romantic aesthetic, according to which there are other sources of aesthetic pleasure besides beauty; namely, the sublime and the wonderful, or, to use their own terms, the great (das Grosse) and the new (das Neue).
Cecilia A. Hatt (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198270119
- eISBN:
- 9780191600609
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198270119.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Literature
The texts are given of two anti‐Lutheran sermons, the “sermon against the pernicious doctrine of Martin Luther” preached in 1521 and a “sermon concerning certain heretics” of 1526. An introduction ...
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The texts are given of two anti‐Lutheran sermons, the “sermon against the pernicious doctrine of Martin Luther” preached in 1521 and a “sermon concerning certain heretics” of 1526. An introduction explains the controversial background, of the search in England for heretical writings and the Leipzig disputation in the case of the first and the history of Robert Barnes in the second. There is a discussion of William Tyndale's reaction to the earlier sermon. A commentary to each sermon explains references to Luther's writings and to the patristic and other sources cited by Fisher.Less
The texts are given of two anti‐Lutheran sermons, the “sermon against the pernicious doctrine of Martin Luther” preached in 1521 and a “sermon concerning certain heretics” of 1526. An introduction explains the controversial background, of the search in England for heretical writings and the Leipzig disputation in the case of the first and the history of Robert Barnes in the second. There is a discussion of William Tyndale's reaction to the earlier sermon. A commentary to each sermon explains references to Luther's writings and to the patristic and other sources cited by Fisher.
David C. Steinmetz
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195130485
- eISBN:
- 9780199869008
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195130480.003.0009
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
Andreas Osiander was one of the leading figures in the establishment of the Lutheran Reformation in the city of Nuremberg, though he left during the Leipzig Interim to move first to Breslau and ...
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Andreas Osiander was one of the leading figures in the establishment of the Lutheran Reformation in the city of Nuremberg, though he left during the Leipzig Interim to move first to Breslau and finally to Königsberg in East Prussia. He is best known for his attack on Melanchthon's understanding of forensic justification and his acceptance of a supralapsarian Christology. Justification rested in Osiander's view on union with Christ and the actual transformation of the believer that occurs through such a union.Less
Andreas Osiander was one of the leading figures in the establishment of the Lutheran Reformation in the city of Nuremberg, though he left during the Leipzig Interim to move first to Breslau and finally to Königsberg in East Prussia. He is best known for his attack on Melanchthon's understanding of forensic justification and his acceptance of a supralapsarian Christology. Justification rested in Osiander's view on union with Christ and the actual transformation of the believer that occurs through such a union.
Ann Moss
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199249879
- eISBN:
- 9780191697838
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199249879.003.0006
- Subject:
- Literature, 16th-century and Renaissance Literature
This chapter discusses other intellectual exchanges of logic and theology in Leipzig, which was one of the two most significant university communities during the Renaissance. Leipzig was described as ...
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This chapter discusses other intellectual exchanges of logic and theology in Leipzig, which was one of the two most significant university communities during the Renaissance. Leipzig was described as being more on the edge of things, and endured a rapid transformation during the first quarter of the 16th century. An examination of St. Ann and her respective cult provides a detailed description of the events that show some facets of the Latin language divide that was occurring in Germany during that time.Less
This chapter discusses other intellectual exchanges of logic and theology in Leipzig, which was one of the two most significant university communities during the Renaissance. Leipzig was described as being more on the edge of things, and endured a rapid transformation during the first quarter of the 16th century. An examination of St. Ann and her respective cult provides a detailed description of the events that show some facets of the Latin language divide that was occurring in Germany during that time.
Jonathan I. Israel
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206088
- eISBN:
- 9780191676970
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206088.003.0034
- Subject:
- History, History of Ideas, European Modern History
As in France and England, it was specifically in the 1670s that academics, theologians, and philosophers in Germany first became seriously alarmed by what was perceived as a sudden, powerful upsurge ...
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As in France and England, it was specifically in the 1670s that academics, theologians, and philosophers in Germany first became seriously alarmed by what was perceived as a sudden, powerful upsurge of philosophical sedition against authority, tradition, and revealed religion. This intellectual rebellion powered by philosophy was diversely classified as ‘Naturalismus’, ‘Deisterey’ (deism), ‘Freydenkerey’ (freethinking), and ‘Indifferentisterey’, but these names all refer to the same disturbing phenomenon. Various books and writers were denounced but, invariably, much the fiercest outcry was in reaction to Spinoza's Tractatus Theologico-Politicus, copies of which arrived in Leipzig, the chief book distribution centre of northern Germany, immediately following the work's clandestine publication in Amsterdam, early in 1670.Less
As in France and England, it was specifically in the 1670s that academics, theologians, and philosophers in Germany first became seriously alarmed by what was perceived as a sudden, powerful upsurge of philosophical sedition against authority, tradition, and revealed religion. This intellectual rebellion powered by philosophy was diversely classified as ‘Naturalismus’, ‘Deisterey’ (deism), ‘Freydenkerey’ (freethinking), and ‘Indifferentisterey’, but these names all refer to the same disturbing phenomenon. Various books and writers were denounced but, invariably, much the fiercest outcry was in reaction to Spinoza's Tractatus Theologico-Politicus, copies of which arrived in Leipzig, the chief book distribution centre of northern Germany, immediately following the work's clandestine publication in Amsterdam, early in 1670.
Mary Oleskiewicz (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780252041488
- eISBN:
- 9780252050084
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5622/illinois/9780252041488.001.0001
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
This volume investigates topics surrounding Johann Sebastian Bach and his five musically gifted sons. Robert Marshall takes on a deeply psychological perspective by examining how each of the Bach ...
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This volume investigates topics surrounding Johann Sebastian Bach and his five musically gifted sons. Robert Marshall takes on a deeply psychological perspective by examining how each of the Bach sons personally dealt with Sebastian’s imposing legacy. Mary Oleskiewicz investigates the Bach family’s connections to historical keyboard instruments and musical venues at the Prussian court of Frederick “the Great.” David Schulenberg argues that Emanuel Bach’s most significant contribution to European music is the large and diverse body of keyboard music he composed for harpsichord, fortepiano, organ and the clavichord. Evan Cortens’s chapter takes a detailed view of Emanuel Bach’s singers, vocal performance materials, and pay records in Hamburg and concludes that, as in most other parts of Germany at that time, one singer per part was the norm for Emanuel’s liturgical music after 1767. Finally, Christine Blanken’s essay continues research into Breitkopf’s publishing firm. Her discovery of unknown manuscripts by several members of the Bach family demonstrates much about what we can still learn about musical transmission, performance practice, and concert life in Bach’s Leipzig.Less
This volume investigates topics surrounding Johann Sebastian Bach and his five musically gifted sons. Robert Marshall takes on a deeply psychological perspective by examining how each of the Bach sons personally dealt with Sebastian’s imposing legacy. Mary Oleskiewicz investigates the Bach family’s connections to historical keyboard instruments and musical venues at the Prussian court of Frederick “the Great.” David Schulenberg argues that Emanuel Bach’s most significant contribution to European music is the large and diverse body of keyboard music he composed for harpsichord, fortepiano, organ and the clavichord. Evan Cortens’s chapter takes a detailed view of Emanuel Bach’s singers, vocal performance materials, and pay records in Hamburg and concludes that, as in most other parts of Germany at that time, one singer per part was the norm for Emanuel’s liturgical music after 1767. Finally, Christine Blanken’s essay continues research into Breitkopf’s publishing firm. Her discovery of unknown manuscripts by several members of the Bach family demonstrates much about what we can still learn about musical transmission, performance practice, and concert life in Bach’s Leipzig.
Matthew Dirst (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- April 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780252040191
- eISBN:
- 9780252098413
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5406/illinois/9780252040191.001.0001
- Subject:
- Music, Theory, Analysis, Composition
A publication of the American Bach Society, this book pioneers new areas of research into the life, times, and music of the master composer. This volume is a collection of groundbreaking essays ...
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A publication of the American Bach Society, this book pioneers new areas of research into the life, times, and music of the master composer. This volume is a collection of groundbreaking essays exploring various aspects of Johann Sebastian Bach's organ-related activities. Bach's report on Johann Scheibe's organ at St. Paul's Church in Leipzig is reconsidered. The likely provenance and purpose of a collection of chorale harmonizations copied in Dresden is clarified. The ways various independent trio movements served Bach as an artist and teacher is investigated. The origins of concerted Bach cantata movements are sought, spotlighting the organ and proposing family trees of both parent works and offspring. Finally, the book provides a broad cultural frame for such pieces and notes how their components engage in a larger discourse about the German Baroque organ's intimation of Heaven. The book provides an eighteenth-century context for Johann Sebastian Bach's cantatas with obbligato organ by showing how their various components engage in a larger discourse about the German Baroque organ: namely, its intimation of Heaven.Less
A publication of the American Bach Society, this book pioneers new areas of research into the life, times, and music of the master composer. This volume is a collection of groundbreaking essays exploring various aspects of Johann Sebastian Bach's organ-related activities. Bach's report on Johann Scheibe's organ at St. Paul's Church in Leipzig is reconsidered. The likely provenance and purpose of a collection of chorale harmonizations copied in Dresden is clarified. The ways various independent trio movements served Bach as an artist and teacher is investigated. The origins of concerted Bach cantata movements are sought, spotlighting the organ and proposing family trees of both parent works and offspring. Finally, the book provides a broad cultural frame for such pieces and notes how their components engage in a larger discourse about the German Baroque organ's intimation of Heaven. The book provides an eighteenth-century context for Johann Sebastian Bach's cantatas with obbligato organ by showing how their various components engage in a larger discourse about the German Baroque organ: namely, its intimation of Heaven.
Sharon Erickson Nepstad
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199778201
- eISBN:
- 9780199897216
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199778201.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Politics, Social Movements and Social Change
This chapter focuses on the 1989 East German uprising. East Germans found that shifting international dynamics—linked to Gorbachev’s perestroika and glasnost policies and Hungary’s decision to open ...
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This chapter focuses on the 1989 East German uprising. East Germans found that shifting international dynamics—linked to Gorbachev’s perestroika and glasnost policies and Hungary’s decision to open its border—enabled them to mobilize. As tens of thousands of East Germans emigrated through Hungary, a labor shortage and an economic crisis developed. When state officials stopped emigration, citizens expressed opposition to regime policies through demonstrations, which were initially tied to Protestant churches’ peace prayer services. As demonstrations expanded, regime leaders tried to repress the movement. But troops defied orders and many deserted, since protesters’ nonviolent demeanor made it difficult to justify the use of force. Hence security force defections, combined with the loss of emigrants’ labor skills, paralyzed the regime. Subsequently, the Berlin Wall fell, and the East German state was dismantled.Less
This chapter focuses on the 1989 East German uprising. East Germans found that shifting international dynamics—linked to Gorbachev’s perestroika and glasnost policies and Hungary’s decision to open its border—enabled them to mobilize. As tens of thousands of East Germans emigrated through Hungary, a labor shortage and an economic crisis developed. When state officials stopped emigration, citizens expressed opposition to regime policies through demonstrations, which were initially tied to Protestant churches’ peace prayer services. As demonstrations expanded, regime leaders tried to repress the movement. But troops defied orders and many deserted, since protesters’ nonviolent demeanor made it difficult to justify the use of force. Hence security force defections, combined with the loss of emigrants’ labor skills, paralyzed the regime. Subsequently, the Berlin Wall fell, and the East German state was dismantled.
Russell Stinson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195171099
- eISBN:
- 9780199865239
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195171099.003.0002
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
This chapter begins by discussing Mendelssohn's early years in Berlin and how Bach influenced his musical compositions. It also tells of his great trip when he visited Austria, Italy, Switzerland, ...
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This chapter begins by discussing Mendelssohn's early years in Berlin and how Bach influenced his musical compositions. It also tells of his great trip when he visited Austria, Italy, Switzerland, France, and England, and how his reputation spread across Europe. It discusses that in composing his approximately thirty organ works, he routinely took Bach's organ music as his model. It presents evidence that he performed Bach's organ compositions his whole life, both as an organist and as a pianist. It adds that Mendelssohn edited Bach's organ works for publication, most of which had never before appeared in print. It demonstrates that Mendelssohn promoted Bach's organ music as a performer, scholar, and ambassador-at-large. It shows that Mendelssohn aided in bringing this historical repertory into the mainstream of musical life in the early 19th century. This chapter demonstrates that even in Mendelssohn's latter years, he still continued to champion Bach's organ works.Less
This chapter begins by discussing Mendelssohn's early years in Berlin and how Bach influenced his musical compositions. It also tells of his great trip when he visited Austria, Italy, Switzerland, France, and England, and how his reputation spread across Europe. It discusses that in composing his approximately thirty organ works, he routinely took Bach's organ music as his model. It presents evidence that he performed Bach's organ compositions his whole life, both as an organist and as a pianist. It adds that Mendelssohn edited Bach's organ works for publication, most of which had never before appeared in print. It demonstrates that Mendelssohn promoted Bach's organ music as a performer, scholar, and ambassador-at-large. It shows that Mendelssohn aided in bringing this historical repertory into the mainstream of musical life in the early 19th century. This chapter demonstrates that even in Mendelssohn's latter years, he still continued to champion Bach's organ works.
Russell Stinson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195171099
- eISBN:
- 9780199865239
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195171099.003.0003
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
This chapter begins by discussing how Schumann was introduced to Bach's organ works probably by his childhood teacher. It primarily tells of Schumann's admiration of Bach. It notes that he regarded ...
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This chapter begins by discussing how Schumann was introduced to Bach's organ works probably by his childhood teacher. It primarily tells of Schumann's admiration of Bach. It notes that he regarded Bach as the greatest of all composers. It narrates that due to several illness, Schumann decided to leave Leipzig, give up the NeueZeitschrift für Musik, and move his family to Dresden. It discusses that Schumann modelled several of his own compositions after organ works of Bach using the organ as his medium for composition. It adds that in the context of the 19th-century Bach revival, nonetheless, Schumann made his greatest contribution as editor for the NeueZeitschrift für Musik, a periodical that regularly reviewed performances and editions of organ works by Bach—and where Schumann himself published a half-dozen of them. This chapter also examines Mendelssohn's influence on Schumann regarding his admiration of Bach.Less
This chapter begins by discussing how Schumann was introduced to Bach's organ works probably by his childhood teacher. It primarily tells of Schumann's admiration of Bach. It notes that he regarded Bach as the greatest of all composers. It narrates that due to several illness, Schumann decided to leave Leipzig, give up the NeueZeitschrift für Musik, and move his family to Dresden. It discusses that Schumann modelled several of his own compositions after organ works of Bach using the organ as his medium for composition. It adds that in the context of the 19th-century Bach revival, nonetheless, Schumann made his greatest contribution as editor for the NeueZeitschrift für Musik, a periodical that regularly reviewed performances and editions of organ works by Bach—and where Schumann himself published a half-dozen of them. This chapter also examines Mendelssohn's influence on Schumann regarding his admiration of Bach.
