John Batchelor (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198182894
- eISBN:
- 9780191673917
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198182894.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
Is literary biography so widely read for popular, ‘prurient’ reasons, or for ‘reputable’ intellectual reasons? Is it of interest only in so far as it illuminates a writer's work? How much can we know ...
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Is literary biography so widely read for popular, ‘prurient’ reasons, or for ‘reputable’ intellectual reasons? Is it of interest only in so far as it illuminates a writer's work? How much can we know about a life, such as Shakespeare's, where the documentation is so scanty? In this revealing new work seventeen leading critics and professional biographers discuss a broad range of issues, including the relationships between biography and autobiography, the problems genre poses, and the literary biographer at work, together with authors, such as Woolf, D. H. Lawrence, Huxley, Conrad, and Rochester.Less
Is literary biography so widely read for popular, ‘prurient’ reasons, or for ‘reputable’ intellectual reasons? Is it of interest only in so far as it illuminates a writer's work? How much can we know about a life, such as Shakespeare's, where the documentation is so scanty? In this revealing new work seventeen leading critics and professional biographers discuss a broad range of issues, including the relationships between biography and autobiography, the problems genre poses, and the literary biographer at work, together with authors, such as Woolf, D. H. Lawrence, Huxley, Conrad, and Rochester.
Amit Chaudhuri and Tom Paulin
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199260522
- eISBN:
- 9780191698668
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199260522.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century Literature and Modernism
This study explores D. H. Lawrence's position as a ‘foreigner’ in the English canon. Focussing on poetry, the book examines how Lawrence's works, and Lawrence himself, have been read, and misread, in ...
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This study explores D. H. Lawrence's position as a ‘foreigner’ in the English canon. Focussing on poetry, the book examines how Lawrence's works, and Lawrence himself, have been read, and misread, in terms of their ‘difference.’ In contrast to the Leavisite project of placing Lawrence in the English ‘great tradition,’ this study demonstrates how Lawrence's writing brings into question the notion of ‘Englishness’ itself. It also shows how Lawrence's aesthetic set him apart radically from both his Modernist contemporaries and his Romantic forbears. The starting-point of this enquiry into Lawrentian ‘difference’ is, for the purposes of this study, the poetry, its stylistic features, the ways in which it has been read, and, importantly, it involves a search for a critical language by which the poetry, and its ‘difference’, might be addressed. In doing so, this book takes recourse to Jacques Derrida's notions of ‘grammatology’ and ‘ecriture’, and Michel Foucault's notion of ‘discourse’. Referring to Lawrence's travel writings about Mexico and Italy, his essays on European and Etruscan art, on Mexican marketplaces and rituals, and American literature, and especially to his poetic manifesto, ‘The Poetry of the Present,’ this book shows how Lawrence was working towards both a theory and a practice that critiqued the post-Enlightenment unitary European self. The book also, radically, allows a post-colonial identity to inform the reading of the poetry, and to let the poems enter into a conversation with that identity.Less
This study explores D. H. Lawrence's position as a ‘foreigner’ in the English canon. Focussing on poetry, the book examines how Lawrence's works, and Lawrence himself, have been read, and misread, in terms of their ‘difference.’ In contrast to the Leavisite project of placing Lawrence in the English ‘great tradition,’ this study demonstrates how Lawrence's writing brings into question the notion of ‘Englishness’ itself. It also shows how Lawrence's aesthetic set him apart radically from both his Modernist contemporaries and his Romantic forbears. The starting-point of this enquiry into Lawrentian ‘difference’ is, for the purposes of this study, the poetry, its stylistic features, the ways in which it has been read, and, importantly, it involves a search for a critical language by which the poetry, and its ‘difference’, might be addressed. In doing so, this book takes recourse to Jacques Derrida's notions of ‘grammatology’ and ‘ecriture’, and Michel Foucault's notion of ‘discourse’. Referring to Lawrence's travel writings about Mexico and Italy, his essays on European and Etruscan art, on Mexican marketplaces and rituals, and American literature, and especially to his poetic manifesto, ‘The Poetry of the Present,’ this book shows how Lawrence was working towards both a theory and a practice that critiqued the post-Enlightenment unitary European self. The book also, radically, allows a post-colonial identity to inform the reading of the poetry, and to let the poems enter into a conversation with that identity.
Max H. Boisot, Ian C. MacMillan, and Kyeong Seok Han
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199250875
- eISBN:
- 9780191719509
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199250875.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management
With the growth of the information economy, the proportion of knowledge-intensive goods to total goods is constantly increasing. Lawrence Lessig has argued that IPRs have now become too favourable to ...
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With the growth of the information economy, the proportion of knowledge-intensive goods to total goods is constantly increasing. Lawrence Lessig has argued that IPRs have now become too favourable to existing producers and that their ‘winner-take-all’ characteristics are constraining the creators of tomorrow. This chapter looks at how variations in IPRs regimes might affect the creation and social cost of new knowledge in economic systems. Drawing on a conceptual framework, the Information Space or I-Space, to explore how the uncontrollable diffusibility of knowledge relates to its degree of structure, this chapter deploys an agent-based modelling approach to the issue of IPRs. It takes the ability to control the diffusibility of knowledge as a proxy measure for an ability to establish property rights in such knowledge. Second, it takes the rate of obsolescence of knowledge as a proxy measure for the degree of turbulence induced by different regimes of technical change. Then, it simulates the quantity and cost to society of new knowledge under different property right regimes.Less
With the growth of the information economy, the proportion of knowledge-intensive goods to total goods is constantly increasing. Lawrence Lessig has argued that IPRs have now become too favourable to existing producers and that their ‘winner-take-all’ characteristics are constraining the creators of tomorrow. This chapter looks at how variations in IPRs regimes might affect the creation and social cost of new knowledge in economic systems. Drawing on a conceptual framework, the Information Space or I-Space, to explore how the uncontrollable diffusibility of knowledge relates to its degree of structure, this chapter deploys an agent-based modelling approach to the issue of IPRs. It takes the ability to control the diffusibility of knowledge as a proxy measure for an ability to establish property rights in such knowledge. Second, it takes the rate of obsolescence of knowledge as a proxy measure for the degree of turbulence induced by different regimes of technical change. Then, it simulates the quantity and cost to society of new knowledge under different property right regimes.
Lorraine Code
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195159431
- eISBN:
- 9780199786411
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195159438.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Feminist Philosophy
This is the first of three chapters that develop the conception of subjectivity on which the book’s argument relies. It shows that the model of developmental psychology, originating with Jean Piaget ...
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This is the first of three chapters that develop the conception of subjectivity on which the book’s argument relies. It shows that the model of developmental psychology, originating with Jean Piaget and persisting in Lawrence Kohlberg’s stage theory of moral development, is embedded in assumptions about achieved rational mastery as the mark of moral and cognitive maturity. Not only does it overlook the part played by sociality and affect in child development, it pays scant attention to the constitutive role of situational factors — cultural, class, racial, gendered, sexual — in the production of human subjectivities. Taking as its point of departure Valerie Walkerdine’s critique of Piaget in The Mastery of Reason, and reading Walkerdine together with Ludwig Wittgenstein’s remarks about “the child”, the chapter argues for an approach to developmentality that is socially and ecologically aware in its conception of subjectivity, sociality, citizenship, and of knowledge as a power-saturated social institution.Less
This is the first of three chapters that develop the conception of subjectivity on which the book’s argument relies. It shows that the model of developmental psychology, originating with Jean Piaget and persisting in Lawrence Kohlberg’s stage theory of moral development, is embedded in assumptions about achieved rational mastery as the mark of moral and cognitive maturity. Not only does it overlook the part played by sociality and affect in child development, it pays scant attention to the constitutive role of situational factors — cultural, class, racial, gendered, sexual — in the production of human subjectivities. Taking as its point of departure Valerie Walkerdine’s critique of Piaget in The Mastery of Reason, and reading Walkerdine together with Ludwig Wittgenstein’s remarks about “the child”, the chapter argues for an approach to developmentality that is socially and ecologically aware in its conception of subjectivity, sociality, citizenship, and of knowledge as a power-saturated social institution.
Lawrence Sklar
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199251575
- eISBN:
- 9780191598449
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199251576.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
Sceptics have often cast doubt on the legitimacy of claims to the effect that our best scientific theories are true. One ground for such scepticism is the fact that our theories advert to the ...
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Sceptics have often cast doubt on the legitimacy of claims to the effect that our best scientific theories are true. One ground for such scepticism is the fact that our theories advert to the existence and nature of unobservable entities and features of the world. Another ground for such scepticism is the fact that our theories rest upon our idealization of the world in their descriptions and explanations. A third ground for scepticism is the claim that all of our theories are but transient. If we expect even our best theories to ultimately be replaced, how can we think of them as truly describing the world? Each kind of sceptical argument plays a role within the scientific project of theory construction and evaluation itself. But there are clear and important differences between the kinds of internal role such arguments play within science and the way that they function in the more abstract philosophical context.Less
Sceptics have often cast doubt on the legitimacy of claims to the effect that our best scientific theories are true. One ground for such scepticism is the fact that our theories advert to the existence and nature of unobservable entities and features of the world. Another ground for such scepticism is the fact that our theories rest upon our idealization of the world in their descriptions and explanations. A third ground for scepticism is the claim that all of our theories are but transient. If we expect even our best theories to ultimately be replaced, how can we think of them as truly describing the world? Each kind of sceptical argument plays a role within the scientific project of theory construction and evaluation itself. But there are clear and important differences between the kinds of internal role such arguments play within science and the way that they function in the more abstract philosophical context.
Randy E. Barnett
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691159737
- eISBN:
- 9781400848133
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691159737.003.0013
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This chapter examines the propriety of state laws under what is known as the “police powers” of the states. Unlike the enumerated powers of Congress, the powers of states are unwritten. This makes ...
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This chapter examines the propriety of state laws under what is known as the “police powers” of the states. Unlike the enumerated powers of Congress, the powers of states are unwritten. This makes determining their proper limits one of the most challenging and vexatious issues in constitutional theory. The chapter first considers the need to construe the propriety of state laws before discussing the police power of the states. It shows that these “police powers” are not inconsistent with the rights retained by the people. To the contrary, the protection of individual rights is at the core of a state's police power. A state may also justify its laws by showing that it is merely regulating liberty in a way that protects the rights of others. The chapter also cites the Supreme Court's decision in Lawrence v. Texas, which found the states' exercise of police power to be improper.Less
This chapter examines the propriety of state laws under what is known as the “police powers” of the states. Unlike the enumerated powers of Congress, the powers of states are unwritten. This makes determining their proper limits one of the most challenging and vexatious issues in constitutional theory. The chapter first considers the need to construe the propriety of state laws before discussing the police power of the states. It shows that these “police powers” are not inconsistent with the rights retained by the people. To the contrary, the protection of individual rights is at the core of a state's police power. A state may also justify its laws by showing that it is merely regulating liberty in a way that protects the rights of others. The chapter also cites the Supreme Court's decision in Lawrence v. Texas, which found the states' exercise of police power to be improper.
Witham Larry
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195394757
- eISBN:
- 9780199777372
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195394757.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
The modern “economics of religion” has roots in the thought of Adam Smith, but emerged in modern form when social scientists interested in religion adapted the ideas of George Homans (exchange ...
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The modern “economics of religion” has roots in the thought of Adam Smith, but emerged in modern form when social scientists interested in religion adapted the ideas of George Homans (exchange theory) and Gary Becker (microeconomics) to religion. The basic approach applies a theory of behavior to religious data, which since the 1950s had grown by way of public surveys on religious belief and behavior. Many of the early case studies involved economic models for revivals, “new religions,” and membership declines in mainstream churches. The approach began to grow after the 1970s. It is now associated with its leading thinkers in sociology, Rodney Stark and Roger Finke, and its chief proponent in economics, Lawrence R. Iannaccone. The economic approach is expanding to look at international religion, such as Islam, the politics of religious liberty, and the study of terrorist groups with religious backgrounds.Less
The modern “economics of religion” has roots in the thought of Adam Smith, but emerged in modern form when social scientists interested in religion adapted the ideas of George Homans (exchange theory) and Gary Becker (microeconomics) to religion. The basic approach applies a theory of behavior to religious data, which since the 1950s had grown by way of public surveys on religious belief and behavior. Many of the early case studies involved economic models for revivals, “new religions,” and membership declines in mainstream churches. The approach began to grow after the 1970s. It is now associated with its leading thinkers in sociology, Rodney Stark and Roger Finke, and its chief proponent in economics, Lawrence R. Iannaccone. The economic approach is expanding to look at international religion, such as Islam, the politics of religious liberty, and the study of terrorist groups with religious backgrounds.
Kevin Korsyn
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195104547
- eISBN:
- 9780199868988
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195104547.003.0005
- Subject:
- Music, Theory, Analysis, Composition
This chapter explores how disciplinary identities emerge through so-called narratives of disciplinary legitimation. It focuses on six authors whose work seems to provide imaginative solutions to the ...
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This chapter explores how disciplinary identities emerge through so-called narratives of disciplinary legitimation. It focuses on six authors whose work seems to provide imaginative solutions to the problems of disciplinary identity: Lawrence Kramer, Kay Kaufman Shelemay, Manuel Peña, Nicholas Cook, Joseph Kerman, and Kofi Agawu. The cultural dilemmas to which they respond are examined. If the musicological subject is split, then its discourse is also divided; the narrative level may contradict the explicit assertions in the text. By exploding the narrative closure of these texts, we can open discourse to the strategic exclusions that make closure possible.Less
This chapter explores how disciplinary identities emerge through so-called narratives of disciplinary legitimation. It focuses on six authors whose work seems to provide imaginative solutions to the problems of disciplinary identity: Lawrence Kramer, Kay Kaufman Shelemay, Manuel Peña, Nicholas Cook, Joseph Kerman, and Kofi Agawu. The cultural dilemmas to which they respond are examined. If the musicological subject is split, then its discourse is also divided; the narrative level may contradict the explicit assertions in the text. By exploding the narrative closure of these texts, we can open discourse to the strategic exclusions that make closure possible.
Douglas S. Massey, Len Albright, Rebecca Casciano, Elizabeth Derickson, and David N. Kinsey
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780691196138
- eISBN:
- 9781400846047
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691196138.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Economic Sociology
Under the New Jersey State Constitution as interpreted by the State Supreme Court in 1975 and 1983, municipalities are required to use their zoning authority to create realistic opportunities for a ...
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Under the New Jersey State Constitution as interpreted by the State Supreme Court in 1975 and 1983, municipalities are required to use their zoning authority to create realistic opportunities for a fair share of affordable housing for low- and moderate-income households. Mount Laurel was the town at the center of the court decisions. As a result, Mount Laurel has become synonymous with the debate over affordable housing policy designed to create economically integrated communities. What was the impact of the Mount Laurel decision on those most affected by it? What does the case tell us about economic inequality? This book undertakes a systematic evaluation of the Ethel Lawrence Homes—a housing development produced as a result of the Mount Laurel decision. The book assesses the consequences for the surrounding neighborhoods and their inhabitants, the township of Mount Laurel, and the residents of the Ethel Lawrence Homes. Their analysis reveals what social scientists call neighborhood effects—the notion that neighborhoods can shape the life trajectories of their inhabitants. The book proves that the building of affordable housing projects is an efficacious, cost-effective approach to integration and improving the lives of the poor, with reasonable cost and no drawbacks for the community at large.Less
Under the New Jersey State Constitution as interpreted by the State Supreme Court in 1975 and 1983, municipalities are required to use their zoning authority to create realistic opportunities for a fair share of affordable housing for low- and moderate-income households. Mount Laurel was the town at the center of the court decisions. As a result, Mount Laurel has become synonymous with the debate over affordable housing policy designed to create economically integrated communities. What was the impact of the Mount Laurel decision on those most affected by it? What does the case tell us about economic inequality? This book undertakes a systematic evaluation of the Ethel Lawrence Homes—a housing development produced as a result of the Mount Laurel decision. The book assesses the consequences for the surrounding neighborhoods and their inhabitants, the township of Mount Laurel, and the residents of the Ethel Lawrence Homes. Their analysis reveals what social scientists call neighborhood effects—the notion that neighborhoods can shape the life trajectories of their inhabitants. The book proves that the building of affordable housing projects is an efficacious, cost-effective approach to integration and improving the lives of the poor, with reasonable cost and no drawbacks for the community at large.
Richard Barrios
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195377347
- eISBN:
- 9780199864577
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195377347.003.0013
- Subject:
- Music, Popular
Filmed operettas were more prominent in the early sound era than they would ever be again. The first, The Desert Song, showed both the advantages and pitfalls of putting these works on film. Opera ...
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Filmed operettas were more prominent in the early sound era than they would ever be again. The first, The Desert Song, showed both the advantages and pitfalls of putting these works on film. Opera star Lawrence Tibbett scored with The Rogue Song, as did director Ernst Lubitsch with The Love Parade. Others could be pompous (The Vagabond King), trivial (The Lottery Bride), or horrendously racist (Golden Dawn). With Viennese Nights, Sigmund Romberg and Oscar Hammerstein II created a viable operetta especially for the screen, although not with financial success.Less
Filmed operettas were more prominent in the early sound era than they would ever be again. The first, The Desert Song, showed both the advantages and pitfalls of putting these works on film. Opera star Lawrence Tibbett scored with The Rogue Song, as did director Ernst Lubitsch with The Love Parade. Others could be pompous (The Vagabond King), trivial (The Lottery Bride), or horrendously racist (Golden Dawn). With Viennese Nights, Sigmund Romberg and Oscar Hammerstein II created a viable operetta especially for the screen, although not with financial success.
Mark Kinkead-Weekes
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263181
- eISBN:
- 9780191734595
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263181.003.0014
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
There could be different ways of writing biographies, just as there are different kinds of novels. Modern biographers who are sensitive to the trends in fiction and criticism may avoid the ...
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There could be different ways of writing biographies, just as there are different kinds of novels. Modern biographers who are sensitive to the trends in fiction and criticism may avoid the chronological approach, as it is often seen as old-fashioned. They may prefer a more subtle kind of structuring; for instance, Hermione Lee, who wrote Virginia Woolf's life, argued that there are several ways in which a ‘Life’ may begin apart from the start of the subject's birth. Likewise, Jean Sartre asserted the need to use an inverted chronology wherein regression should come first before progress can be properly grounded. This chapter discusses the chronological biography and, in particular, strict chronological biography. First, it examines D.H. Lawrence's biography, which is arranged and structured chronologically, and considers two biographies that are arranged in innovatory ways: Sartre's biography of Flaubert and Lee's narrative of Virginia Woolf. While Sartre and Lee's methods were interesting, the chronological approach, however old-fashioned, has positive aspects: it allows miming of the reader of how a life may have felt to live; throws emphasis on the experience of the biographee rather than commentary of the biographer; allows the reader to watch the life as it unfolds rather than having its significance anticipated; and delays verdicts until there has been sufficient exploration of the process and development.Less
There could be different ways of writing biographies, just as there are different kinds of novels. Modern biographers who are sensitive to the trends in fiction and criticism may avoid the chronological approach, as it is often seen as old-fashioned. They may prefer a more subtle kind of structuring; for instance, Hermione Lee, who wrote Virginia Woolf's life, argued that there are several ways in which a ‘Life’ may begin apart from the start of the subject's birth. Likewise, Jean Sartre asserted the need to use an inverted chronology wherein regression should come first before progress can be properly grounded. This chapter discusses the chronological biography and, in particular, strict chronological biography. First, it examines D.H. Lawrence's biography, which is arranged and structured chronologically, and considers two biographies that are arranged in innovatory ways: Sartre's biography of Flaubert and Lee's narrative of Virginia Woolf. While Sartre and Lee's methods were interesting, the chronological approach, however old-fashioned, has positive aspects: it allows miming of the reader of how a life may have felt to live; throws emphasis on the experience of the biographee rather than commentary of the biographer; allows the reader to watch the life as it unfolds rather than having its significance anticipated; and delays verdicts until there has been sufficient exploration of the process and development.
Max Saunders
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199579761
- eISBN:
- 9780191722882
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199579761.003.0011
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century Literature and Romanticism, 20th-century Literature and Modernism
This chapter asks whether the kind of reading offered in the previous chapter disarms the possibility of modernist satire, deflecting our attention from criticism to autobiography. It discusses two ...
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This chapter asks whether the kind of reading offered in the previous chapter disarms the possibility of modernist satire, deflecting our attention from criticism to autobiography. It discusses two less equivocally satirical modernists by way of counter‐arguments to this objection. Wyndham Lewis's Time and Western Man contains some of the most forceful modernist attacks on the auto/biographic; yet Lewis offers the book as itself a kind of intellectual self‐portrait. Conversely, Richard Aldington's Soft Answers is read as a portrait‐collection, adopting modernist parodies of auto/biography in order to satirize modernists such as Eliot and Pound. It argues that (as in the case of Pound, and according to the argument introduced in the Preface) not only can satire be auto/biography, but auto/biography can also be satire. Indeed, Pound was shown in Chapter 9 to be writing both in verse; and in the Chapter 11 Woolf is shown to do both in prose. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how the First World War transformed the crisis in life ‐ writing.Less
This chapter asks whether the kind of reading offered in the previous chapter disarms the possibility of modernist satire, deflecting our attention from criticism to autobiography. It discusses two less equivocally satirical modernists by way of counter‐arguments to this objection. Wyndham Lewis's Time and Western Man contains some of the most forceful modernist attacks on the auto/biographic; yet Lewis offers the book as itself a kind of intellectual self‐portrait. Conversely, Richard Aldington's Soft Answers is read as a portrait‐collection, adopting modernist parodies of auto/biography in order to satirize modernists such as Eliot and Pound. It argues that (as in the case of Pound, and according to the argument introduced in the Preface) not only can satire be auto/biography, but auto/biography can also be satire. Indeed, Pound was shown in Chapter 9 to be writing both in verse; and in the Chapter 11 Woolf is shown to do both in prose. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how the First World War transformed the crisis in life ‐ writing.
Priya Satia
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195331417
- eISBN:
- 9780199868070
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331417.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter describes the wartime application of the intuitive intelligence mode in new domains, including policing, colonial administration, and military tactics. The intelligence strategy morphed ...
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This chapter describes the wartime application of the intuitive intelligence mode in new domains, including policing, colonial administration, and military tactics. The intelligence strategy morphed from a means of gathering knowledge to a means of acquiring political control. As agents strove to fulfill their dreams of adventure in Arabia, they strayed into the realm of warfare, applying their expertise on Arab affairs to the use and theorization of irregular warfare, deception tactics, and airpower, all of which set the Middle East campaigns apart from the war of attrition in Europe. The official construction of Arabia as a “spy-space” where the expert agent knew how to meet cunning with cunning was central in the articulation of these tactics and underwrote the adoption of an avowedly conscienceless approach to involvement in the Middle East.Less
This chapter describes the wartime application of the intuitive intelligence mode in new domains, including policing, colonial administration, and military tactics. The intelligence strategy morphed from a means of gathering knowledge to a means of acquiring political control. As agents strove to fulfill their dreams of adventure in Arabia, they strayed into the realm of warfare, applying their expertise on Arab affairs to the use and theorization of irregular warfare, deception tactics, and airpower, all of which set the Middle East campaigns apart from the war of attrition in Europe. The official construction of Arabia as a “spy-space” where the expert agent knew how to meet cunning with cunning was central in the articulation of these tactics and underwrote the adoption of an avowedly conscienceless approach to involvement in the Middle East.
Priya Satia
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195331417
- eISBN:
- 9780199868070
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331417.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter describes the cultural legacy of the Middle Eastern campaigns. It argues that they offered the hope of some continuity with the past, undercutting the sense of total rupture produced by ...
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This chapter describes the cultural legacy of the Middle Eastern campaigns. It argues that they offered the hope of some continuity with the past, undercutting the sense of total rupture produced by the Western front. They offered a vision of a glamorous, biblical, Arabian‐Nights theater in which the old, adventurous, mobile sort of warfare still worked. The Kut disaster of the Mesopotamia campaign produced a redemptive vision of empire as a tool of colonial development. This helped package the new Middle East empire as a selfless endeavor in the increasingly anti‐imperialist postwar world. Central in the romantic image of these campaigns were the heroic figures that participated in them, including Lawrence, Gertrude Bell, and others, who acquired positions of enormous political and cultural influence after the war. Their celebrity was a product of an increasingly democratic public sphere fascinated with Arabia and struggling with changing notions of Englishness.Less
This chapter describes the cultural legacy of the Middle Eastern campaigns. It argues that they offered the hope of some continuity with the past, undercutting the sense of total rupture produced by the Western front. They offered a vision of a glamorous, biblical, Arabian‐Nights theater in which the old, adventurous, mobile sort of warfare still worked. The Kut disaster of the Mesopotamia campaign produced a redemptive vision of empire as a tool of colonial development. This helped package the new Middle East empire as a selfless endeavor in the increasingly anti‐imperialist postwar world. Central in the romantic image of these campaigns were the heroic figures that participated in them, including Lawrence, Gertrude Bell, and others, who acquired positions of enormous political and cultural influence after the war. Their celebrity was a product of an increasingly democratic public sphere fascinated with Arabia and struggling with changing notions of Englishness.
F. M. L. THOMPSON
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199243303
- eISBN:
- 9780191714047
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199243303.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter aims to measure the extent to which new men of wealth and their families became gentrified. Social or cultural gentrification can be intuitively and subjectively detected but cannot be ...
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This chapter aims to measure the extent to which new men of wealth and their families became gentrified. Social or cultural gentrification can be intuitively and subjectively detected but cannot be objectively verified and measured. Gentrification in the traditional sense of the acquisition of landed estates and country houses by new men and their families can, however, be tested and measured through evidence of landownership. The size and value of landed estate necessary for support of gentry status has been disputed, and analysis of contemporary social registers establishes that the landed gentry threshold could be as low as a four or five hundred acre estate yielding an income of around £500 a year. Investigation of every non-landed millionaire and half-millionaire businessman who died before 1914 establishes that 60 per cent of them had acquired landed estates, a further 20 per cent had landed descendants, and most of the remaining 20 per cent were childless and lacked the incentive to found a landed family. The flow of new money into land is shown to have continued at a reduced rate in the years since 1914. Moreover in a sample of over 700 less wealthy successful entrepreneurs one-third acquired landed estates, several of them leaving less than £50,000 in personalty. Thus there was a great deal more gentrification of businessmen, measured by the acquisition of landed estates, than in the works of the Stones and Rubinstein, while gentrification in the sense of full adoption of landed upper class lifestyles may have been a great deal less than implied by Martin Wiener.Less
This chapter aims to measure the extent to which new men of wealth and their families became gentrified. Social or cultural gentrification can be intuitively and subjectively detected but cannot be objectively verified and measured. Gentrification in the traditional sense of the acquisition of landed estates and country houses by new men and their families can, however, be tested and measured through evidence of landownership. The size and value of landed estate necessary for support of gentry status has been disputed, and analysis of contemporary social registers establishes that the landed gentry threshold could be as low as a four or five hundred acre estate yielding an income of around £500 a year. Investigation of every non-landed millionaire and half-millionaire businessman who died before 1914 establishes that 60 per cent of them had acquired landed estates, a further 20 per cent had landed descendants, and most of the remaining 20 per cent were childless and lacked the incentive to found a landed family. The flow of new money into land is shown to have continued at a reduced rate in the years since 1914. Moreover in a sample of over 700 less wealthy successful entrepreneurs one-third acquired landed estates, several of them leaving less than £50,000 in personalty. Thus there was a great deal more gentrification of businessmen, measured by the acquisition of landed estates, than in the works of the Stones and Rubinstein, while gentrification in the sense of full adoption of landed upper class lifestyles may have been a great deal less than implied by Martin Wiener.
F. M. L. THOMPSON
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199243303
- eISBN:
- 9780191714047
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199243303.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
Lawrence Stone believed he had proved that no more than minimal gentrification, in the strict sense of acquisition of country houses by new men of wealth, took place between 1540 and 1880. ...
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Lawrence Stone believed he had proved that no more than minimal gentrification, in the strict sense of acquisition of country houses by new men of wealth, took place between 1540 and 1880. Unfortunately this conclusion rested on an elementary error in interpretation of his statistics, which actually showed that one-third of the owners of his sample of country houses were businessmen-purchasers. Gentrification on this scale occurred during the years of commercial and industrial growth when Britain became ‘the first industrial nation’, and was regarded as evidence of entrepreneurial success, not failure. Between 1870 and 1914 the British economy was overtaken not only by the U.S.A. but also by Germany, and contemporaries seeking explanations for apparent economic decline blamed the managerial and technological conservatism of family firms, caused mainly by deficiencies in education, and never mentioning gentrification. Economic historians have established that the British economy has continued to grow, rather more strongly since 1870 than before, and that aside from the World Wars there have never been any periods of economic decline. The British economy performed better than most others in the interwar years, and in the strong economic recovery of 1945-60 criticism of performance was muted. In the 1960s and 1970s, however, the ‘British disease’ of poor performance, poor quality and outdated products, poor productivity and poor industrial relations appeared, and cultural explanations became fashionable. These included, with scant regard for consistency, ascribing responsibility to dominant ill-educated individuals, to the gentlemanly and anti-business values nurtured by public schools and universities, to the haemorrhage of talent caused by landed gentrification, to the dependency culture of the nanny state (welfare state), or to the pernicious effects of Keynesian economics. Projected in the influential writings of Martin Wiener and Corelli Barnett and translated into serious politics by Keith Joseph, such views rubbished the Victorian values of muscular Christianity and public service at precisely the same time as Margaret Thatcher embraced the Victorian values of thrift, self-help, and enterprise.Less
Lawrence Stone believed he had proved that no more than minimal gentrification, in the strict sense of acquisition of country houses by new men of wealth, took place between 1540 and 1880. Unfortunately this conclusion rested on an elementary error in interpretation of his statistics, which actually showed that one-third of the owners of his sample of country houses were businessmen-purchasers. Gentrification on this scale occurred during the years of commercial and industrial growth when Britain became ‘the first industrial nation’, and was regarded as evidence of entrepreneurial success, not failure. Between 1870 and 1914 the British economy was overtaken not only by the U.S.A. but also by Germany, and contemporaries seeking explanations for apparent economic decline blamed the managerial and technological conservatism of family firms, caused mainly by deficiencies in education, and never mentioning gentrification. Economic historians have established that the British economy has continued to grow, rather more strongly since 1870 than before, and that aside from the World Wars there have never been any periods of economic decline. The British economy performed better than most others in the interwar years, and in the strong economic recovery of 1945-60 criticism of performance was muted. In the 1960s and 1970s, however, the ‘British disease’ of poor performance, poor quality and outdated products, poor productivity and poor industrial relations appeared, and cultural explanations became fashionable. These included, with scant regard for consistency, ascribing responsibility to dominant ill-educated individuals, to the gentlemanly and anti-business values nurtured by public schools and universities, to the haemorrhage of talent caused by landed gentrification, to the dependency culture of the nanny state (welfare state), or to the pernicious effects of Keynesian economics. Projected in the influential writings of Martin Wiener and Corelli Barnett and translated into serious politics by Keith Joseph, such views rubbished the Victorian values of muscular Christianity and public service at precisely the same time as Margaret Thatcher embraced the Victorian values of thrift, self-help, and enterprise.
Steven J. Friesen
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195131536
- eISBN:
- 9780199834198
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195131533.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
Lays out a theoretical orientation that allows Friesen to compare the evidence for the imperial cult institutions of mainstream society with a visionary religious text like Revelation, which was ...
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Lays out a theoretical orientation that allows Friesen to compare the evidence for the imperial cult institutions of mainstream society with a visionary religious text like Revelation, which was produced by a marginal group in society. The chapter begins with a review of critiques of modernity found in the work of three scholars of religion – Mircea Eliade, Wilfred Cantwell Smith, and Charles Long. The chapter then draws on the comparative model of Lawrence E. Sullivan, which describes cosmogony, cosmology, human maturation, and eschatology as the four cornerstones of religious systems. This phenomenological method is amended by the incorporation of Edward Said's concept of contrapuntal interpretation of history and society.Less
Lays out a theoretical orientation that allows Friesen to compare the evidence for the imperial cult institutions of mainstream society with a visionary religious text like Revelation, which was produced by a marginal group in society. The chapter begins with a review of critiques of modernity found in the work of three scholars of religion – Mircea Eliade, Wilfred Cantwell Smith, and Charles Long. The chapter then draws on the comparative model of Lawrence E. Sullivan, which describes cosmogony, cosmology, human maturation, and eschatology as the four cornerstones of religious systems. This phenomenological method is amended by the incorporation of Edward Said's concept of contrapuntal interpretation of history and society.
Steven J. Friesen
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195131536
- eISBN:
- 9780199834198
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195131533.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
The four components of Lawrence E. Sullivan's comparative model allow us to summarize the role that imperial cults played in the polytheistic religious systems of Asia. Imperial cults had some ...
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The four components of Lawrence E. Sullivan's comparative model allow us to summarize the role that imperial cults played in the polytheistic religious systems of Asia. Imperial cults had some influence on cosmogony and human maturation. Their major contribution, however, was to cosmology. These cults articulated an imperialist elaboration of Greco‐Roman religious life that made Roman rule seem normal, or at least inevitable. This strong commitment to the longevity of Roman imperialism resulted in an absurd eschatology, which could not represent an end to Roman rule. This fundamental flaw in the religion of imperial cults created the matrix within which Revelation's critique of Roman rule could take root.Less
The four components of Lawrence E. Sullivan's comparative model allow us to summarize the role that imperial cults played in the polytheistic religious systems of Asia. Imperial cults had some influence on cosmogony and human maturation. Their major contribution, however, was to cosmology. These cults articulated an imperialist elaboration of Greco‐Roman religious life that made Roman rule seem normal, or at least inevitable. This strong commitment to the longevity of Roman imperialism resulted in an absurd eschatology, which could not represent an end to Roman rule. This fundamental flaw in the religion of imperial cults created the matrix within which Revelation's critique of Roman rule could take root.
Norman Housley
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199552283
- eISBN:
- 9780191716515
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199552283.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
Circumstances caused the Czech lands from the 1420s through to the mid-1430s to become especially fertile territory for the practice of religious warfare and its interpretation. The followers of ...
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Circumstances caused the Czech lands from the 1420s through to the mid-1430s to become especially fertile territory for the practice of religious warfare and its interpretation. The followers of radical Tabor advocated the spreading of their beliefs through sanctified violence. Moderate Hussites argued for the defence of ‘God's Law’ by military force in terms of traditional just war discourse. Inevitably there was an interaction at the level of ideas between the Hussites' advocacy of armed action, and the series of crusades which were launched against them, though it is argued that in this respect the issue was more complex than simply challenge and response.Less
Circumstances caused the Czech lands from the 1420s through to the mid-1430s to become especially fertile territory for the practice of religious warfare and its interpretation. The followers of radical Tabor advocated the spreading of their beliefs through sanctified violence. Moderate Hussites argued for the defence of ‘God's Law’ by military force in terms of traditional just war discourse. Inevitably there was an interaction at the level of ideas between the Hussites' advocacy of armed action, and the series of crusades which were launched against them, though it is argued that in this respect the issue was more complex than simply challenge and response.
Robert Wyatt and John Andrew Johnson
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195327113
- eISBN:
- 9780199851249
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195327113.003.0022
- Subject:
- Music, Popular
This chapter presents the text of music critic Lawrence Gilman's review of George Gershwin's performance of his Concerto in F at the Carnegie Hall with the New York Symphony Orchestra (NYSO) which ...
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This chapter presents the text of music critic Lawrence Gilman's review of George Gershwin's performance of his Concerto in F at the Carnegie Hall with the New York Symphony Orchestra (NYSO) which was published in the December 4, 1925, issue of the New York Herald. In his article, Gilman evaluates Gershwin's “jazz concerto” by applying each of those terms to the works content and he concludes that the vitality of the former makes dependence of the latter burdensome. He also mentions NYSO conductor Walter Damrosch's positive comments on Gershwin's composition and musical style.Less
This chapter presents the text of music critic Lawrence Gilman's review of George Gershwin's performance of his Concerto in F at the Carnegie Hall with the New York Symphony Orchestra (NYSO) which was published in the December 4, 1925, issue of the New York Herald. In his article, Gilman evaluates Gershwin's “jazz concerto” by applying each of those terms to the works content and he concludes that the vitality of the former makes dependence of the latter burdensome. He also mentions NYSO conductor Walter Damrosch's positive comments on Gershwin's composition and musical style.
