Adolf Sprudzs
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199244089
- eISBN:
- 9780191600364
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199244081.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
Emphasizes the difficult process of constitutional engineering in Latvia. The author argues that these difficulties stem from two historical legacies: the inter‐war independence period and the Soviet ...
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Emphasizes the difficult process of constitutional engineering in Latvia. The author argues that these difficulties stem from two historical legacies: the inter‐war independence period and the Soviet occupation. The quick re‐adoption of the 1922 Latvian constitution after the country's leaders declared independence from the USSR, paradoxically exacerbated the process of institutional engineering and ultimately slowed the pace of democratic consolidation. The chapter indicates several important gaps in the inter‐war constitution, e.g. the absence of basic rights or the provisions for local government administration. Despite the difficulties presented by the 1922 Constitution, the author argues that the high legitimacy achieved through its re‐adoption kept Latvia on the democracy‐building track. Finally, several positive and negative lessons learned from the Latvian transition period are presented.Less
Emphasizes the difficult process of constitutional engineering in Latvia. The author argues that these difficulties stem from two historical legacies: the inter‐war independence period and the Soviet occupation. The quick re‐adoption of the 1922 Latvian constitution after the country's leaders declared independence from the USSR, paradoxically exacerbated the process of institutional engineering and ultimately slowed the pace of democratic consolidation. The chapter indicates several important gaps in the inter‐war constitution, e.g. the absence of basic rights or the provisions for local government administration. Despite the difficulties presented by the 1922 Constitution, the author argues that the high legitimacy achieved through its re‐adoption kept Latvia on the democracy‐building track. Finally, several positive and negative lessons learned from the Latvian transition period are presented.
Vello Pettai
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199244096
- eISBN:
- 9780191600371
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019924409X.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
Argues that the Baltic states, mainly Estonia and Latvia, represent examples of the complicated sequence of endogenously derived transition and exogenously influenced consolidation. These democratic ...
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Argues that the Baltic states, mainly Estonia and Latvia, represent examples of the complicated sequence of endogenously derived transition and exogenously influenced consolidation. These democratic transitions set certain parameters for their subsequent democratic consolidation. In particular, Estonia and Latvia opted for a nationalist, ‘legal restorationist’ view of independence. This interpretation of transition represented a somewhat problematic combination of two paths towards redemocratization—‘society‐led regime termination’ and ‘internal restoration after external reconquest’. The first section of this chapter examines this apparent contradiction. The second part examines the Estonian and Latvian cases, focusing on the major international actors involved in these transitions and the mechanisms of their engagement up to early 2000. In conclusion, it is argued that international influences (mainly from the European Union) have increased as the two countries have integrated more closely with the West. Overall, this case study of Estonia and Latvia argues that the specific path a country chooses towards democratic transition is likely to create certain path‐dependent problems that it (and the rest of the democratic community) will ultimately have to face during democratic consolidation.Less
Argues that the Baltic states, mainly Estonia and Latvia, represent examples of the complicated sequence of endogenously derived transition and exogenously influenced consolidation. These democratic transitions set certain parameters for their subsequent democratic consolidation. In particular, Estonia and Latvia opted for a nationalist, ‘legal restorationist’ view of independence. This interpretation of transition represented a somewhat problematic combination of two paths towards redemocratization—‘society‐led regime termination’ and ‘internal restoration after external reconquest’. The first section of this chapter examines this apparent contradiction. The second part examines the Estonian and Latvian cases, focusing on the major international actors involved in these transitions and the mechanisms of their engagement up to early 2000. In conclusion, it is argued that international influences (mainly from the European Union) have increased as the two countries have integrated more closely with the West. Overall, this case study of Estonia and Latvia argues that the specific path a country chooses towards democratic transition is likely to create certain path‐dependent problems that it (and the rest of the democratic community) will ultimately have to face during democratic consolidation.
Julie Bernier
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199242146
- eISBN:
- 9780191599651
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199242143.003.0016
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Nationalizing impulses in countries with substantial ethnic minorities often provoke counter‐mobilization by those minorities. This chapter looks at the effectiveness of international organizations ...
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Nationalizing impulses in countries with substantial ethnic minorities often provoke counter‐mobilization by those minorities. This chapter looks at the effectiveness of international organizations in providing a counterweight to these impulses, with particular reference to the cases of Latvia and Estonia. It is divided into two main sections. The first shows that the adoption of nationalizing measures in Latvia and Estonia is rooted in concerns about the identity, demography, and social mobility of the core group, and outlines the types of nationalizing strategies that have been adopted to reallocate power, status, and resources in favour of this group. The second section examines interventions in Latvia and Estonia by the OSCE (Organization for Security and Co‐operation in Europe) High Commissioner on National Minorities, the Council of Europe, and the EU. Argues that the combination of these pressures has made an important contribution to the recent relaxation of the nationalizing policies that these two countries adopted in their first years of independence.Less
Nationalizing impulses in countries with substantial ethnic minorities often provoke counter‐mobilization by those minorities. This chapter looks at the effectiveness of international organizations in providing a counterweight to these impulses, with particular reference to the cases of Latvia and Estonia. It is divided into two main sections. The first shows that the adoption of nationalizing measures in Latvia and Estonia is rooted in concerns about the identity, demography, and social mobility of the core group, and outlines the types of nationalizing strategies that have been adopted to reallocate power, status, and resources in favour of this group. The second section examines interventions in Latvia and Estonia by the OSCE (Organization for Security and Co‐operation in Europe) High Commissioner on National Minorities, the Council of Europe, and the EU. Argues that the combination of these pressures has made an important contribution to the recent relaxation of the nationalizing policies that these two countries adopted in their first years of independence.
Vello Pettai
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199248155
- eISBN:
- 9780191602955
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019924815X.003.0013
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This paper raises a number of points in relation to the basic concept of ‘ethnocultural justice’ and Kymlicka’s five models of ethnopolitical conflict. It argues that while ‘ethnopolitical justice’ ...
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This paper raises a number of points in relation to the basic concept of ‘ethnocultural justice’ and Kymlicka’s five models of ethnopolitical conflict. It argues that while ‘ethnopolitical justice’ has become the focus of debate on all five of these contexts, a critical causal puzzle piece remains missing if these definitions are not complemented with the discourses ethnocultural groups use to wage their ethnopolitical struggles. The cases of Estonia and Latvia are examined.Less
This paper raises a number of points in relation to the basic concept of ‘ethnocultural justice’ and Kymlicka’s five models of ethnopolitical conflict. It argues that while ‘ethnopolitical justice’ has become the focus of debate on all five of these contexts, a critical causal puzzle piece remains missing if these definitions are not complemented with the discourses ethnocultural groups use to wage their ethnopolitical struggles. The cases of Estonia and Latvia are examined.
Alexander V. Prusin
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199297535
- eISBN:
- 9780191594328
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199297535.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, Political History
The book traces the turbulent history of the borderlands that before World War constituted the frontier‐zones between the Austro‐Hungarian, German, and Russian empires and in the course of the ...
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The book traces the turbulent history of the borderlands that before World War constituted the frontier‐zones between the Austro‐Hungarian, German, and Russian empires and in the course of the twentieth‐century changed hands several times. It subscribes to the notion that internal socio‐economic cleavages and ethnic rivalries — the most common patterns to the East European landscape — were at the root of conflicts in the borderlands. However, its dominating thrust is predicated upon the notion that the borderlands' ethno‐cultural diversity was in basic conflict with the nationalizing policies of the states that dominated the region. In peacetime, when the state's control over all forms of social relations was unchallenged, it acted as the highest arbitrator, manipulating the conflicting claims of rival groups and maintaining relative stability in its domain. But in the time of crisis, when the state's resources became strained to the limit, suspicions of the groups deemed less loyal to the state blurred the concept of internal and external enemies and entailed the persecution of allegedly ‘corrosive’ ethnic elements. Simultaneously, state‐violence was sustained and exacerbated by popular participation and acquired its own destructive logic, mutating into a vicious cycle of ethnic conflicts and civil wars.Less
The book traces the turbulent history of the borderlands that before World War constituted the frontier‐zones between the Austro‐Hungarian, German, and Russian empires and in the course of the twentieth‐century changed hands several times. It subscribes to the notion that internal socio‐economic cleavages and ethnic rivalries — the most common patterns to the East European landscape — were at the root of conflicts in the borderlands. However, its dominating thrust is predicated upon the notion that the borderlands' ethno‐cultural diversity was in basic conflict with the nationalizing policies of the states that dominated the region. In peacetime, when the state's control over all forms of social relations was unchallenged, it acted as the highest arbitrator, manipulating the conflicting claims of rival groups and maintaining relative stability in its domain. But in the time of crisis, when the state's resources became strained to the limit, suspicions of the groups deemed less loyal to the state blurred the concept of internal and external enemies and entailed the persecution of allegedly ‘corrosive’ ethnic elements. Simultaneously, state‐violence was sustained and exacerbated by popular participation and acquired its own destructive logic, mutating into a vicious cycle of ethnic conflicts and civil wars.
Ammon Cheskin
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780748697434
- eISBN:
- 9781474418539
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748697434.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Language Families
The political shocks of the 2014 Ukrainian crisis have been felt in many former Soviet countries, not least Latvia, where over 35% of the population are native Russian speakers. At a time when ...
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The political shocks of the 2014 Ukrainian crisis have been felt in many former Soviet countries, not least Latvia, where over 35% of the population are native Russian speakers. At a time when analysts and commentators are unsure about Russia’s future plans to intervene on behalf of their ‘compatriots’, this study provides a detailed political and cultural analysis of Russian-speaking identity in Latvia.By using Russian-speakers in Latvia as a specific case study, this volume also offers a fresh methodological approach to the study of discourses and discursive strategies. It outlines a coherent methodology to study the evolution of discourses over time, rather than a single de-contextualized and static time period.Drawing on media analysis, elite interviews, focus groups and survey data, Russian Speakers in Post-Soviet Latvia situates the identity strategies of Russian speakers within the political, cultural, and economic transformations of the post-Soviet era. By assessing political, cultural, and economic links with their home state (Latvia) and their potential kin-state (Russia), it offers important insights into the complex identity positions of Latvia’s Russian speakers, and how these positions have evolved in Latvia since the late Soviet period.In a time when many will question the loyalty of Russian speakers to their various ‘host states’ this book provides a timely, scholarly account of ethnicity and ethnic politics in Latvia. It also offers a methodological framework that allows for the mapping of trends in discursive strategies, exploring how they evolve through time.Less
The political shocks of the 2014 Ukrainian crisis have been felt in many former Soviet countries, not least Latvia, where over 35% of the population are native Russian speakers. At a time when analysts and commentators are unsure about Russia’s future plans to intervene on behalf of their ‘compatriots’, this study provides a detailed political and cultural analysis of Russian-speaking identity in Latvia.By using Russian-speakers in Latvia as a specific case study, this volume also offers a fresh methodological approach to the study of discourses and discursive strategies. It outlines a coherent methodology to study the evolution of discourses over time, rather than a single de-contextualized and static time period.Drawing on media analysis, elite interviews, focus groups and survey data, Russian Speakers in Post-Soviet Latvia situates the identity strategies of Russian speakers within the political, cultural, and economic transformations of the post-Soviet era. By assessing political, cultural, and economic links with their home state (Latvia) and their potential kin-state (Russia), it offers important insights into the complex identity positions of Latvia’s Russian speakers, and how these positions have evolved in Latvia since the late Soviet period.In a time when many will question the loyalty of Russian speakers to their various ‘host states’ this book provides a timely, scholarly account of ethnicity and ethnic politics in Latvia. It also offers a methodological framework that allows for the mapping of trends in discursive strategies, exploring how they evolve through time.
Alan Rosen
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195395129
- eISBN:
- 9780199866588
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195395129.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter roots the interview project in Boder's Jewish European life and training as well as his transplanted North American surroundings. Little has been previously done to provide a life ...
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This chapter roots the interview project in Boder's Jewish European life and training as well as his transplanted North American surroundings. Little has been previously done to provide a life context for this extraordinary project; what has been done often stands in need of correction. Boder was himself keenly interested in biography (hence the title of his opus, Topical Autobiographies); his own life story shows some remarkable consistencies, even as it tells of living through events of great personal and collective upheaval. His multilingual Latvian–Jewish upbringing set him on a course where languages mattered; he learned early that Jewish tradition provided a vocabulary for catastrophe. He studied with one of psychology's founding masters, Wilhelm Wundt, and carried influential impressions for the remainder of his life. His training in psychology thereafter was blended with literature, all of which came to fruition in St. Petersburg's ethnographically alert metropolis. As a Russian Civil War refugee with a young daughter, he knew the difficulties of displacement and relocation. Both his daughter and psychology became the passions that oriented his life. The latter gave him the inspiration to undertake the DP interview project, where many of his skills found their eloquent expression.Less
This chapter roots the interview project in Boder's Jewish European life and training as well as his transplanted North American surroundings. Little has been previously done to provide a life context for this extraordinary project; what has been done often stands in need of correction. Boder was himself keenly interested in biography (hence the title of his opus, Topical Autobiographies); his own life story shows some remarkable consistencies, even as it tells of living through events of great personal and collective upheaval. His multilingual Latvian–Jewish upbringing set him on a course where languages mattered; he learned early that Jewish tradition provided a vocabulary for catastrophe. He studied with one of psychology's founding masters, Wilhelm Wundt, and carried influential impressions for the remainder of his life. His training in psychology thereafter was blended with literature, all of which came to fruition in St. Petersburg's ethnographically alert metropolis. As a Russian Civil War refugee with a young daughter, he knew the difficulties of displacement and relocation. Both his daughter and psychology became the passions that oriented his life. The latter gave him the inspiration to undertake the DP interview project, where many of his skills found their eloquent expression.
Dace Dzenovska
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781501716836
- eISBN:
- 9781501716867
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501716836.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, European Cultural Anthropology
Following independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, economic and political liberalization projects were rolled out in Latvia and across Eastern Europe. While economic liberalism was welcomed, ...
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Following independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, economic and political liberalization projects were rolled out in Latvia and across Eastern Europe. While economic liberalism was welcomed, political liberalism was contested. Many in Latvia insisted on the importance of the nation alongside individual liberties and respect for diversity. From the perspective of liberal Europe, this often led to the conclusion that Latvia’s residents exhibited too much socialist mentality or nationalist sentiment and thus required lessons in political liberalism in order to become fully European. This ethnography examines the efforts to extend lessons in political liberalism to Latvia’s residents. The book argues that, rather than viewing Eastern Europe as falling behind, it should be viewed as the laboratory for forging post-Cold War political liberalism in Europe. It shows that Europe’s liberal democratic polities are based on a fundamental tension between the need to exclude and the requirement to profess and institutionalize the value of inclusion. The book provides insight with regard to the current crisis of political liberalism from a moment in time when it was still confident and from the perspective of a place and people that were thought to have never been liberal.Less
Following independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, economic and political liberalization projects were rolled out in Latvia and across Eastern Europe. While economic liberalism was welcomed, political liberalism was contested. Many in Latvia insisted on the importance of the nation alongside individual liberties and respect for diversity. From the perspective of liberal Europe, this often led to the conclusion that Latvia’s residents exhibited too much socialist mentality or nationalist sentiment and thus required lessons in political liberalism in order to become fully European. This ethnography examines the efforts to extend lessons in political liberalism to Latvia’s residents. The book argues that, rather than viewing Eastern Europe as falling behind, it should be viewed as the laboratory for forging post-Cold War political liberalism in Europe. It shows that Europe’s liberal democratic polities are based on a fundamental tension between the need to exclude and the requirement to profess and institutionalize the value of inclusion. The book provides insight with regard to the current crisis of political liberalism from a moment in time when it was still confident and from the perspective of a place and people that were thought to have never been liberal.
Juris Krumins and Uldis Usackis
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198297413
- eISBN:
- 9780191685347
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198297413.003.0012
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
During the 19th and 20th centuries, Latvia — as well as its neighbouring countries of Estonia and Lithuania forming the Baltic States — enjoyed a remarkable healthcare system resulting in a life ...
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During the 19th and 20th centuries, Latvia — as well as its neighbouring countries of Estonia and Lithuania forming the Baltic States — enjoyed a remarkable healthcare system resulting in a life expectancy of ten years longer than that of Russia’s. It’s life expectancy even exceeded the life expectancies of Italy, Germany and Austria. When Latvia was politically independent, its life expectancy further increased by two years. However, events like World War II, repression against civil population, collapse of the USSR, the persistent mismanagement of the USSR and the subsequent transition from command economy to market economy strongly influenced the population of Latvia. The chapter particularly studies the factors affecting the mortality rate of Latvia during the transition period which shall base its findings from statistical data.Less
During the 19th and 20th centuries, Latvia — as well as its neighbouring countries of Estonia and Lithuania forming the Baltic States — enjoyed a remarkable healthcare system resulting in a life expectancy of ten years longer than that of Russia’s. It’s life expectancy even exceeded the life expectancies of Italy, Germany and Austria. When Latvia was politically independent, its life expectancy further increased by two years. However, events like World War II, repression against civil population, collapse of the USSR, the persistent mismanagement of the USSR and the subsequent transition from command economy to market economy strongly influenced the population of Latvia. The chapter particularly studies the factors affecting the mortality rate of Latvia during the transition period which shall base its findings from statistical data.
Lavinia Stan and Lucian Turcescu
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195337105
- eISBN:
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195337105.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Although legislation expressly separates church and state, the Latvian authorities have unofficially distinguished new religions from the “traditional” Lutheran, Roman Catholic, Orthodox Christian, ...
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Although legislation expressly separates church and state, the Latvian authorities have unofficially distinguished new religions from the “traditional” Lutheran, Roman Catholic, Orthodox Christian, Old Believers, Baptist, and Jewish denominations, which have permanent seats on the Ministry of Justice's Advisory Committee for Religious Affairs, and the right to offer religion classes in public schools. Latvia is the only Baltic country that institutionalized relations between religious groups and the government, which seeks the opinion of the Advisory Council of Traditional Confessions, the New Religions Consultative Council, and the Ecclesiastical Council. Religion instruction in pre-university public schools was reintroduced as an elective subject immediately after the country declared its independence, but proposals to teach religion in an ecumenical, all-inclusive manner have been rejected in favor of allowing denominations the freedom to decide the content of religion classes.Less
Although legislation expressly separates church and state, the Latvian authorities have unofficially distinguished new religions from the “traditional” Lutheran, Roman Catholic, Orthodox Christian, Old Believers, Baptist, and Jewish denominations, which have permanent seats on the Ministry of Justice's Advisory Committee for Religious Affairs, and the right to offer religion classes in public schools. Latvia is the only Baltic country that institutionalized relations between religious groups and the government, which seeks the opinion of the Advisory Council of Traditional Confessions, the New Religions Consultative Council, and the Ecclesiastical Council. Religion instruction in pre-university public schools was reintroduced as an elective subject immediately after the country declared its independence, but proposals to teach religion in an ecumenical, all-inclusive manner have been rejected in favor of allowing denominations the freedom to decide the content of religion classes.
Ammon Cheskin
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780748697434
- eISBN:
- 9781474418539
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748697434.003.0009
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Language Families
This final chapter ties together the preceding analysis and offers some general conclusions. It notes how, despite significant discursive challenges, Russian speakers have been remarkably proficient ...
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This final chapter ties together the preceding analysis and offers some general conclusions. It notes how, despite significant discursive challenges, Russian speakers have been remarkably proficient in carving out identity spaces in contemporary Latvia which discursively place them between the nationalising discourses of the Latvian state, and the compatriot discourses of Russia.Less
This final chapter ties together the preceding analysis and offers some general conclusions. It notes how, despite significant discursive challenges, Russian speakers have been remarkably proficient in carving out identity spaces in contemporary Latvia which discursively place them between the nationalising discourses of the Latvian state, and the compatriot discourses of Russia.
Arsenii Formakov
Emily D. Johnson (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780300209310
- eISBN:
- 9780300228199
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300209310.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Russian and Former Soviet Union History
Memoirs and works of fiction that describe the Stalinist Gulag often depict labor camps as entirely cut off from the rest of Soviet society. In fact, however, many prisoners corresponded at least ...
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Memoirs and works of fiction that describe the Stalinist Gulag often depict labor camps as entirely cut off from the rest of Soviet society. In fact, however, many prisoners corresponded at least sporadically with relatives either through the official, censored Gulag mail system or by smuggling letters out of camp with free laborers. Examples of such correspondence that survive to the present day represent a powerful, largely unstudied historical source with the potential to fundamentally change the way we understand both the Soviet forced labor system and Stalinist society in general.
Gulag Letters offers readers an English-language translation of the letters of a single Gulag inmate, the journalist, poet, and novelist Arsenii Formakov (1900-1983), who was a prominent member of Latvia’s large and vibrant Russian Old Believer community during the interwar period. Formakov was arrested by the Soviet secret police in June 1940 as part of a broad round-up of anti-Soviet elements that began just weeks after the Soviet Union forcibly annexed Latvia, and survived two terms in Soviet labor camps (1940-1947 and 1949-1955). The letters that he mailed home to his wife and children while serving these sentences reveal the surprising porousness of the Gulag and the variability of labor camp life and describe the difficult conditions that prisoners faced during and after World War II. They also represent an important eye-witness account of the experience of Latvian citizens deported to internment sites in the Soviet interior during the 1940s.Less
Memoirs and works of fiction that describe the Stalinist Gulag often depict labor camps as entirely cut off from the rest of Soviet society. In fact, however, many prisoners corresponded at least sporadically with relatives either through the official, censored Gulag mail system or by smuggling letters out of camp with free laborers. Examples of such correspondence that survive to the present day represent a powerful, largely unstudied historical source with the potential to fundamentally change the way we understand both the Soviet forced labor system and Stalinist society in general.
Gulag Letters offers readers an English-language translation of the letters of a single Gulag inmate, the journalist, poet, and novelist Arsenii Formakov (1900-1983), who was a prominent member of Latvia’s large and vibrant Russian Old Believer community during the interwar period. Formakov was arrested by the Soviet secret police in June 1940 as part of a broad round-up of anti-Soviet elements that began just weeks after the Soviet Union forcibly annexed Latvia, and survived two terms in Soviet labor camps (1940-1947 and 1949-1955). The letters that he mailed home to his wife and children while serving these sentences reveal the surprising porousness of the Gulag and the variability of labor camp life and describe the difficult conditions that prisoners faced during and after World War II. They also represent an important eye-witness account of the experience of Latvian citizens deported to internment sites in the Soviet interior during the 1940s.
Tomas Balkelis
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199654918
- eISBN:
- 9780191744273
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199654918.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, Military History
In this chapter, Tomas Balkelis compares different paramilitary movements in Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia and their pivotal importance in building these three newly independent nation-states.
In this chapter, Tomas Balkelis compares different paramilitary movements in Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia and their pivotal importance in building these three newly independent nation-states.
Barbara Forey, Jan Hamling, Peter Lee, and Nicholas Wald
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198508564
- eISBN:
- 9780191723773
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198508564.003.0029
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter presents annual data for the USSR and some constituent/successor republics on national sales of cigarettes for the years 1960–1995. Both Russian-style papyrosi and western-style ...
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This chapter presents annual data for the USSR and some constituent/successor republics on national sales of cigarettes for the years 1960–1995. Both Russian-style papyrosi and western-style cigarettes are considered. These data are also presented on a per-adult basis. The transition from plain to filter cigarettes is documented. Data for other types of tobacco are available only for Latvia. Survey-based data are presented on the sex- and age-specific prevalence of smoking from 1960, and on amount smoked from 1973. Data representative of individual republics are shown when available, supplemented by relevant data from international, regional, and epidemiological studies. Surveys of adolescents and adults are included. Appropriate attention is given to the varying definitions and methodologies of the source material, while presenting data in a consistent format. Summary estimates for all adults are presented. Sources of data are fully cited.Less
This chapter presents annual data for the USSR and some constituent/successor republics on national sales of cigarettes for the years 1960–1995. Both Russian-style papyrosi and western-style cigarettes are considered. These data are also presented on a per-adult basis. The transition from plain to filter cigarettes is documented. Data for other types of tobacco are available only for Latvia. Survey-based data are presented on the sex- and age-specific prevalence of smoking from 1960, and on amount smoked from 1973. Data representative of individual republics are shown when available, supplemented by relevant data from international, regional, and epidemiological studies. Surveys of adolescents and adults are included. Appropriate attention is given to the varying definitions and methodologies of the source material, while presenting data in a consistent format. Summary estimates for all adults are presented. Sources of data are fully cited.
Liivoja Rain
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199671144
- eISBN:
- 9780191751516
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199671144.003.0012
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, Legal History
This chapter analyses the attempts of three Baltic states — Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania — to prosecute offences against international law committed in their territories by the Soviet authorities ...
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This chapter analyses the attempts of three Baltic states — Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania — to prosecute offences against international law committed in their territories by the Soviet authorities during and after World War II. It highlights the storytelling or history-writing function of trials of international crimes. The situation of the Baltic states also illustrates what happens if the historical record produced by such trials is in conflict with existing historical paradigms.Less
This chapter analyses the attempts of three Baltic states — Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania — to prosecute offences against international law committed in their territories by the Soviet authorities during and after World War II. It highlights the storytelling or history-writing function of trials of international crimes. The situation of the Baltic states also illustrates what happens if the historical record produced by such trials is in conflict with existing historical paradigms.
Kate Vieira
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- August 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190877316
- eISBN:
- 9780190877354
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190877316.003.0005
- Subject:
- Linguistics, English Language, Applied Linguistics and Pedagogy
Based on fieldwork in Latvia, a former Soviet and new European Union state, this chapter details the results for experiences of literacy learning not only when people move across borders but also ...
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Based on fieldwork in Latvia, a former Soviet and new European Union state, this chapter details the results for experiences of literacy learning not only when people move across borders but also when borders themselves shift and change. Building from critiques of place-based literacy ethnographies, it documents three kinds of informal literacy learning—print literacy learning, digital literacy learning, and anticipatory literacy learning—resulting from the movement of people across shifting spatial and temporal fields. It draws from participants’ memories of living in Latvia during Soviet times, during independence, and under the EU to tell the story of how generations of family members have used literacy to sustain family ties across borders—borders that have crumbled and have been redrawn.Less
Based on fieldwork in Latvia, a former Soviet and new European Union state, this chapter details the results for experiences of literacy learning not only when people move across borders but also when borders themselves shift and change. Building from critiques of place-based literacy ethnographies, it documents three kinds of informal literacy learning—print literacy learning, digital literacy learning, and anticipatory literacy learning—resulting from the movement of people across shifting spatial and temporal fields. It draws from participants’ memories of living in Latvia during Soviet times, during independence, and under the EU to tell the story of how generations of family members have used literacy to sustain family ties across borders—borders that have crumbled and have been redrawn.
Jerzy Borzęcki
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300121216
- eISBN:
- 9780300145014
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300121216.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter discusses the following events: the limited Soviet offensive in Belarus; the Soviet minor offensive in Ukraine; the Soviets and the Ukrainian issue; the Soviet major offensive in ...
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This chapter discusses the following events: the limited Soviet offensive in Belarus; the Soviet minor offensive in Ukraine; the Soviets and the Ukrainian issue; the Soviet major offensive in Belarus; the Spa agreement; the Curzon note; Soviet peace treaties with Lithuania and Latvia; the reestablishment of Soviet Belarus; Soviet military successes and strategic errors; Soviet diplomatic delays and peace proposals; the Battle of Warsaw; and the Minsk peace conference.Less
This chapter discusses the following events: the limited Soviet offensive in Belarus; the Soviet minor offensive in Ukraine; the Soviets and the Ukrainian issue; the Soviet major offensive in Belarus; the Spa agreement; the Curzon note; Soviet peace treaties with Lithuania and Latvia; the reestablishment of Soviet Belarus; Soviet military successes and strategic errors; Soviet diplomatic delays and peace proposals; the Battle of Warsaw; and the Minsk peace conference.
Agnia Grigas
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780300214505
- eISBN:
- 9780300220766
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300214505.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Russian Politics
The unique case of the Baltic States as EU and NATO members is discussed in this chapter. The implications of Russia’s compatriot policies in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania are assessed, particularly ...
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The unique case of the Baltic States as EU and NATO members is discussed in this chapter. The implications of Russia’s compatriot policies in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania are assessed, particularly how these policies are evolving beyond soft power tools toward passportization and information warfare. The chapter evaluates the successes and failures of Russia’s policies and the likelihood of future conflict by drawing on past and current developments and comparisons with the conflicts in eastern Ukraine, Georgia, Moldova, and beyond.Less
The unique case of the Baltic States as EU and NATO members is discussed in this chapter. The implications of Russia’s compatriot policies in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania are assessed, particularly how these policies are evolving beyond soft power tools toward passportization and information warfare. The chapter evaluates the successes and failures of Russia’s policies and the likelihood of future conflict by drawing on past and current developments and comparisons with the conflicts in eastern Ukraine, Georgia, Moldova, and beyond.
Aleksandrs Berdicevskis
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780748668458
- eISBN:
- 9780748697106
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748668458.003.0010
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Historical Linguistics
The chapter discusses pluricentic trends in the Russian language in Latvia. It provides an overview of linguistic polycentricism and, based on the quantitative data analysis of twenty-two official ...
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The chapter discusses pluricentic trends in the Russian language in Latvia. It provides an overview of linguistic polycentricism and, based on the quantitative data analysis of twenty-two official regionalisms encountered in Latvian Russian, traces lexical divergencies between metropolitan Russian and Latvian Russian and positions Latvian Russian on the scale of pluricentricity. The chapter argues that items examined represent various types of innovations: loanwords, calques, semantic displacements, as well as more exotic cases of loan usage and historical restorations. Various reasons for the emergence of these innovations are discussed, from the general ones such as the influence of the Latvian language and introduction of novel cultural phenonema, to more specific such as the preference of shorter, or less marked variants, or of those which better conform to the one-meaning-one-form principle. The chapter concludes that Russian in Latvia is now partly endonormative.Less
The chapter discusses pluricentic trends in the Russian language in Latvia. It provides an overview of linguistic polycentricism and, based on the quantitative data analysis of twenty-two official regionalisms encountered in Latvian Russian, traces lexical divergencies between metropolitan Russian and Latvian Russian and positions Latvian Russian on the scale of pluricentricity. The chapter argues that items examined represent various types of innovations: loanwords, calques, semantic displacements, as well as more exotic cases of loan usage and historical restorations. Various reasons for the emergence of these innovations are discussed, from the general ones such as the influence of the Latvian language and introduction of novel cultural phenonema, to more specific such as the preference of shorter, or less marked variants, or of those which better conform to the one-meaning-one-form principle. The chapter concludes that Russian in Latvia is now partly endonormative.
Rachel A. Epstein
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198809968
- eISBN:
- 9780191847219
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198809968.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
This chapter examines the developmental consequences of highly marketized bank–state ties in East Central Europe. The literature suggests that catching up in the global economy requires—among other ...
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This chapter examines the developmental consequences of highly marketized bank–state ties in East Central Europe. The literature suggests that catching up in the global economy requires—among other things—access to capital and control over its allocation. East Central Europe, as a region, therefore, is not poised to catch up with its West European counterparts, measured in terms of income convergence. But this chapter also highlights why not all, or even most, of the post-communist countries would be well-served by asserting more political control over their banks. Measures of domestic banks’ risk containment and credit provision through the US and European economic crises show which countries had the institutional and ideational wherewithal to deploy their banks for political goals. While domestically controlled banks in Poland and Hungary served as countercyclical stabilizers, their counterparts in Latvia, Slovenia, and Bulgaria did outright damage to their economies.Less
This chapter examines the developmental consequences of highly marketized bank–state ties in East Central Europe. The literature suggests that catching up in the global economy requires—among other things—access to capital and control over its allocation. East Central Europe, as a region, therefore, is not poised to catch up with its West European counterparts, measured in terms of income convergence. But this chapter also highlights why not all, or even most, of the post-communist countries would be well-served by asserting more political control over their banks. Measures of domestic banks’ risk containment and credit provision through the US and European economic crises show which countries had the institutional and ideational wherewithal to deploy their banks for political goals. While domestically controlled banks in Poland and Hungary served as countercyclical stabilizers, their counterparts in Latvia, Slovenia, and Bulgaria did outright damage to their economies.
