Douglas Kriner and Francis Shen
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195390964
- eISBN:
- 9780199776788
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195390964.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Many have long suspected that when America takes up arms it is a rich man's war, but a poor man's fight. Despite these concerns about social inequality in military sacrifice, the hard data to ...
More
Many have long suspected that when America takes up arms it is a rich man's war, but a poor man's fight. Despite these concerns about social inequality in military sacrifice, the hard data to validate such claims has been kept out of public view. The Casualty Gap renews the debate over unequal sacrifice by bringing to light new evidence on the inequality dimensions of American wartime casualties. It demonstrates unequivocally that since the conclusion of World War II, communities at the lower end of the socioeconomic ladder have borne a disproportionate share of the human costs of war. Moreover, they show for the first time that when Americans are explicitly confronted with evidence of this inequality, they become markedly less supportive of the nation's war efforts. The Casualty Gap also uncovers how wartime deaths affect entire communities. Citizens who see the high price war exacts on friends and neighbors become more likely to oppose war and to vote against the political leaders waging it than residents of low-casualty communities. Moreover, extensive empirical evidence connects higher community casualty rates in Korea and Vietnam to lower levels of trust in government, interest in politics, and electoral and non-electoral participation. In this way, the casualty gap threatens the very vibrancy of American democracy by depressing civic engagement in high-casualty communities for years after the last gun falls silent.Less
Many have long suspected that when America takes up arms it is a rich man's war, but a poor man's fight. Despite these concerns about social inequality in military sacrifice, the hard data to validate such claims has been kept out of public view. The Casualty Gap renews the debate over unequal sacrifice by bringing to light new evidence on the inequality dimensions of American wartime casualties. It demonstrates unequivocally that since the conclusion of World War II, communities at the lower end of the socioeconomic ladder have borne a disproportionate share of the human costs of war. Moreover, they show for the first time that when Americans are explicitly confronted with evidence of this inequality, they become markedly less supportive of the nation's war efforts. The Casualty Gap also uncovers how wartime deaths affect entire communities. Citizens who see the high price war exacts on friends and neighbors become more likely to oppose war and to vote against the political leaders waging it than residents of low-casualty communities. Moreover, extensive empirical evidence connects higher community casualty rates in Korea and Vietnam to lower levels of trust in government, interest in politics, and electoral and non-electoral participation. In this way, the casualty gap threatens the very vibrancy of American democracy by depressing civic engagement in high-casualty communities for years after the last gun falls silent.
Peter C. Y. Chow and Mitchell H. Kellman
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195078954
- eISBN:
- 9780199855001
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195078954.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
The four Pacific Basin countries of Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong, and Singapore, have each defied the vicious circle of poverty in the post-war years, emerging as dynamic and rapidly growing ...
More
The four Pacific Basin countries of Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong, and Singapore, have each defied the vicious circle of poverty in the post-war years, emerging as dynamic and rapidly growing economies. This book provides a comprehensive analysis of the economic factors that led to the “miracle”. It aims to reveal the sources of economic growth by analyzing the underlying mechanisms and interrelationships of this export success. The authors combine a wide-ranging empirical body of data spanning a full twenty-five years, from the early “take-off” period of the mid-1960s, to the early 1990s with a broad theoretical approach to its analysis. The concept of revealed comparative advantage is utilized. Using Japan's trade performance as a benchmark, this book examines whether the four NICs have gained on or fallen further behind Japan. Not only are detailed product groups examined but such economic factors as specific product characteristics and embodied factor contents are explored. The important issues of intra-industry trade and NIC import-export relationships are also examined, and imports and exports of specific products are forecast. The conclusions reached in this chapter can serve as a guide to likely future developments. The book makes an original contribution by describing international trade data that relates to the evaluation of the extraordinary success of these four countries.Less
The four Pacific Basin countries of Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong, and Singapore, have each defied the vicious circle of poverty in the post-war years, emerging as dynamic and rapidly growing economies. This book provides a comprehensive analysis of the economic factors that led to the “miracle”. It aims to reveal the sources of economic growth by analyzing the underlying mechanisms and interrelationships of this export success. The authors combine a wide-ranging empirical body of data spanning a full twenty-five years, from the early “take-off” period of the mid-1960s, to the early 1990s with a broad theoretical approach to its analysis. The concept of revealed comparative advantage is utilized. Using Japan's trade performance as a benchmark, this book examines whether the four NICs have gained on or fallen further behind Japan. Not only are detailed product groups examined but such economic factors as specific product characteristics and embodied factor contents are explored. The important issues of intra-industry trade and NIC import-export relationships are also examined, and imports and exports of specific products are forecast. The conclusions reached in this chapter can serve as a guide to likely future developments. The book makes an original contribution by describing international trade data that relates to the evaluation of the extraordinary success of these four countries.
Keun Lee and Yee Kyoung Kim
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199574759
- eISBN:
- 9780191722660
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199574759.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation
This chapter discusses the catch‐up experience of Korea, in which the present intellectual property legislation was established in 1961. Three stylized facts are noted about patenting trend: shift ...
More
This chapter discusses the catch‐up experience of Korea, in which the present intellectual property legislation was established in 1961. Three stylized facts are noted about patenting trend: shift from petty (utility) patents to regular (invention) patents, shift from individual inventors to corporate inventors, and shift of share among patent applications from domestic applicants (when foreigners had little interest in Korean IPRs) to foreign applicants and, in the 1990s, again to domestic applicants. These shifts suggest that Korean firms had accumulated high‐tech capabilities and became sensitive to IPRs by the mid‐1980s. Korean firms, particularly in electronics, invested heavily in R&D to accumulate their own technologies and, having learnt the importance of IPR through a number of patent‐related legal disputes with American and Japanese firms, started to utilize their own IPRs to achieve competitive advantages.Less
This chapter discusses the catch‐up experience of Korea, in which the present intellectual property legislation was established in 1961. Three stylized facts are noted about patenting trend: shift from petty (utility) patents to regular (invention) patents, shift from individual inventors to corporate inventors, and shift of share among patent applications from domestic applicants (when foreigners had little interest in Korean IPRs) to foreign applicants and, in the 1990s, again to domestic applicants. These shifts suggest that Korean firms had accumulated high‐tech capabilities and became sensitive to IPRs by the mid‐1980s. Korean firms, particularly in electronics, invested heavily in R&D to accumulate their own technologies and, having learnt the importance of IPR through a number of patent‐related legal disputes with American and Japanese firms, started to utilize their own IPRs to achieve competitive advantages.
Dong-Sung Cho and Keum-Young Chang
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199233755
- eISBN:
- 9780191715549
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199233755.003.0013
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business
This chapter identifies the mechanisms used by Korean companies for success and their implications for Latin American firms. Yuhan-Kimberly, a joint venture company established between ...
More
This chapter identifies the mechanisms used by Korean companies for success and their implications for Latin American firms. Yuhan-Kimberly, a joint venture company established between Kimberly-Clark, a multinational firm based in the US, and Yuhan Corporation, a Korean pharmaceutical company, is studied. Since 1985, Yuhan-Kimberly has practiced innovation, ethics, corporate social responsibility, and environment management, while upholding the corporate philosophy of one of its parent companies, Yuhan Corporation. As a result, Yuhan-Kimberly has beaten Korea-based global firms such as Samsung Electronics Co. and Hyundai Motors Co. to become the most respected company of the Korean people. In addition, it ranked first in market dominance, a status that could only be earned through a combination of market share and customer loyalty. Thus, the company has set a new benchmark for sustainable management. This chapter examines the success factors of Yuhan-Kimberly using the SER-M model to redefine the concept of ‘sustainable management’ and study the mechanism of its management. Three factors are identified as components of the mechanism: the composition of factors, the sequence of factor deployment, and the timing of sequence in the factor deployment.Less
This chapter identifies the mechanisms used by Korean companies for success and their implications for Latin American firms. Yuhan-Kimberly, a joint venture company established between Kimberly-Clark, a multinational firm based in the US, and Yuhan Corporation, a Korean pharmaceutical company, is studied. Since 1985, Yuhan-Kimberly has practiced innovation, ethics, corporate social responsibility, and environment management, while upholding the corporate philosophy of one of its parent companies, Yuhan Corporation. As a result, Yuhan-Kimberly has beaten Korea-based global firms such as Samsung Electronics Co. and Hyundai Motors Co. to become the most respected company of the Korean people. In addition, it ranked first in market dominance, a status that could only be earned through a combination of market share and customer loyalty. Thus, the company has set a new benchmark for sustainable management. This chapter examines the success factors of Yuhan-Kimberly using the SER-M model to redefine the concept of ‘sustainable management’ and study the mechanism of its management. Three factors are identified as components of the mechanism: the composition of factors, the sequence of factor deployment, and the timing of sequence in the factor deployment.
HeeMin Kim
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813129945
- eISBN:
- 9780813135748
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813129945.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
As Asian countries emerge as global economic powers, many undergo fundamental political transformations. This book evaluates the past thirty years of political change in South Korea, including the ...
More
As Asian countries emerge as global economic powers, many undergo fundamental political transformations. This book evaluates the past thirty years of political change in South Korea, including the decision of the authoritarian government to open up the political process in 1987 and the presidential impeachment of 2004. The book uses rational choice theory—which holds that individuals choose to act in ways that they think will give them the most benefit for the least cost—to explain events central to South Korea's democratization process. The book's theoretical and quantitative analysis provides a context for South Korea's remarkable transformation and offers predictions of what the future may hold for developing nations undergoing similar transitions. Combining theoretical perspectives with a policy-relevant discussion, this study sheds new light on the Korean model of democratization and makes a significant contribution to the field of comparative politics.Less
As Asian countries emerge as global economic powers, many undergo fundamental political transformations. This book evaluates the past thirty years of political change in South Korea, including the decision of the authoritarian government to open up the political process in 1987 and the presidential impeachment of 2004. The book uses rational choice theory—which holds that individuals choose to act in ways that they think will give them the most benefit for the least cost—to explain events central to South Korea's democratization process. The book's theoretical and quantitative analysis provides a context for South Korea's remarkable transformation and offers predictions of what the future may hold for developing nations undergoing similar transitions. Combining theoretical perspectives with a policy-relevant discussion, this study sheds new light on the Korean model of democratization and makes a significant contribution to the field of comparative politics.
Stein Ringen, Huck-ju Kwon, Ilcheong Yi, Taekyoon Kim, and Jooha Lee
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199734351
- eISBN:
- 9780199895373
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199734351.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy
There are two great mysteries in the political economy of South Korea. How could a destroyed country in next to no time become a sophisticated and affluent economy? And how could a ruthlessly ...
More
There are two great mysteries in the political economy of South Korea. How could a destroyed country in next to no time become a sophisticated and affluent economy? And how could a ruthlessly authoritarian regime metamorphose with relative ease into a stable democratic polity? To make sense of these mysteries the book follows two narratives for the period from 1945 to 2000. One is about social policy from its feeble roots in poor relief in the colonial period, early land reform, and the influx of foreign voluntary agencies in the first years of independence. And the second one is about the state and its shifting foundations in democracy, cronyism, chaebŏl capitalism, and dictatorship. South Korea took off to modernization in the authoritarian period. The authoritarian leaders created a Janus-faced state, which used hard power in the controlling of forces from below but in governance the softer strategy of mobilizing social forces into its design. There is no support in The Korean State for the theory that authoritarianism is conducive to development but every support for the theory that state leadership, authoritarian or not, depends on the mode of governance. Authoritarianism usually results in the crushing of civil society, but the South Korean brand inadvertently left a legacy of vibrant civil society institutions. Dismantling the hard power apparatus of the state still left the governance part intact. That part of the state the democratic rulers who came in when the authoritarian ones were overthrown could put to work for their purposes with little difficulty. This book is about many things: development and modernization, dictatorship and democracy, state capacity and governance, social protection and welfare states, and Korean history. But finally it is about lifting social policy analysis out of the ghetto of self-sufficiency it is often confined to and into the center ground of hard political science, where we think it belongs.Less
There are two great mysteries in the political economy of South Korea. How could a destroyed country in next to no time become a sophisticated and affluent economy? And how could a ruthlessly authoritarian regime metamorphose with relative ease into a stable democratic polity? To make sense of these mysteries the book follows two narratives for the period from 1945 to 2000. One is about social policy from its feeble roots in poor relief in the colonial period, early land reform, and the influx of foreign voluntary agencies in the first years of independence. And the second one is about the state and its shifting foundations in democracy, cronyism, chaebŏl capitalism, and dictatorship. South Korea took off to modernization in the authoritarian period. The authoritarian leaders created a Janus-faced state, which used hard power in the controlling of forces from below but in governance the softer strategy of mobilizing social forces into its design. There is no support in The Korean State for the theory that authoritarianism is conducive to development but every support for the theory that state leadership, authoritarian or not, depends on the mode of governance. Authoritarianism usually results in the crushing of civil society, but the South Korean brand inadvertently left a legacy of vibrant civil society institutions. Dismantling the hard power apparatus of the state still left the governance part intact. That part of the state the democratic rulers who came in when the authoritarian ones were overthrown could put to work for their purposes with little difficulty. This book is about many things: development and modernization, dictatorship and democracy, state capacity and governance, social protection and welfare states, and Korean history. But finally it is about lifting social policy analysis out of the ghetto of self-sufficiency it is often confined to and into the center ground of hard political science, where we think it belongs.
Mario Poceski
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195319965
- eISBN:
- 9780199785445
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195319965.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Buddhism
This chapter concludes the study of the Hongzhou school's history by integrating and interpreting the data on its growth and the patronage networks that facilitated it. It also situates the rise of ...
More
This chapter concludes the study of the Hongzhou school's history by integrating and interpreting the data on its growth and the patronage networks that facilitated it. It also situates the rise of the Hongzhou school in relation to the broader historical context of Tang Chan, explores its interactions with other Chan schools, and elaborates on its conception of spiritual lineage. In addition, it briefly notes the Hongzhou school's direct role in the transmission of Chan beyond China and assesses its overall impact on the evolution of the Chan movement.Less
This chapter concludes the study of the Hongzhou school's history by integrating and interpreting the data on its growth and the patronage networks that facilitated it. It also situates the rise of the Hongzhou school in relation to the broader historical context of Tang Chan, explores its interactions with other Chan schools, and elaborates on its conception of spiritual lineage. In addition, it briefly notes the Hongzhou school's direct role in the transmission of Chan beyond China and assesses its overall impact on the evolution of the Chan movement.
Hyung‐Ki Kim and Jun Ma
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198294917
- eISBN:
- 9780191715501
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198294917.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter uses case studies to assess the role of government in the acquisition of technological capability in the petrochemical industries in Japan, Korea, and Taiwan. The methods of government ...
More
This chapter uses case studies to assess the role of government in the acquisition of technological capability in the petrochemical industries in Japan, Korea, and Taiwan. The methods of government control are described, particularly those concerning market entry, technology transfers, and technology absorption. The mechanisms through which government policies impacted the development of petrochemical industries and minimized the possibility of government failures are discussed.Less
This chapter uses case studies to assess the role of government in the acquisition of technological capability in the petrochemical industries in Japan, Korea, and Taiwan. The methods of government control are described, particularly those concerning market entry, technology transfers, and technology absorption. The mechanisms through which government policies impacted the development of petrochemical industries and minimized the possibility of government failures are discussed.
Axel Klein
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199249596
- eISBN:
- 9780191600012
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199249598.003.0012
- Subject:
- Political Science, Reference
Includes all relevant information on national elections held since the proclamation of the North Korean Republic in 1948. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of North Korea's political history, ...
More
Includes all relevant information on national elections held since the proclamation of the North Korean Republic in 1948. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of North Korea's political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes available electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).Less
Includes all relevant information on national elections held since the proclamation of the North Korean Republic in 1948. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of North Korea's political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes available electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
Mark B. Suh
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199249596
- eISBN:
- 9780191600012
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199249598.003.0013
- Subject:
- Political Science, Reference
Includes all relevant information on national elections and referendums held in South Korea since independence in 1948. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of South Korea's political history, ...
More
Includes all relevant information on national elections and referendums held in South Korea since independence in 1948. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of South Korea's political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for candidates and/or parties in parliamentary and presidential elections and referendums at both the national and regional level, the electoral participation of political parties, the national and regional distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).Less
Includes all relevant information on national elections and referendums held in South Korea since independence in 1948. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of South Korea's political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for candidates and/or parties in parliamentary and presidential elections and referendums at both the national and regional level, the electoral participation of political parties, the national and regional distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
Meredith Woo‐Cumings
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198294917
- eISBN:
- 9780191715501
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198294917.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter discusses the impact of differences in initial conditions and international environments on the developmental strategy between Latin America and East Asia (Korea and Taiwan). The unique ...
More
This chapter discusses the impact of differences in initial conditions and international environments on the developmental strategy between Latin America and East Asia (Korea and Taiwan). The unique imprint of Japanese colonial legacies on the bureaucratic nature of the state in Korea and Taiwan, and its relations with business and agrarian interests are elucidated. How the specific geopolitical positions of these two economies affect their developmental strategies as well as their capabilities to extract ‘rent’ from the United States during the Cold War is discussed.Less
This chapter discusses the impact of differences in initial conditions and international environments on the developmental strategy between Latin America and East Asia (Korea and Taiwan). The unique imprint of Japanese colonial legacies on the bureaucratic nature of the state in Korea and Taiwan, and its relations with business and agrarian interests are elucidated. How the specific geopolitical positions of these two economies affect their developmental strategies as well as their capabilities to extract ‘rent’ from the United States during the Cold War is discussed.
Richard Rose, Doh C. Shin, and Neil Munro
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198295686
- eISBN:
- 9780191600043
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198295685.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
The greater the gap between democratic ideals and reality, the greater the resulting tension. This chapter presents a model of tension in a new democracy and applies it to the Republic of Korea ...
More
The greater the gap between democratic ideals and reality, the greater the resulting tension. This chapter presents a model of tension in a new democracy and applies it to the Republic of Korea (South Korea), drawing on survey data from the 1997 New Korea Barometer. South Korea is particularly suitable for intensive analysis, since the level of mass education is high and commitment to democratic ideals is also high, yet the introduction of free elections in 1987 has produced a succession of presidents whose actions in government have fallen well short of the democratic ideal, leading to convictions on corruption charges. The political fallout of the abuse of power for personal gain was exacerbated in 1997 when the government faced the national humiliation of relying on the biggest International Monetary Fund loan in history to avoid financial collapse and the chapter concludes by considering demand‐driven pressure for reform.Less
The greater the gap between democratic ideals and reality, the greater the resulting tension. This chapter presents a model of tension in a new democracy and applies it to the Republic of Korea (South Korea), drawing on survey data from the 1997 New Korea Barometer. South Korea is particularly suitable for intensive analysis, since the level of mass education is high and commitment to democratic ideals is also high, yet the introduction of free elections in 1987 has produced a succession of presidents whose actions in government have fallen well short of the democratic ideal, leading to convictions on corruption charges. The political fallout of the abuse of power for personal gain was exacerbated in 1997 when the government faced the national humiliation of relying on the biggest International Monetary Fund loan in history to avoid financial collapse and the chapter concludes by considering demand‐driven pressure for reform.
HeeMin Kim
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813129945
- eISBN:
- 9780813135748
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813129945.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter discusses rational choice theory and the aims and purposes of this book. Rational choice theory has been applied in many subfields of political science, such as international relations ...
More
This chapter discusses rational choice theory and the aims and purposes of this book. Rational choice theory has been applied in many subfields of political science, such as international relations and American politics. This theory assumes methodological individualism and purposeful action. The main focus of this book is the democratic transition in Korea, which this chapter treats as a succession of events.Less
This chapter discusses rational choice theory and the aims and purposes of this book. Rational choice theory has been applied in many subfields of political science, such as international relations and American politics. This theory assumes methodological individualism and purposeful action. The main focus of this book is the democratic transition in Korea, which this chapter treats as a succession of events.
Geir Lundestad
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199266685
- eISBN:
- 9780191601057
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199266689.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The US and the Western European countries certainly had their differences over various European questions, but all debate took place against the background of a Soviet threat that disturbed the ...
More
The US and the Western European countries certainly had their differences over various European questions, but all debate took place against the background of a Soviet threat that disturbed the entire ‘free world’ and a NATO framework that had been established to deal with this threat. However, disagreements over out‐of‐area disputes (i.e. disputes outside the area covered by core Article 5 of the NATO treaty) between the US and many Western European countries were even more frequent and the common framework much weaker. At the beginning of the post‐war period, the US definitely saw itself as an anti‐colonial power, and its strong anti‐colonial views spurred progress towards independence not only for India and other British colonial territories, but also for those of other European colonies. The different sections of this chapter look at the changing nature of America's colonial policy, particularly in the face of prospects that communists might take control of a former European territory, and at its increasing role in other out‐of‐area questions, over the period 1945–1975. The areas discussed are East Asia (French Indo‐china, China, and the Korean and Vietnamese wars), the Middle East, and Southern Africa and Cuba. In addition a whole separate section is devoted to the Vietnam conflict, and another to the various disputes that led the Nixon administration to pronounce 1973 the ‘Year of Europe’ in an effort to bring the US and Western Europe close after a period of dispute that had involved, in particular, American support to Israel.Less
The US and the Western European countries certainly had their differences over various European questions, but all debate took place against the background of a Soviet threat that disturbed the entire ‘free world’ and a NATO framework that had been established to deal with this threat. However, disagreements over out‐of‐area disputes (i.e. disputes outside the area covered by core Article 5 of the NATO treaty) between the US and many Western European countries were even more frequent and the common framework much weaker. At the beginning of the post‐war period, the US definitely saw itself as an anti‐colonial power, and its strong anti‐colonial views spurred progress towards independence not only for India and other British colonial territories, but also for those of other European colonies. The different sections of this chapter look at the changing nature of America's colonial policy, particularly in the face of prospects that communists might take control of a former European territory, and at its increasing role in other out‐of‐area questions, over the period 1945–1975. The areas discussed are East Asia (French Indo‐china, China, and the Korean and Vietnamese wars), the Middle East, and Southern Africa and Cuba. In addition a whole separate section is devoted to the Vietnam conflict, and another to the various disputes that led the Nixon administration to pronounce 1973 the ‘Year of Europe’ in an effort to bring the US and Western Europe close after a period of dispute that had involved, in particular, American support to Israel.
Anna Sun
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691155579
- eISBN:
- 9781400846085
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691155579.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Hinduism
This chapter discusses the long-standing problem of identifying Confucians in China (and East Asia in general) through social science research methods—a problem deeply rooted in the ...
More
This chapter discusses the long-standing problem of identifying Confucians in China (and East Asia in general) through social science research methods—a problem deeply rooted in the nineteenth-century conceptualization of Confucianism and the overall classification of Chinese religions. It investigates different types of empirical data—national censuses and surveys—from Mainland China, as well as from Taiwan, Japan, and South Korea, in order to answer two questions. First is about whether “Confucianism” is a category in religious classifications in these East Asian countries and regions; the second asks about how many people are counted as “Confucians” in China.Less
This chapter discusses the long-standing problem of identifying Confucians in China (and East Asia in general) through social science research methods—a problem deeply rooted in the nineteenth-century conceptualization of Confucianism and the overall classification of Chinese religions. It investigates different types of empirical data—national censuses and surveys—from Mainland China, as well as from Taiwan, Japan, and South Korea, in order to answer two questions. First is about whether “Confucianism” is a category in religious classifications in these East Asian countries and regions; the second asks about how many people are counted as “Confucians” in China.
Sea-Jin Chang
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199287345
- eISBN:
- 9780191713514
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199287345.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business
This chapter documents changes in business groups in Korea after the crisis. When the financial crisis hit Korea, thirteen of the top thirty chaebols went technically bankrupt. This chapter argues ...
More
This chapter documents changes in business groups in Korea after the crisis. When the financial crisis hit Korea, thirteen of the top thirty chaebols went technically bankrupt. This chapter argues that although the Korean government did abolish intra-group debt guarantee practices, its heavy-handed approach to forcing chaebols to swap businesses so that each chaebol would focus on a few core businesses failed completely. The government’s effort to force chaebols to reduce debt-equity ratios was hindered after chaebols merely revalued their assets and bought new equity issues by other affiliates. This chapter argues that more fundamental restructuring of Korean business groups will occur only when corporate governance systems and accounting transparency are improved. Foreign investors and creditors, as well as banks that became larger and more powerful through several mergers, will induce chaebols to restructure further. In addition, intensified international competition, not government intervention, will force chaebols to reduce unrelated diversification.Less
This chapter documents changes in business groups in Korea after the crisis. When the financial crisis hit Korea, thirteen of the top thirty chaebols went technically bankrupt. This chapter argues that although the Korean government did abolish intra-group debt guarantee practices, its heavy-handed approach to forcing chaebols to swap businesses so that each chaebol would focus on a few core businesses failed completely. The government’s effort to force chaebols to reduce debt-equity ratios was hindered after chaebols merely revalued their assets and bought new equity issues by other affiliates. This chapter argues that more fundamental restructuring of Korean business groups will occur only when corporate governance systems and accounting transparency are improved. Foreign investors and creditors, as well as banks that became larger and more powerful through several mergers, will induce chaebols to restructure further. In addition, intensified international competition, not government intervention, will force chaebols to reduce unrelated diversification.
SooJeong Ahn
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9789888083589
- eISBN:
- 9789882209268
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888083589.001.0001
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
This book provides a political and cultural exploration of the Pusan International Film Festival in South Korea since its inception in 1996. Paying particular attention to the organizers' use of an ...
More
This book provides a political and cultural exploration of the Pusan International Film Festival in South Korea since its inception in 1996. Paying particular attention to the organizers' use of an Asian regionalization strategy, the book reveals how the festival staked out a unique and influential position within a rapidly changing global landscape. Little empirical research has been conducted to date on non-Western film festivals, though PIFF and Tokyo and Hong Kong have swiftly grown more exciting and influential as testing grounds for global cinema innovations. The initiation, development and growth of PIFF should be understood as resulting from productive tensions in the festival's efforts to serve local, regional and national constituencies. The book also reflects the complexities of rapid transformation in the South Korean film industry as it has reached out to the global market since the late 1990s.Less
This book provides a political and cultural exploration of the Pusan International Film Festival in South Korea since its inception in 1996. Paying particular attention to the organizers' use of an Asian regionalization strategy, the book reveals how the festival staked out a unique and influential position within a rapidly changing global landscape. Little empirical research has been conducted to date on non-Western film festivals, though PIFF and Tokyo and Hong Kong have swiftly grown more exciting and influential as testing grounds for global cinema innovations. The initiation, development and growth of PIFF should be understood as resulting from productive tensions in the festival's efforts to serve local, regional and national constituencies. The book also reflects the complexities of rapid transformation in the South Korean film industry as it has reached out to the global market since the late 1990s.
Konrad Boehmer
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780197265390
- eISBN:
- 9780191760440
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265390.003.0004
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
Konrad Boehmer is the composer of numerous electro-acoustic, stage and instrumental works, a distinguished teacher of composition, music history and theory, and a prodigious writer on music, ...
More
Konrad Boehmer is the composer of numerous electro-acoustic, stage and instrumental works, a distinguished teacher of composition, music history and theory, and a prodigious writer on music, politics, and society. This chapter recounts his close involvement in the early 1970s with student communist parties in Germany and the Netherlands, and the questions that this involvement raised for his own compositional activities. Whilst the activism of these parties was in many ways naïve and short-sighted, the problems which they sought to address have only become more severe, a situation that today poses almost intractable difficulties for composers wishing to pursue independent and socially meaningful aesthetic production.Less
Konrad Boehmer is the composer of numerous electro-acoustic, stage and instrumental works, a distinguished teacher of composition, music history and theory, and a prodigious writer on music, politics, and society. This chapter recounts his close involvement in the early 1970s with student communist parties in Germany and the Netherlands, and the questions that this involvement raised for his own compositional activities. Whilst the activism of these parties was in many ways naïve and short-sighted, the problems which they sought to address have only become more severe, a situation that today poses almost intractable difficulties for composers wishing to pursue independent and socially meaningful aesthetic production.
S. P. MacKenzie
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199656028
- eISBN:
- 9780191744624
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199656028.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Military History
During the Korean War nearly a thousand British servicemen, along with a handful of British civilians, were captured by North Korean and Red Chinese forces. In various camps in the vicinity of ...
More
During the Korean War nearly a thousand British servicemen, along with a handful of British civilians, were captured by North Korean and Red Chinese forces. In various camps in the vicinity of Pyongyang and villages along the Yalu River these men found themselves subjected to a prolonged effort by the enemy to undermine their allegiance to the Crown and enlist them in various propaganda campaigns directed against the UN war effort. This is the first academic study to examine in detail exactly what happened to the major groups of British military and civilian prisoners held in different locations at various junctures between 1950 and 1953. It explores the extent to which factors such as exposure to the actions of the North Koreans as against the Red Chinese, evolving physical conditions, enemy re-education efforts, communist attempts at blackmail, British attitudes towards the Americans, and personal background and leadership qualities among captives themselves influenced the willingness and ability of the British prisoners to collaborate or resist. Thanks to the availability of hitherto classified or underutilized source materials, it is now possible to test the common popular assumption—based on official accounts and memoirs from the 1950s—that, in marked contrast to their American cousins, British captives in the Korean War were pretty much immune to communist efforts at subverting their loyalty. The results suggest that British attitudes and actions while in enemy hands were rather more nuanced and varied than previously assumed.Less
During the Korean War nearly a thousand British servicemen, along with a handful of British civilians, were captured by North Korean and Red Chinese forces. In various camps in the vicinity of Pyongyang and villages along the Yalu River these men found themselves subjected to a prolonged effort by the enemy to undermine their allegiance to the Crown and enlist them in various propaganda campaigns directed against the UN war effort. This is the first academic study to examine in detail exactly what happened to the major groups of British military and civilian prisoners held in different locations at various junctures between 1950 and 1953. It explores the extent to which factors such as exposure to the actions of the North Koreans as against the Red Chinese, evolving physical conditions, enemy re-education efforts, communist attempts at blackmail, British attitudes towards the Americans, and personal background and leadership qualities among captives themselves influenced the willingness and ability of the British prisoners to collaborate or resist. Thanks to the availability of hitherto classified or underutilized source materials, it is now possible to test the common popular assumption—based on official accounts and memoirs from the 1950s—that, in marked contrast to their American cousins, British captives in the Korean War were pretty much immune to communist efforts at subverting their loyalty. The results suggest that British attitudes and actions while in enemy hands were rather more nuanced and varied than previously assumed.
Allen D. Hertzke
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195374360
- eISBN:
- 9780199871902
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195374360.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter describes the most important human rights story since the end of the Cold War, the growth in the U.S. of a broad movement for international human rights that draws in evangelicals, ...
More
This chapter describes the most important human rights story since the end of the Cold War, the growth in the U.S. of a broad movement for international human rights that draws in evangelicals, Catholics, Jews, Buddhists, Baha’is, African-Americans, and feminists. This movement has pushed successfully for legislation and active policy on international religious freedom, Sudan, sexual trafficking, debt forgiveness, AIDS, and North Korea. Despite its repeated successes, it has often been ignored by journalists, or else its programs and personnel have been misstated, so that the broadest coalition in foreign policy is sometimes reduced to the purported politics of the “Christian right.” The result is that this major evolution in American human rights concerns and in U.S. foreign policy has been missed or misunderstood.Less
This chapter describes the most important human rights story since the end of the Cold War, the growth in the U.S. of a broad movement for international human rights that draws in evangelicals, Catholics, Jews, Buddhists, Baha’is, African-Americans, and feminists. This movement has pushed successfully for legislation and active policy on international religious freedom, Sudan, sexual trafficking, debt forgiveness, AIDS, and North Korea. Despite its repeated successes, it has often been ignored by journalists, or else its programs and personnel have been misstated, so that the broadest coalition in foreign policy is sometimes reduced to the purported politics of the “Christian right.” The result is that this major evolution in American human rights concerns and in U.S. foreign policy has been missed or misunderstood.
