John C. Wilkinson
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199588268
- eISBN:
- 9780191595400
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199588268.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Islam
Ibâḍism represents a branch of the third great division in Islam, that of the Khawârij. It survives in some isolated communities in North Africa, but manifested itself periodically in Oman as a full ...
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Ibâḍism represents a branch of the third great division in Islam, that of the Khawârij. It survives in some isolated communities in North Africa, but manifested itself periodically in Oman as a full Imamate well into the 20th century. Using early material recorded in Basran and Omani sources, this book deconstructs the standard account of origins, showing that Ibâḍism's evolution into a madhhab (school) can only be understood in a wider historical perspective of the tribal and regional dimensions. Its activation among the Yamani tribes of Iraq requires reappraising what the Yaman-Nizâr division represented in the Umayyad period, and the opening chapters demonstrate that there was a real split in pre-Islamic times between northern and southern Arabs that was reflected in the great revolts of Ibn al–As'ath al–Kindi and Yazid b. al–Muhallab al–Azdi. The nascent Ibâdi movement in Basra, whose solidarity was enshrined in walâya, the spiritual and physical cement binding the community to God, exploited the resulting resentment to establish Imamates in southern Arabia, followed by North Africa. Study of the earliest sources throws considerable light not only on Ibâḍi origins, but also the early emergence of Islamic kalâm and fiqh and the influence of contemporary theological debate.Less
Ibâḍism represents a branch of the third great division in Islam, that of the Khawârij. It survives in some isolated communities in North Africa, but manifested itself periodically in Oman as a full Imamate well into the 20th century. Using early material recorded in Basran and Omani sources, this book deconstructs the standard account of origins, showing that Ibâḍism's evolution into a madhhab (school) can only be understood in a wider historical perspective of the tribal and regional dimensions. Its activation among the Yamani tribes of Iraq requires reappraising what the Yaman-Nizâr division represented in the Umayyad period, and the opening chapters demonstrate that there was a real split in pre-Islamic times between northern and southern Arabs that was reflected in the great revolts of Ibn al–As'ath al–Kindi and Yazid b. al–Muhallab al–Azdi. The nascent Ibâdi movement in Basra, whose solidarity was enshrined in walâya, the spiritual and physical cement binding the community to God, exploited the resulting resentment to establish Imamates in southern Arabia, followed by North Africa. Study of the earliest sources throws considerable light not only on Ibâḍi origins, but also the early emergence of Islamic kalâm and fiqh and the influence of contemporary theological debate.
John C. Wilkinson
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199588268
- eISBN:
- 9780191595400
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199588268.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Islam
This chapter examines Khâriji/Muhakkima beginnings, their adherence to the absolute authority of the Qur'ân, and the subsidiary role of the Prophet's sunna. All the early secessionists came from ...
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This chapter examines Khâriji/Muhakkima beginnings, their adherence to the absolute authority of the Qur'ân, and the subsidiary role of the Prophet's sunna. All the early secessionists came from Kûfan Nizâri splinter groups and involved no Yaman tribes, either from Kûfa or Basra. The Ibâḍis recognize a true line of revolts down to the Tamîmi Abû Bilal (61/680), but no other until their own, sixty-seven years later. The characteristics of these early secessionists are examined. The Khawârij who went to Ibn Zubayr in 64, including the mysterious Ibn Ibâḍ, were Tamîm or Hanîfa (Nizâr) and the failure of their mission resulted in a split, represented as between the extremist Azâriqa and moderate Ibâḍis, with the Sufris somewhere between. This model does not stand up to examination. The non-Azâriqa were essentially divided between qu'ûd and shirâ' (quietists and activists), split ideologically over relations with other Muslims, maintaining unity, and when to secede (khurûj). The Sufris activated earlier than the Ibâḍis because they operated amongst the Iraqi Nizar tribes, and were first in North Africa. It was not dogma but the tribal domain that made Sufris and Ibâḍis rivals.Less
This chapter examines Khâriji/Muhakkima beginnings, their adherence to the absolute authority of the Qur'ân, and the subsidiary role of the Prophet's sunna. All the early secessionists came from Kûfan Nizâri splinter groups and involved no Yaman tribes, either from Kûfa or Basra. The Ibâḍis recognize a true line of revolts down to the Tamîmi Abû Bilal (61/680), but no other until their own, sixty-seven years later. The characteristics of these early secessionists are examined. The Khawârij who went to Ibn Zubayr in 64, including the mysterious Ibn Ibâḍ, were Tamîm or Hanîfa (Nizâr) and the failure of their mission resulted in a split, represented as between the extremist Azâriqa and moderate Ibâḍis, with the Sufris somewhere between. This model does not stand up to examination. The non-Azâriqa were essentially divided between qu'ûd and shirâ' (quietists and activists), split ideologically over relations with other Muslims, maintaining unity, and when to secede (khurûj). The Sufris activated earlier than the Ibâḍis because they operated amongst the Iraqi Nizar tribes, and were first in North Africa. It was not dogma but the tribal domain that made Sufris and Ibâḍis rivals.
Hussein Ahmad Amin
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781474437073
- eISBN:
- 9781474453653
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474437073.003.0007
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Middle Eastern Studies
This chapter introduces several ideological groups and sects within Islam such as the Khawarij, Shi’ites, Qadaris, Mu’tazilites, Zaydis and Druz and discusses the reasons for their emergence and ...
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This chapter introduces several ideological groups and sects within Islam such as the Khawarij, Shi’ites, Qadaris, Mu’tazilites, Zaydis and Druz and discusses the reasons for their emergence and their relationship with core Islamic values and teachings.Less
This chapter introduces several ideological groups and sects within Islam such as the Khawarij, Shi’ites, Qadaris, Mu’tazilites, Zaydis and Druz and discusses the reasons for their emergence and their relationship with core Islamic values and teachings.
