Alexander Kaufman
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198294672
- eISBN:
- 9780191599637
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198294670.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
Kant's theory of justice continues to exert a powerful influence on contemporary discussions of justice and equality. Modern theorists disagree, however, regarding the implications of Kant's theory ...
More
Kant's theory of justice continues to exert a powerful influence on contemporary discussions of justice and equality. Modern theorists disagree, however, regarding the implications of Kant's theory for the state's responsibility for public welfare. A traditional interpretation holds that Kant's political theory simply involves an investigation of the constraints that reason places on the state's authority to regulate external action. This ‘standard interpretation’ of Kant's thought has remained influential, and has grounded a reinterpretation of the classic liberal state by theorists such as Humboldt and Hayek. Kaufman argues that the standard interpretation neither succeeds as a faithful reading of Kant's texts nor as a plausible, philosophically sound reconstruction of a ‘Kantian’ political theory. Rather, Kaufman argues, Kant's political theory articulates a positive conception of the state's role. In particular, Kantian justice requires that each member of society must be guaranteed the opportunity to realize his or her purposive capacities. In order to secure this guarantee, Kantian justice requires interventions to secure equality of capabilities.Less
Kant's theory of justice continues to exert a powerful influence on contemporary discussions of justice and equality. Modern theorists disagree, however, regarding the implications of Kant's theory for the state's responsibility for public welfare. A traditional interpretation holds that Kant's political theory simply involves an investigation of the constraints that reason places on the state's authority to regulate external action. This ‘standard interpretation’ of Kant's thought has remained influential, and has grounded a reinterpretation of the classic liberal state by theorists such as Humboldt and Hayek. Kaufman argues that the standard interpretation neither succeeds as a faithful reading of Kant's texts nor as a plausible, philosophically sound reconstruction of a ‘Kantian’ political theory. Rather, Kaufman argues, Kant's political theory articulates a positive conception of the state's role. In particular, Kantian justice requires that each member of society must be guaranteed the opportunity to realize his or her purposive capacities. In order to secure this guarantee, Kantian justice requires interventions to secure equality of capabilities.
J. Kameron Carter
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195152791
- eISBN:
- 9780199870578
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195152791.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
Completing the theological account of modernity and of the modern problem of race begun in the prior chapter, this chapter analyzes the thought of the Enlightenment philosopher Immanuel Kant. It ...
More
Completing the theological account of modernity and of the modern problem of race begun in the prior chapter, this chapter analyzes the thought of the Enlightenment philosopher Immanuel Kant. It argues that Kant's thought is illustrative of the problem of modernity, how the logic of race that animates it and the deeper anxiety regarding Jewish existence that is embedded within its racial logic point to the more fundamental problem: the problem of whiteness as a problem that draws on Christian theological ideas and themes to constitute itself. Stated differently, the chapter probes whiteness as a theological problem built on Christian supersessionism or the quest to overcome Jewish existence; this is an integral part of the effort to produce Christianity as the supreme, rational religion and as the basis of cosmopolitan culture and society.Less
Completing the theological account of modernity and of the modern problem of race begun in the prior chapter, this chapter analyzes the thought of the Enlightenment philosopher Immanuel Kant. It argues that Kant's thought is illustrative of the problem of modernity, how the logic of race that animates it and the deeper anxiety regarding Jewish existence that is embedded within its racial logic point to the more fundamental problem: the problem of whiteness as a problem that draws on Christian theological ideas and themes to constitute itself. Stated differently, the chapter probes whiteness as a theological problem built on Christian supersessionism or the quest to overcome Jewish existence; this is an integral part of the effort to produce Christianity as the supreme, rational religion and as the basis of cosmopolitan culture and society.
Thomas Albert Howard
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199266852
- eISBN:
- 9780191604188
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199266859.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
This chapter begins with an examination of the 18th-century university and the forces of inertia and novelty, stagnation, and innovation that characterized it. German universities were in major ...
More
This chapter begins with an examination of the 18th-century university and the forces of inertia and novelty, stagnation, and innovation that characterized it. German universities were in major decline in the 18th century, intellectually ossifying and beset by myriad administrative and financial difficulties. At the same time, the century witnessed the establishment of several important new universities — particularly the University of Halle (1694) in Prussia and the University of Göttingen (1737) in Hanover — that introduced vigorous new impulses to higher education. These ‘reform universities’ are examined for their incipiently modernizing characteristics. The statutory, curricular, and scholarly contributions made to them by theologians, foremost August Hermann Francke (1663-1727) at Halle and Johann Lorenz von Mosheim (1694-1755) at Göttingen are emphasized.Less
This chapter begins with an examination of the 18th-century university and the forces of inertia and novelty, stagnation, and innovation that characterized it. German universities were in major decline in the 18th century, intellectually ossifying and beset by myriad administrative and financial difficulties. At the same time, the century witnessed the establishment of several important new universities — particularly the University of Halle (1694) in Prussia and the University of Göttingen (1737) in Hanover — that introduced vigorous new impulses to higher education. These ‘reform universities’ are examined for their incipiently modernizing characteristics. The statutory, curricular, and scholarly contributions made to them by theologians, foremost August Hermann Francke (1663-1727) at Halle and Johann Lorenz von Mosheim (1694-1755) at Göttingen are emphasized.
Clancy Martin (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195327939
- eISBN:
- 9780199852444
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195327939.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This book gathers together new chapters on deception and self-deception by leading thinkers on the subject. The chapters discuss topics including the nature and the definition of deception; whether ...
More
This book gathers together new chapters on deception and self-deception by leading thinkers on the subject. The chapters discuss topics including the nature and the definition of deception; whether deception is morally blameworthy or not; attacks against and defenses of self-deception; and the most famous philosophical account of lying by Immanuel Kant. Deception of others and self-deception share many more interconnections than is normally recognized, and these chapters reveal the benefits of considering them together.Less
This book gathers together new chapters on deception and self-deception by leading thinkers on the subject. The chapters discuss topics including the nature and the definition of deception; whether deception is morally blameworthy or not; attacks against and defenses of self-deception; and the most famous philosophical account of lying by Immanuel Kant. Deception of others and self-deception share many more interconnections than is normally recognized, and these chapters reveal the benefits of considering them together.
Michael L. Frazer
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195390667
- eISBN:
- 9780199866687
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195390667.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
Few today are aware that Immanuel Kant embraced moral sentimentalism at one point in his philosophical career, only to later reject it. This chapter argues that Kant's reasons for rejecting ...
More
Few today are aware that Immanuel Kant embraced moral sentimentalism at one point in his philosophical career, only to later reject it. This chapter argues that Kant's reasons for rejecting sentimentalism need not lead us to do the same. Although the later Kant is willing to endorse many emotions that enable finite creatures to better conform to duty, he nonetheless argues that no form of fellow-feeling must ever be allowed to threaten the rational self-control which he identifies with autonomy. Yet once we see sentimentalism as dependant on a harmony of all the faculties in a reflectively stable psyche, rather than advocating the slavery of reason to passion, we see that the distinction between rationalism and sentimentalism is not between the autonomy of reason and the heteronomy of feeling, but rather between two competing theories of what reflective autonomy involves.Less
Few today are aware that Immanuel Kant embraced moral sentimentalism at one point in his philosophical career, only to later reject it. This chapter argues that Kant's reasons for rejecting sentimentalism need not lead us to do the same. Although the later Kant is willing to endorse many emotions that enable finite creatures to better conform to duty, he nonetheless argues that no form of fellow-feeling must ever be allowed to threaten the rational self-control which he identifies with autonomy. Yet once we see sentimentalism as dependant on a harmony of all the faculties in a reflectively stable psyche, rather than advocating the slavery of reason to passion, we see that the distinction between rationalism and sentimentalism is not between the autonomy of reason and the heteronomy of feeling, but rather between two competing theories of what reflective autonomy involves.
Margaret Moore
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198273851
- eISBN:
- 9780191599934
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198273851.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter examines the Kantian argument put forward by Alan Gewirth in Reason and Morality, that morality, which is identified with liberal principles of justice, is entailed in the standpoint of ...
More
This chapter examines the Kantian argument put forward by Alan Gewirth in Reason and Morality, that morality, which is identified with liberal principles of justice, is entailed in the standpoint of self‐interest, and can be discerned through the exercise of theoretical reason. This chapter argues that it fails to overcome the dualisms that bedevilled Kant's version of this argument.Less
This chapter examines the Kantian argument put forward by Alan Gewirth in Reason and Morality, that morality, which is identified with liberal principles of justice, is entailed in the standpoint of self‐interest, and can be discerned through the exercise of theoretical reason. This chapter argues that it fails to overcome the dualisms that bedevilled Kant's version of this argument.
Paul Weithman
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195393033
- eISBN:
- 9780199894901
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195393033.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This book offers a fresh, rigorous and compelling interpretation of John Rawls's reasons for taking his so-called “political turn”. The book takes Rawls at his word that justice as fairness was ...
More
This book offers a fresh, rigorous and compelling interpretation of John Rawls's reasons for taking his so-called “political turn”. The book takes Rawls at his word that justice as fairness was recast as a form of political liberalism because of inconsistencies Rawls found in his early treatment of social stability. The book argues that those inconsistencies are best seen by identifying one of the threats to stability with which the early Rawls was concerned: the generalized prisoner's dilemma. Showing how the Rawls of A Theory of Justice tried to avert that threat shows that the much-neglected third part of that book is of considerably greater philosophical interest than is generally appreciated. The book painstakingly reconstructs Rawls's attempts to show that a just society would stable, and just as carefully shows why Rawls came to think those arguments were inconsistent with other parts of his theory. The book then shows that the changes Rawls introduced into his view between Theory of Justice and Political Liberalism result from his attempt to remove the inconsistency and show that the hazard of the generalized prisoner's dilemma can be averted after all. Recovering Rawls's two treatments of stability helps to answer contested questions about the role of the original position and the foundations of justice of fairness.Less
This book offers a fresh, rigorous and compelling interpretation of John Rawls's reasons for taking his so-called “political turn”. The book takes Rawls at his word that justice as fairness was recast as a form of political liberalism because of inconsistencies Rawls found in his early treatment of social stability. The book argues that those inconsistencies are best seen by identifying one of the threats to stability with which the early Rawls was concerned: the generalized prisoner's dilemma. Showing how the Rawls of A Theory of Justice tried to avert that threat shows that the much-neglected third part of that book is of considerably greater philosophical interest than is generally appreciated. The book painstakingly reconstructs Rawls's attempts to show that a just society would stable, and just as carefully shows why Rawls came to think those arguments were inconsistent with other parts of his theory. The book then shows that the changes Rawls introduced into his view between Theory of Justice and Political Liberalism result from his attempt to remove the inconsistency and show that the hazard of the generalized prisoner's dilemma can be averted after all. Recovering Rawls's two treatments of stability helps to answer contested questions about the role of the original position and the foundations of justice of fairness.
Michael Doyle
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199240975
- eISBN:
- 9780191598999
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199240973.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Examines the liberal peace thesis from the perspective of both the liberal and realist traditions in international relations. It compares the way both schools of thought envisage the connection ...
More
Examines the liberal peace thesis from the perspective of both the liberal and realist traditions in international relations. It compares the way both schools of thought envisage the connection between peace, liberty, and democracy. It differentiates among three distinct theoretical traditions of liberalism—Lockean, Kantian, and Schumpeterian—and explains their somewhat different conceptions of world politics.Less
Examines the liberal peace thesis from the perspective of both the liberal and realist traditions in international relations. It compares the way both schools of thought envisage the connection between peace, liberty, and democracy. It differentiates among three distinct theoretical traditions of liberalism—Lockean, Kantian, and Schumpeterian—and explains their somewhat different conceptions of world politics.
Sudhir Hazareesingh
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199247943
- eISBN:
- 9780191599446
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199247943.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
Concludes with an examination of the political thought of Jules Barni, one of the leading republican philosophers of his generation. Barni was the French translator of the works of Kant, and during ...
More
Concludes with an examination of the political thought of Jules Barni, one of the leading republican philosophers of his generation. Barni was the French translator of the works of Kant, and during the 1850s and 1860s his republicanism was deeply influenced by Kantian principles (notably in his commitment to international peace and anti‐militarism). In the 1870s Barni's writings played an important role in the emergence of the doctrine of ‘republican municipalism’, which underpinned the new political order in France.Less
Concludes with an examination of the political thought of Jules Barni, one of the leading republican philosophers of his generation. Barni was the French translator of the works of Kant, and during the 1850s and 1860s his republicanism was deeply influenced by Kantian principles (notably in his commitment to international peace and anti‐militarism). In the 1870s Barni's writings played an important role in the emergence of the doctrine of ‘republican municipalism’, which underpinned the new political order in France.
C. Thomas Powell
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198244486
- eISBN:
- 9780191680779
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198244486.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
From Rene Descartes to David Hume, philosophers in the 17th and 18th centuries developed a dialectic of radically conflicting claims about the nature of the self. In the Paralogisms of The Critique ...
More
From Rene Descartes to David Hume, philosophers in the 17th and 18th centuries developed a dialectic of radically conflicting claims about the nature of the self. In the Paralogisms of The Critique of Pure Reason, Kant comes to terms with this dialectic, and with the character of the experiencing self. This book seeks to elucidate these difficult texts, in part by applying to the Paralogisms insights drawn from Kant's Transcendental Deduction. This book shows that the structure of the Paralogisms provides an essential key to understanding both Kant's critique of ‘rational psychology’ and his theory of self-consciousness. As Kant realized, the ways in which we must represent ourselves to ourselves have import not only for epistemology, but for our view of persons and of our own immortality, and for moral philosophy as well. Kant's theory of self-consciousness is also shown to have implications for contemporary discussions of the problem of other minds, functionalism, and the problem of indexical self-reference.Less
From Rene Descartes to David Hume, philosophers in the 17th and 18th centuries developed a dialectic of radically conflicting claims about the nature of the self. In the Paralogisms of The Critique of Pure Reason, Kant comes to terms with this dialectic, and with the character of the experiencing self. This book seeks to elucidate these difficult texts, in part by applying to the Paralogisms insights drawn from Kant's Transcendental Deduction. This book shows that the structure of the Paralogisms provides an essential key to understanding both Kant's critique of ‘rational psychology’ and his theory of self-consciousness. As Kant realized, the ways in which we must represent ourselves to ourselves have import not only for epistemology, but for our view of persons and of our own immortality, and for moral philosophy as well. Kant's theory of self-consciousness is also shown to have implications for contemporary discussions of the problem of other minds, functionalism, and the problem of indexical self-reference.
Krishnachandra Bhattacharyya, Mohanty, and Tara Chatterjea
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198077336
- eISBN:
- 9780199081530
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198077336.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
Immanuel Kant's three Critiques-critique of pure reason, critique of practical reason, and critique of judgment-have been the cornerstone of Western philosophy. Delving into concepts like free will, ...
More
Immanuel Kant's three Critiques-critique of pure reason, critique of practical reason, and critique of judgment-have been the cornerstone of Western philosophy. Delving into concepts like free will, knowledge of the self, and the role of imagination in knowledge, Krishnachandra Bhattacharyya integrates the three critiques, shows their interconnections and presents their essential theses. He extends the meaning of concepts like knowing and experience from the Nyāya and the Advaita schools to evaluate judgments and certainties, thereby extending the domain of Kantian insight. Hailed as one of the most original and creative Indian academic philosophers of the twentieth century, Bhattacharyya explains, amplifies, and transcreates, moving beyond Kant's original text, without distorting his essential tenets.Less
Immanuel Kant's three Critiques-critique of pure reason, critique of practical reason, and critique of judgment-have been the cornerstone of Western philosophy. Delving into concepts like free will, knowledge of the self, and the role of imagination in knowledge, Krishnachandra Bhattacharyya integrates the three critiques, shows their interconnections and presents their essential theses. He extends the meaning of concepts like knowing and experience from the Nyāya and the Advaita schools to evaluate judgments and certainties, thereby extending the domain of Kantian insight. Hailed as one of the most original and creative Indian academic philosophers of the twentieth century, Bhattacharyya explains, amplifies, and transcreates, moving beyond Kant's original text, without distorting his essential tenets.
Daniel L. Purdy
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801476761
- eISBN:
- 9780801460050
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801476761.003.0004
- Subject:
- Architecture, Architectural Theory and Criticism
This chapter traces the genealogy of the Tower of Babel metaphor in metaphysical interpretations of architecture, and more specifically examines the Kantian appropriation of the metaphor. In the ...
More
This chapter traces the genealogy of the Tower of Babel metaphor in metaphysical interpretations of architecture, and more specifically examines the Kantian appropriation of the metaphor. In the early modern period, the tale was not understood always in terms of punishment so much as an affirmation of the correspondence between grand architecture and monarchical authority. Indeed, this baroque adaptation of the Genesis myth motivates Enlightenment thinkers such as Immanuel Kant to reintroduce the more critical, perhaps more Protestant, reading of the story into philosophy. Babel has become an attractive metaphor with which to critique both metaphysics and absolutist power. The eighteenth century established the modern correspondence between epistemological critique and the earlier Protestant understanding of the tale as a moral/political lesson about the hubris of oversized state planning.Less
This chapter traces the genealogy of the Tower of Babel metaphor in metaphysical interpretations of architecture, and more specifically examines the Kantian appropriation of the metaphor. In the early modern period, the tale was not understood always in terms of punishment so much as an affirmation of the correspondence between grand architecture and monarchical authority. Indeed, this baroque adaptation of the Genesis myth motivates Enlightenment thinkers such as Immanuel Kant to reintroduce the more critical, perhaps more Protestant, reading of the story into philosophy. Babel has become an attractive metaphor with which to critique both metaphysics and absolutist power. The eighteenth century established the modern correspondence between epistemological critique and the earlier Protestant understanding of the tale as a moral/political lesson about the hubris of oversized state planning.
Terryl L. Givens
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195313901
- eISBN:
- 9780199871933
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195313901.003.0009
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Descartes was seen by some as thinly veiling Platonic preexistence in his innate ideas. Locke critiques, and Leibniz rewrites preexistence. Kant makes preexistence central to his defense of human ...
More
Descartes was seen by some as thinly veiling Platonic preexistence in his innate ideas. Locke critiques, and Leibniz rewrites preexistence. Kant makes preexistence central to his defense of human freedom (or free will).Less
Descartes was seen by some as thinly veiling Platonic preexistence in his innate ideas. Locke critiques, and Leibniz rewrites preexistence. Kant makes preexistence central to his defense of human freedom (or free will).
Lenn E. Goodman
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195328820
- eISBN:
- 9780199870172
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195328820.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
Christine Korsgaard surveys several ways of warranting ethics (Hobbes, Puffendorff, Moore, Ross, Nagel, Hutcheson, Hume, Mill, Williams). She chooses a neo‐Kantian approach. But Goodman finds her ...
More
Christine Korsgaard surveys several ways of warranting ethics (Hobbes, Puffendorff, Moore, Ross, Nagel, Hutcheson, Hume, Mill, Williams). She chooses a neo‐Kantian approach. But Goodman finds her solution suppositious and her problematic artificial. Ethics, he argues, needs no justification. The dependence of all values on God does not imply an arbitrary authority. Indeed, monotheism finds incoherent the notion that divine authority would be arbitrary. Goodman engages critically with exponents of Jewish legal positivism and with Hare regarding divine command ethics, arguing against the ideas of original sin and the inadequacy of the Mosaic law.Less
Christine Korsgaard surveys several ways of warranting ethics (Hobbes, Puffendorff, Moore, Ross, Nagel, Hutcheson, Hume, Mill, Williams). She chooses a neo‐Kantian approach. But Goodman finds her solution suppositious and her problematic artificial. Ethics, he argues, needs no justification. The dependence of all values on God does not imply an arbitrary authority. Indeed, monotheism finds incoherent the notion that divine authority would be arbitrary. Goodman engages critically with exponents of Jewish legal positivism and with Hare regarding divine command ethics, arguing against the ideas of original sin and the inadequacy of the Mosaic law.
Isaac Nakhimovsky
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691148946
- eISBN:
- 9781400838752
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691148946.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter recounts how Fichte's theory of the state was profoundly shaped by his encounter with Rousseau, Sieyès, and Kant. Fichte developed a more radical version of the constitutional theory ...
More
This chapter recounts how Fichte's theory of the state was profoundly shaped by his encounter with Rousseau, Sieyès, and Kant. Fichte developed a more radical version of the constitutional theory that had been advanced by Sieyès and Kant during the French Revolution, one that sought to improve upon Rousseau's description of constitutional government and to institutionalize his account of popular sovereignty. According to his many German admirers, it was Sieyès, and not his Jacobin opponents, who was the real inheritor of Rousseau, because the kind of egalitarian democracy demanded by Robespierre and others was unable to function as a government of laws in a modern European state. Fichte declared that he had produced the definitive statement of this Sieyèsian constitutionalism and claimed he had captured its true spirit by showing how it did not permanently exclude the possibility of far more egalitarian systems than those proposed by either Sieyès or Kant.Less
This chapter recounts how Fichte's theory of the state was profoundly shaped by his encounter with Rousseau, Sieyès, and Kant. Fichte developed a more radical version of the constitutional theory that had been advanced by Sieyès and Kant during the French Revolution, one that sought to improve upon Rousseau's description of constitutional government and to institutionalize his account of popular sovereignty. According to his many German admirers, it was Sieyès, and not his Jacobin opponents, who was the real inheritor of Rousseau, because the kind of egalitarian democracy demanded by Robespierre and others was unable to function as a government of laws in a modern European state. Fichte declared that he had produced the definitive statement of this Sieyèsian constitutionalism and claimed he had captured its true spirit by showing how it did not permanently exclude the possibility of far more egalitarian systems than those proposed by either Sieyès or Kant.
José Fernández Vega
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199232024
- eISBN:
- 9780191716133
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199232024.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The concept of ‘art’ in Clausewitz's theory of war is linked to the aesthetic thought of Immanuel Kant's Critique of the Power of Judgement, of which Clausewitz had some knowledge — probably through ...
More
The concept of ‘art’ in Clausewitz's theory of war is linked to the aesthetic thought of Immanuel Kant's Critique of the Power of Judgement, of which Clausewitz had some knowledge — probably through his instructor in the war school, Kiesewetter. Beyond this historical point, the chapter also shows the productivity of ‘art’ and its fellow concept ‘judgement’ for the social understanding of war. Hannah Arendt's interpretation of Kant's third Critique is used as a guide to develop the idea of war as art in Clausewitz's theory.Less
The concept of ‘art’ in Clausewitz's theory of war is linked to the aesthetic thought of Immanuel Kant's Critique of the Power of Judgement, of which Clausewitz had some knowledge — probably through his instructor in the war school, Kiesewetter. Beyond this historical point, the chapter also shows the productivity of ‘art’ and its fellow concept ‘judgement’ for the social understanding of war. Hannah Arendt's interpretation of Kant's third Critique is used as a guide to develop the idea of war as art in Clausewitz's theory.
Paul Abela
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199242740
- eISBN:
- 9780191697173
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199242740.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
Immanuel Kant claims that transcendental idealism yields a form of realism at the empirical level. Polite silence might best describe the reception this assertion has garnered among even sympathetic ...
More
Immanuel Kant claims that transcendental idealism yields a form of realism at the empirical level. Polite silence might best describe the reception this assertion has garnered among even sympathetic interpreters. This book challenges that prejudice, offering a controversial presentation and rehabilitation of Kant's empirical realism that places his realist credentials at the centre of the account of representation he offers in the Critique of Pure Reason. This interpretation ranges over the major themes contained in the Analytic of Principles and relevant portions of the Dialectic. Kant's analysis of the conditions necessary for determinate representation is shown to involve a realist understanding of the relation of mind and world. The realist character of Kant's account of empirical truth, and his commitment to the unity of nature, are defended against competing empiricist, pragmatist, and methodological readings. This title links Kant studies to contemporary philosophical debates, and will appeal to scholars and students of Kant, as well as epistemologists, metaphysicians, and philosophers of science interested in a powerful, experience-sensitive, form of realism.Less
Immanuel Kant claims that transcendental idealism yields a form of realism at the empirical level. Polite silence might best describe the reception this assertion has garnered among even sympathetic interpreters. This book challenges that prejudice, offering a controversial presentation and rehabilitation of Kant's empirical realism that places his realist credentials at the centre of the account of representation he offers in the Critique of Pure Reason. This interpretation ranges over the major themes contained in the Analytic of Principles and relevant portions of the Dialectic. Kant's analysis of the conditions necessary for determinate representation is shown to involve a realist understanding of the relation of mind and world. The realist character of Kant's account of empirical truth, and his commitment to the unity of nature, are defended against competing empiricist, pragmatist, and methodological readings. This title links Kant studies to contemporary philosophical debates, and will appeal to scholars and students of Kant, as well as epistemologists, metaphysicians, and philosophers of science interested in a powerful, experience-sensitive, form of realism.
Stewart Sutherland
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263051
- eISBN:
- 9780191734090
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263051.003.0010
- Subject:
- Religion, Religious Studies
This chapter discusses the philosophy of religion during the twentieth century. The influence of Immanuel Kant and David Hume on the discussion of theological and religious issues by philosophers is ...
More
This chapter discusses the philosophy of religion during the twentieth century. The influence of Immanuel Kant and David Hume on the discussion of theological and religious issues by philosophers is examined in the first section. The dual role of philosophy and the main forms of interaction between philosophy and theology are discussed in the next section. The chapter also examines three main themes: the nature and significance of religious experience, the attempts in the twentieth century to deal with some of the links between religion and reason, and the interaction between religious and moral beliefs.Less
This chapter discusses the philosophy of religion during the twentieth century. The influence of Immanuel Kant and David Hume on the discussion of theological and religious issues by philosophers is examined in the first section. The dual role of philosophy and the main forms of interaction between philosophy and theology are discussed in the next section. The chapter also examines three main themes: the nature and significance of religious experience, the attempts in the twentieth century to deal with some of the links between religion and reason, and the interaction between religious and moral beliefs.
R. Kevin Hill
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199285525
- eISBN:
- 9780191700354
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199285525.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
This chapter begins by discussing Nitzche's interpretation of postmodernism without its literary and rhetorical surface, as well as his historical importance. It also talks about other philosophers ...
More
This chapter begins by discussing Nitzche's interpretation of postmodernism without its literary and rhetorical surface, as well as his historical importance. It also talks about other philosophers who claim historical status for themselves. Next, it discusses that the book's interpretation is broadly based on Immanuel Kant's, thus, reconciling two competing branches of Nietzsche's interpretation that dominate the present scholarship and discussions. Subsequently, this chapter talks about Germany in the late 19th century. It then discusses two figures who also made great efforts in restoring interest in Kant during the late 19th century — Kuno Fischer and Friedrich Lange. It also evaluates three interpretations of Kant that Nietzsche knew best — Schopenhauer's, Kuno Fischer's, and Friedrich Lange's.Less
This chapter begins by discussing Nitzche's interpretation of postmodernism without its literary and rhetorical surface, as well as his historical importance. It also talks about other philosophers who claim historical status for themselves. Next, it discusses that the book's interpretation is broadly based on Immanuel Kant's, thus, reconciling two competing branches of Nietzsche's interpretation that dominate the present scholarship and discussions. Subsequently, this chapter talks about Germany in the late 19th century. It then discusses two figures who also made great efforts in restoring interest in Kant during the late 19th century — Kuno Fischer and Friedrich Lange. It also evaluates three interpretations of Kant that Nietzsche knew best — Schopenhauer's, Kuno Fischer's, and Friedrich Lange's.
Hans Joas and Wolfgang Knöbl
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691150840
- eISBN:
- 9781400844746
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691150840.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Theory
This chapter provides an overview of the key arguments in the debate on war and peace carried on from the time of Thomas Hobbes up to the Napoleonic Wars between philosophers, political economists, ...
More
This chapter provides an overview of the key arguments in the debate on war and peace carried on from the time of Thomas Hobbes up to the Napoleonic Wars between philosophers, political economists, and political thinkers. This era, which was bookended by the names of Hobbes and Carl von Clausewitz, reveals four highly disparate theoretical standpoints from which authors explored these topics. There is the power-political realist position, associated with the name of Hobbes; the utilitarian-liberal conception, directly linked with the name of Jeremy Bentham, but which undoubtedly has roots in the work of Montesquieu as well; the republican-universalist stance that goes back to Immanuel Kant, though certain arguments can be found in the work of Jean-Jacques Rousseau; and finally the position linked with the “neo-Roman understanding of history” and the associated emphasis on the ideal of virtue.Less
This chapter provides an overview of the key arguments in the debate on war and peace carried on from the time of Thomas Hobbes up to the Napoleonic Wars between philosophers, political economists, and political thinkers. This era, which was bookended by the names of Hobbes and Carl von Clausewitz, reveals four highly disparate theoretical standpoints from which authors explored these topics. There is the power-political realist position, associated with the name of Hobbes; the utilitarian-liberal conception, directly linked with the name of Jeremy Bentham, but which undoubtedly has roots in the work of Montesquieu as well; the republican-universalist stance that goes back to Immanuel Kant, though certain arguments can be found in the work of Jean-Jacques Rousseau; and finally the position linked with the “neo-Roman understanding of history” and the associated emphasis on the ideal of virtue.
