Mandy Sadan
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780197265550
- eISBN:
- 9780191760341
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265550.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
Since independence in 1948, Burma has suffered from many internal conflicts. One of the longest of these has been in the Kachin State, in the north of the country where Burma has borders with India ...
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Since independence in 1948, Burma has suffered from many internal conflicts. One of the longest of these has been in the Kachin State, in the north of the country where Burma has borders with India to the west and China to the east. This book explores the origins of the armed movement that started in 1961 and considers why it has continued for so long. The book places the problems that have led to hostilities between the political heartland of Burma and one of its most important peripheries in a longer perspective than usual. It explains how the experience of globalisation and international geopolitics from the late eighteenth century onwards produced the local politics of exclusion and resistance. It also uses detailed ethnographic research to explore the social and cultural dynamics of Kachin ethno-nationalism, providing a rich analysis that goes beyond the purely political. This analysis also provides new insights on the work of Edmund Leach and recent representations of Zomia proposed by James C. Scott. The research draws upon an extensive range of sources, including archival materials in Jinghpaw and an extensive study of ritual and ritual language. Making a wide variety of cross-disciplinary observations, it explains in depth and breadth how a region such as the Kachin State came into being. When combined with detailed local insights into how these experiences contributed to the historical development of modern Kachin ethno-nationalism, the book encourages new ways of thinking about the Kachin region and its history of armed resistance.Less
Since independence in 1948, Burma has suffered from many internal conflicts. One of the longest of these has been in the Kachin State, in the north of the country where Burma has borders with India to the west and China to the east. This book explores the origins of the armed movement that started in 1961 and considers why it has continued for so long. The book places the problems that have led to hostilities between the political heartland of Burma and one of its most important peripheries in a longer perspective than usual. It explains how the experience of globalisation and international geopolitics from the late eighteenth century onwards produced the local politics of exclusion and resistance. It also uses detailed ethnographic research to explore the social and cultural dynamics of Kachin ethno-nationalism, providing a rich analysis that goes beyond the purely political. This analysis also provides new insights on the work of Edmund Leach and recent representations of Zomia proposed by James C. Scott. The research draws upon an extensive range of sources, including archival materials in Jinghpaw and an extensive study of ritual and ritual language. Making a wide variety of cross-disciplinary observations, it explains in depth and breadth how a region such as the Kachin State came into being. When combined with detailed local insights into how these experiences contributed to the historical development of modern Kachin ethno-nationalism, the book encourages new ways of thinking about the Kachin region and its history of armed resistance.
Mandy Sadan
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780197265550
- eISBN:
- 9780191760341
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265550.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This introductory chapter considers perspectives on modern Kachin ethno-nationalism from the vantage point of different communities in Burma, India, China, and Thailand. It discusses anthropological ...
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This introductory chapter considers perspectives on modern Kachin ethno-nationalism from the vantage point of different communities in Burma, India, China, and Thailand. It discusses anthropological representations of ‘the Kachin’ in the work of Edmund Leach, Jonathan Friedman, and lately that of James C. Scott, and examines the political implications of these representations. The chapter also considers why historians have found it difficult to undertake detailed studies of this region and the dangers of over-privileging the mandala as the defining historical intellectual apparatus. The methodological approach and objectives of the book are outlined in relation to these issues, with a particular focus on Jinghpaw dynamic political expansionism as a critical historical construct. The chapter concludes by briefly outlining each chapter to follow.Less
This introductory chapter considers perspectives on modern Kachin ethno-nationalism from the vantage point of different communities in Burma, India, China, and Thailand. It discusses anthropological representations of ‘the Kachin’ in the work of Edmund Leach, Jonathan Friedman, and lately that of James C. Scott, and examines the political implications of these representations. The chapter also considers why historians have found it difficult to undertake detailed studies of this region and the dangers of over-privileging the mandala as the defining historical intellectual apparatus. The methodological approach and objectives of the book are outlined in relation to these issues, with a particular focus on Jinghpaw dynamic political expansionism as a critical historical construct. The chapter concludes by briefly outlining each chapter to follow.
Mandy Sadan
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780197265550
- eISBN:
- 9780191760341
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265550.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter considers the impact of World War II on the Kachin region. It examines evidence for the motivations of Kachin volunteers during the war in the Kachin Levies and other organisations. It ...
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This chapter considers the impact of World War II on the Kachin region. It examines evidence for the motivations of Kachin volunteers during the war in the Kachin Levies and other organisations. It examines the demographics of this conflict and its impact on the development of politicised Kachin youth groups. It discusses their role in developing political strategy for Kachin State in the Union of Burma at the Panglong Conference and Frontier Areas Committee of Enquiry in 1947. The chapter also looks at the developments in this region in a broader regional context to understand how related communities in Burma, India, and China interacted with each other and with their respective national governments during the early post-World War II years.Less
This chapter considers the impact of World War II on the Kachin region. It examines evidence for the motivations of Kachin volunteers during the war in the Kachin Levies and other organisations. It examines the demographics of this conflict and its impact on the development of politicised Kachin youth groups. It discusses their role in developing political strategy for Kachin State in the Union of Burma at the Panglong Conference and Frontier Areas Committee of Enquiry in 1947. The chapter also looks at the developments in this region in a broader regional context to understand how related communities in Burma, India, and China interacted with each other and with their respective national governments during the early post-World War II years.
Richard Cockett
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780300204513
- eISBN:
- 9780300215984
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300204513.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter considers how many indigenous ethnic groups in Burma struggle for the right to express their own cultural and political identities against the Burmans. Unlike the immigrants to Burma ...
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This chapter considers how many indigenous ethnic groups in Burma struggle for the right to express their own cultural and political identities against the Burmans. Unlike the immigrants to Burma during colonial rule who constituted the plural society, at least the Karen, Chin, Mon, Kachin, Shan, and others (but not the Rohingya) have always been formally accepted as indigenous peoples by the majority Burmans, as defined in the 1982 Citizenship Act. Officially, indigenous peoples are considered equal citizens with the Burmans, however, they have instead been discriminated against and treated as second-class citizens. Thus, the division between the ethnic Burmans and the ethnic groups remains the most serious fault line in the country. The chapter shows how the Kachin State can reveal the differences between the ethnic minority groups and the ruling Burmans at their most stark, and how it can become a possible seat of reform.Less
This chapter considers how many indigenous ethnic groups in Burma struggle for the right to express their own cultural and political identities against the Burmans. Unlike the immigrants to Burma during colonial rule who constituted the plural society, at least the Karen, Chin, Mon, Kachin, Shan, and others (but not the Rohingya) have always been formally accepted as indigenous peoples by the majority Burmans, as defined in the 1982 Citizenship Act. Officially, indigenous peoples are considered equal citizens with the Burmans, however, they have instead been discriminated against and treated as second-class citizens. Thus, the division between the ethnic Burmans and the ethnic groups remains the most serious fault line in the country. The chapter shows how the Kachin State can reveal the differences between the ethnic minority groups and the ruling Burmans at their most stark, and how it can become a possible seat of reform.
Karin Eberhardt
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- April 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199335039
- eISBN:
- 9780199366750
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199335039.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Karin Eberhardt discusses the life of a Kachin man in the Shan State of Burma. The son of a duwa (village area chief), shaman, and opium cultivator, Sara Brang Awng (a pseudonym) grew up to become an ...
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Karin Eberhardt discusses the life of a Kachin man in the Shan State of Burma. The son of a duwa (village area chief), shaman, and opium cultivator, Sara Brang Awng (a pseudonym) grew up to become an educated civil servant, a Christian, and a champion of sustainable agricultural technologies. His life spans the transformation of the northern Shan State world through collisions of cultures, and also through the random chronology of local human events. Eberhardt’s narrative explores how Sara Brang Awng both helped shape and was in turn shaped by seven decades of change in the culturally diverse and economically and politically complex context of northern Shan State. The story illustrates how the protagonist deliberately draws from his traditional roots to explore and embrace the possibilities of modernity, turning this apparent temporal rift into his greatest source of strength.Less
Karin Eberhardt discusses the life of a Kachin man in the Shan State of Burma. The son of a duwa (village area chief), shaman, and opium cultivator, Sara Brang Awng (a pseudonym) grew up to become an educated civil servant, a Christian, and a champion of sustainable agricultural technologies. His life spans the transformation of the northern Shan State world through collisions of cultures, and also through the random chronology of local human events. Eberhardt’s narrative explores how Sara Brang Awng both helped shape and was in turn shaped by seven decades of change in the culturally diverse and economically and politically complex context of northern Shan State. The story illustrates how the protagonist deliberately draws from his traditional roots to explore and embrace the possibilities of modernity, turning this apparent temporal rift into his greatest source of strength.
Mandy Sadan
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- April 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199335039
- eISBN:
- 9780199366750
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199335039.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Mandy Sadan explores the life story of Maran Ja Bang, a Kachin woman born in Shan State (and also the author’s mother-in-law) who later lived in Myitkyina, the capital of Kachin State. Sadan’s ...
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Mandy Sadan explores the life story of Maran Ja Bang, a Kachin woman born in Shan State (and also the author’s mother-in-law) who later lived in Myitkyina, the capital of Kachin State. Sadan’s narrative attempts to outline the twists and turns of her family’s fortunes over four decades in order to raise questions about the invisibility of women in the history of the Kachin region of Burma, and the implications of this for our understanding of recent history. This life story also discusses in parallel the life of Mandy’s husband, Sadan Awng Tu―pointing to the ways in which gendered economies have influenced the everyday lives of those caught up in one of Burma’s longest conflicts.Less
Mandy Sadan explores the life story of Maran Ja Bang, a Kachin woman born in Shan State (and also the author’s mother-in-law) who later lived in Myitkyina, the capital of Kachin State. Sadan’s narrative attempts to outline the twists and turns of her family’s fortunes over four decades in order to raise questions about the invisibility of women in the history of the Kachin region of Burma, and the implications of this for our understanding of recent history. This life story also discusses in parallel the life of Mandy’s husband, Sadan Awng Tu―pointing to the ways in which gendered economies have influenced the everyday lives of those caught up in one of Burma’s longest conflicts.
Alistair D. B. Cook
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780199467501
- eISBN:
- 9780199087204
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199467501.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics, Comparative Politics
This chapter examines the self-protection strategies of three conflict-affected communities in Myanmar. It considers the relative importance of self-protection in the Myanmar context and implications ...
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This chapter examines the self-protection strategies of three conflict-affected communities in Myanmar. It considers the relative importance of self-protection in the Myanmar context and implications for the future of civilian protection in the twenty-first century. The chapter assesses the challenges and self-protection strategies in Karen State, which is located along the Myanmar—Thailand border and is home to the longest running internal conflict in Myanmar. The second case study investigates civilian protection in Kachin State, along the Myanmar—China border, and in which conflict has recently re-emerged. The Kachin are the last ethnic nationality without a ceasefire agreement between the Tatmadaw, the Myanmar military, and its main non-state armed group, the Kachin Independence Army. The final case study focuses on the absence of civilian protection in Rakhine State, aside the Myanmar—Bangladesh border, where riots, mass displacement, and fatal violence have disproportionately affected the Muslim minorities, overwhelmingly the self-identified Rohingya.Less
This chapter examines the self-protection strategies of three conflict-affected communities in Myanmar. It considers the relative importance of self-protection in the Myanmar context and implications for the future of civilian protection in the twenty-first century. The chapter assesses the challenges and self-protection strategies in Karen State, which is located along the Myanmar—Thailand border and is home to the longest running internal conflict in Myanmar. The second case study investigates civilian protection in Kachin State, along the Myanmar—China border, and in which conflict has recently re-emerged. The Kachin are the last ethnic nationality without a ceasefire agreement between the Tatmadaw, the Myanmar military, and its main non-state armed group, the Kachin Independence Army. The final case study focuses on the absence of civilian protection in Rakhine State, aside the Myanmar—Bangladesh border, where riots, mass displacement, and fatal violence have disproportionately affected the Muslim minorities, overwhelmingly the self-identified Rohingya.
Bertil Lintner
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- April 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780199463800
- eISBN:
- 9780199086535
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199463800.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, Indian Politics
Important changes have taken place in Myanmar’s domestic policies and foreign relations since a new government assumed power in March 2011. Myanmar has distanced itself from China, until then the ...
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Important changes have taken place in Myanmar’s domestic policies and foreign relations since a new government assumed power in March 2011. Myanmar has distanced itself from China, until then the country’s main foreign ally, trading partner and most important supplier of military hardware, while Western nations had downgraded relations and imposed sanctions on Myanmar’s military government because of its abysmal human-rights record. The release of political prisoners, more press freedom and freedom to political organizations operate freely should be seen in this context: China’s embrace had become too strong and Myanmar’s leaders feared the country could lose its independence . Reforms were needed to improve relations with the West. Predictably, the West and India, which were concerned about China’s influence, have responded favourably to Myanmar’s new policies.Less
Important changes have taken place in Myanmar’s domestic policies and foreign relations since a new government assumed power in March 2011. Myanmar has distanced itself from China, until then the country’s main foreign ally, trading partner and most important supplier of military hardware, while Western nations had downgraded relations and imposed sanctions on Myanmar’s military government because of its abysmal human-rights record. The release of political prisoners, more press freedom and freedom to political organizations operate freely should be seen in this context: China’s embrace had become too strong and Myanmar’s leaders feared the country could lose its independence . Reforms were needed to improve relations with the West. Predictably, the West and India, which were concerned about China’s influence, have responded favourably to Myanmar’s new policies.
