Henry Chadwick
- Published in print:
- 1984
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198266730
- eISBN:
- 9780191683077
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198266730.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies
The historian of Western culture cannot travel far without discovering that the roots of many 20th-century questions lie in the ancient dialogue between the early Christians and culture of the old ...
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The historian of Western culture cannot travel far without discovering that the roots of many 20th-century questions lie in the ancient dialogue between the early Christians and culture of the old Classical world. This book takes three Christian thinkers: Justin, Clement of Alexandria, and Origen, and shows what the debate looked like from the Christian side. It draws on the pagan critics of the Church to illustrate the case the Christians had to answer. The examination of the Christian synthesis illustrates the extent to which penetrating criticism of the Classical tradition was combined with a profound acceptance of its humanism.Less
The historian of Western culture cannot travel far without discovering that the roots of many 20th-century questions lie in the ancient dialogue between the early Christians and culture of the old Classical world. This book takes three Christian thinkers: Justin, Clement of Alexandria, and Origen, and shows what the debate looked like from the Christian side. It draws on the pagan critics of the Church to illustrate the case the Christians had to answer. The examination of the Christian synthesis illustrates the extent to which penetrating criticism of the Classical tradition was combined with a profound acceptance of its humanism.
David Levene
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199558681
- eISBN:
- 9780191720888
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199558681.003.0018
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
There is a long-standing controversy over how far Tacitus's Annals drew on the work of the Augustan historian Pompeius Trogus. Various parallels in language have been observed, but this may be the ...
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There is a long-standing controversy over how far Tacitus's Annals drew on the work of the Augustan historian Pompeius Trogus. Various parallels in language have been observed, but this may be the result of Trogus's epitomator Justin imitating Tacitus rather than of Tacitus imitating Trogus. This chapter argues that where there is a congruence of theme, especially when allied to linguistic parallels, there are strong reasons for seeing allusions to Trogus by Tacitus. It argues further that Tacitus, while drawing on Trogus, also reworks his ideas in an ironic and critical way, seeing (for example) Augustus as a perverted recreation of Trogus' idealized primitive monarchs, or Tiberius as the embodiment of Trogus' suggestion that the true threat to the Roman empire is from within itself.Less
There is a long-standing controversy over how far Tacitus's Annals drew on the work of the Augustan historian Pompeius Trogus. Various parallels in language have been observed, but this may be the result of Trogus's epitomator Justin imitating Tacitus rather than of Tacitus imitating Trogus. This chapter argues that where there is a congruence of theme, especially when allied to linguistic parallels, there are strong reasons for seeing allusions to Trogus by Tacitus. It argues further that Tacitus, while drawing on Trogus, also reworks his ideas in an ironic and critical way, seeing (for example) Augustus as a perverted recreation of Trogus' idealized primitive monarchs, or Tiberius as the embodiment of Trogus' suggestion that the true threat to the Roman empire is from within itself.
Volker L. Menze
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199534876
- eISBN:
- 9780191716041
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199534876.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies
Chapter 1 analyses the accession of Justin I in 518 and questions the conventional view that Justin was a convinced Chalcedonian. It argues that the emperor became Chalcedonian for raisons d'état. ...
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Chapter 1 analyses the accession of Justin I in 518 and questions the conventional view that Justin was a convinced Chalcedonian. It argues that the emperor became Chalcedonian for raisons d'état. He came to terms with Pope Hormisdas and then implemented a papal understanding of Chalcedon in the East which created a clear-cut chasm between eastern Chalcedonians and non-Chalcedonians whose ecclesiastical positions had been rather diverse so far. Every bishop was required to sign the libellus of Pope Hormisdas but the non-Chalcedonian bishops preferred exile to subordinating themselves and their followers to the papal perspective of the Christian past. Using the available prosopographical data, Chapter 1 concludes with a discussion of how the religious landscape in the patriarchate of Antioch changed in the 520s.Less
Chapter 1 analyses the accession of Justin I in 518 and questions the conventional view that Justin was a convinced Chalcedonian. It argues that the emperor became Chalcedonian for raisons d'état. He came to terms with Pope Hormisdas and then implemented a papal understanding of Chalcedon in the East which created a clear-cut chasm between eastern Chalcedonians and non-Chalcedonians whose ecclesiastical positions had been rather diverse so far. Every bishop was required to sign the libellus of Pope Hormisdas but the non-Chalcedonian bishops preferred exile to subordinating themselves and their followers to the papal perspective of the Christian past. Using the available prosopographical data, Chapter 1 concludes with a discussion of how the religious landscape in the patriarchate of Antioch changed in the 520s.
Ross Shepard Kraemer
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199743186
- eISBN:
- 9780199894680
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199743186.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion in the Ancient World
Four case studies illustrate how ancient narratives of women’s religious practices are less about women’s religions and more about the deployment of gender for various purposes. Livy depicts women as ...
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Four case studies illustrate how ancient narratives of women’s religious practices are less about women’s religions and more about the deployment of gender for various purposes. Livy depicts women as major players in the importation of Bacchic rites to Rome in the second century B.C.E. to feminize and denigrate these foreign rites. A resurrected Christian woman in the apocryphal Acts of Thomas reports back on the torments in hell that await women and men who violate gender norms, thus serving as the guarantor of a divinely authorized gendered ethic. Rabbinic debates about teaching women Torah say much about rabbinic anxieties and fantasies and little if anything about real women studying Torah in antiquity. Justin Martyr’s account of an elite Roman matron whose husband opposed her efforts to live a life of self-disciplined Christian asceticism demonstrates how the Christian life can make everyone, even women—by their nature less rational and ill-suited to self-discipline—the truest exemplars of the righteous philosophical life.Less
Four case studies illustrate how ancient narratives of women’s religious practices are less about women’s religions and more about the deployment of gender for various purposes. Livy depicts women as major players in the importation of Bacchic rites to Rome in the second century B.C.E. to feminize and denigrate these foreign rites. A resurrected Christian woman in the apocryphal Acts of Thomas reports back on the torments in hell that await women and men who violate gender norms, thus serving as the guarantor of a divinely authorized gendered ethic. Rabbinic debates about teaching women Torah say much about rabbinic anxieties and fantasies and little if anything about real women studying Torah in antiquity. Justin Martyr’s account of an elite Roman matron whose husband opposed her efforts to live a life of self-disciplined Christian asceticism demonstrates how the Christian life can make everyone, even women—by their nature less rational and ill-suited to self-discipline—the truest exemplars of the righteous philosophical life.
Sean M. McDonough
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199576470
- eISBN:
- 9780191722585
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199576470.003.0011
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
After a brief summary, Christ's role in creation is explored in the works of six theologians (three from the early Church, three from the modern Church): Justin Martyr, Irenaeus, Athanasius, Karl ...
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After a brief summary, Christ's role in creation is explored in the works of six theologians (three from the early Church, three from the modern Church): Justin Martyr, Irenaeus, Athanasius, Karl Barth, Jürgen Moltmann, and Wolfhart Pannenberg. It is argued that the ancient writers' concerns to address Greek philosophy did not diminish their assertion of Christ's personal role in creating the world. For the moderns, meanwhile, Moltmann and Pannenberg both develop the doctrine in some interesting ways. But it is Barth who resonates most closely with the central themes of the book. While taking note of the proffered historical backgrounds, he affirms the unique theological vision of the New Testament writers who bore ‘the objective, shattering message of the kingdom of God drawn near’.Less
After a brief summary, Christ's role in creation is explored in the works of six theologians (three from the early Church, three from the modern Church): Justin Martyr, Irenaeus, Athanasius, Karl Barth, Jürgen Moltmann, and Wolfhart Pannenberg. It is argued that the ancient writers' concerns to address Greek philosophy did not diminish their assertion of Christ's personal role in creating the world. For the moderns, meanwhile, Moltmann and Pannenberg both develop the doctrine in some interesting ways. But it is Barth who resonates most closely with the central themes of the book. While taking note of the proffered historical backgrounds, he affirms the unique theological vision of the New Testament writers who bore ‘the objective, shattering message of the kingdom of God drawn near’.
Andrew Radde‐Gallwitz
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199574117
- eISBN:
- 9780191722110
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199574117.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies, Theology
Chapter 3 sets the stage for the subsequent discussion of Eunomius of Cyzicus and his opponents. It outlines the background to his view that ingeneracy, that is, having no cause, is the essential ...
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Chapter 3 sets the stage for the subsequent discussion of Eunomius of Cyzicus and his opponents. It outlines the background to his view that ingeneracy, that is, having no cause, is the essential characteristic of God. Two theologians are examined on this issue: Justin Martyr and Dionysius of Alexandria, the latter of whom comes closest to Eunomius' position, though in the context of a late third‐century argument about whether matter is also ingenerate. A second section investigates the background to Eunomius' view, labelled the ‘identity thesis’, that God's essence and God's attributes are identical. It is suggested that Athanasius of Alexandria, though far removed doctrinally from Eunomius, articulated a similar position in a text Eunomius likely knew. One common theme in the two is a concern to avoid construing the attributes of God as essential complements, that is as parts of God's essence. Clearly if God's essence has parts, it is not simple. Some background is given on essential complements, which Eunomius will accuse Basil of maintaining.Less
Chapter 3 sets the stage for the subsequent discussion of Eunomius of Cyzicus and his opponents. It outlines the background to his view that ingeneracy, that is, having no cause, is the essential characteristic of God. Two theologians are examined on this issue: Justin Martyr and Dionysius of Alexandria, the latter of whom comes closest to Eunomius' position, though in the context of a late third‐century argument about whether matter is also ingenerate. A second section investigates the background to Eunomius' view, labelled the ‘identity thesis’, that God's essence and God's attributes are identical. It is suggested that Athanasius of Alexandria, though far removed doctrinally from Eunomius, articulated a similar position in a text Eunomius likely knew. One common theme in the two is a concern to avoid construing the attributes of God as essential complements, that is as parts of God's essence. Clearly if God's essence has parts, it is not simple. Some background is given on essential complements, which Eunomius will accuse Basil of maintaining.
Terryl L. Givens
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195313901
- eISBN:
- 9780199871933
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195313901.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Neoplatonism, under Plotinus, Proclus, Porphyry, and Iamblicus, developed and modified ideas about preexistence. Church Fathers were divided on the question of preexistence, but many were its ...
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Neoplatonism, under Plotinus, Proclus, Porphyry, and Iamblicus, developed and modified ideas about preexistence. Church Fathers were divided on the question of preexistence, but many were its advocates. The case of Justin Martyr and Clement of Alexandria is equivocal. Tertullian was the principal foe and Origen the principal defender of the idea.Less
Neoplatonism, under Plotinus, Proclus, Porphyry, and Iamblicus, developed and modified ideas about preexistence. Church Fathers were divided on the question of preexistence, but many were its advocates. The case of Justin Martyr and Clement of Alexandria is equivocal. Tertullian was the principal foe and Origen the principal defender of the idea.
Leonard B. Glick
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195176742
- eISBN:
- 9780199835621
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019517674X.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
The earliest converts to Christianity were expected to accept circumcision; but in his sharply worded letter to the Galatians, Paul disdained the practice as spiritually worthless. Justin Martyr and ...
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The earliest converts to Christianity were expected to accept circumcision; but in his sharply worded letter to the Galatians, Paul disdained the practice as spiritually worthless. Justin Martyr and John Chrysostom extended the Christian critique, further laying the foundation for nearly two millennia of Christian rejection. Roman authorities legislated against circumcision of non-Jews, particularly slaves. In contrast, early rabbinic texts passionately defended the practice, arguing that it is a purifying experience pleasing to the Lord.Less
The earliest converts to Christianity were expected to accept circumcision; but in his sharply worded letter to the Galatians, Paul disdained the practice as spiritually worthless. Justin Martyr and John Chrysostom extended the Christian critique, further laying the foundation for nearly two millennia of Christian rejection. Roman authorities legislated against circumcision of non-Jews, particularly slaves. In contrast, early rabbinic texts passionately defended the practice, arguing that it is a purifying experience pleasing to the Lord.
Henry Chadwick
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199246953
- eISBN:
- 9780191600463
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199246955.003.0013
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
The justifications of Christianity by Justin in the mid‐second century are marked by his positive evaluation of Platonism and other philosophical schools, his disowning of gnosticism and Marcion and ...
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The justifications of Christianity by Justin in the mid‐second century are marked by his positive evaluation of Platonism and other philosophical schools, his disowning of gnosticism and Marcion and other heretics, and his demonstration of the importance of the Old Testament for Christians. His literal millenarianism is part of a continuing debate with rabbinic exegesis, which he considered as pettifogging and often trivial. Justin wrote against a background of persecution of Christians, and his valuable description of Christian worship is designed to refute accusations of black magic.Less
The justifications of Christianity by Justin in the mid‐second century are marked by his positive evaluation of Platonism and other philosophical schools, his disowning of gnosticism and Marcion and other heretics, and his demonstration of the importance of the Old Testament for Christians. His literal millenarianism is part of a continuing debate with rabbinic exegesis, which he considered as pettifogging and often trivial. Justin wrote against a background of persecution of Christians, and his valuable description of Christian worship is designed to refute accusations of black magic.
Beth A. Berkowitz
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195179194
- eISBN:
- 9780199784509
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195179196.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter juxtaposes the death penalty discourse of the Rabbis with that of Christians. It shows that the early Christians, like the Rabbis, used death penalty discourse to great effect, but in an ...
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This chapter juxtaposes the death penalty discourse of the Rabbis with that of Christians. It shows that the early Christians, like the Rabbis, used death penalty discourse to great effect, but in an almost diametrically opposite way — Christian identification was with the executed, not the executioner. It examines the passion narrative in the four gospels: the stories of the execution of Stephen and the conversion of Paul in Acts, martyrdom narratives, and the writings of Ignatius and Justin to show that the identification with the judged and correlative criticism of the judge was central to the development of early Christian culture. It shows that the rabbinic and Christian discourses are not as far apart as they might initially seem — both produce new sites of authority for their respective audiences. The chapter considers the paradoxical ways in which the rabbinic embrace of power functions as critique, and the Christian critique of power functions also as an embrace, in an attempt to undermine enduring stereotypes of both the religious constellations of early rabbinic Judaism and early Christianity.Less
This chapter juxtaposes the death penalty discourse of the Rabbis with that of Christians. It shows that the early Christians, like the Rabbis, used death penalty discourse to great effect, but in an almost diametrically opposite way — Christian identification was with the executed, not the executioner. It examines the passion narrative in the four gospels: the stories of the execution of Stephen and the conversion of Paul in Acts, martyrdom narratives, and the writings of Ignatius and Justin to show that the identification with the judged and correlative criticism of the judge was central to the development of early Christian culture. It shows that the rabbinic and Christian discourses are not as far apart as they might initially seem — both produce new sites of authority for their respective audiences. The chapter considers the paradoxical ways in which the rabbinic embrace of power functions as critique, and the Christian critique of power functions also as an embrace, in an attempt to undermine enduring stereotypes of both the religious constellations of early rabbinic Judaism and early Christianity.
Charles E. Hill
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199264582
- eISBN:
- 9780191602085
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199264589.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
The OJP asserts that there is a paucity or even an absence of use of the Johannine Gospel among representatives of the orthodox churches in the period before Irenaeus. This thesis is tested by ...
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The OJP asserts that there is a paucity or even an absence of use of the Johannine Gospel among representatives of the orthodox churches in the period before Irenaeus. This thesis is tested by examining the evidence of nine writers or documents for the period 150–c.170, including Melito of Sardis, Tatian, the Egerton Gospel, and Celsus the anti-Christian critic. Because of its acknowledged importance, the case of Justin is given extended treatment. Against the backdrop of diverse scholarly opinions, a close study demonstrates that Justin did indeed use the Fourth Gospel and that he included it in what he called the ‘apostolic memoirs’, Gospels that were read aloud on Sundays in Roman churches.Less
The OJP asserts that there is a paucity or even an absence of use of the Johannine Gospel among representatives of the orthodox churches in the period before Irenaeus. This thesis is tested by examining the evidence of nine writers or documents for the period 150–c.170, including Melito of Sardis, Tatian, the Egerton Gospel, and Celsus the anti-Christian critic. Because of its acknowledged importance, the case of Justin is given extended treatment. Against the backdrop of diverse scholarly opinions, a close study demonstrates that Justin did indeed use the Fourth Gospel and that he included it in what he called the ‘apostolic memoirs’, Gospels that were read aloud on Sundays in Roman churches.
Philippe Blaudeau
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199739400
- eISBN:
- 9780199933006
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199739400.003.0016
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, World History: BCE to 500CE, Asian and Middle Eastern History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter focuses on the process by which the Acacian schism (484-519) between the Roman church and the churches of the eastern empire ended. A remarkably detailed and nuanced picture of the ...
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This chapter focuses on the process by which the Acacian schism (484-519) between the Roman church and the churches of the eastern empire ended. A remarkably detailed and nuanced picture of the process of reconciliation can be drawn from the letters assembled in the collectio Avellana. Pope Hormisdas learned within weeks of his accession in 518 that the new emperor, Justin I, intended to restore unity to the churches; with the opportunity came the challenge of maintaining his lofty status as the heir of Peter, while dealing with a determined emperor (and his nephew Justinian), and an eastern empire long sundered from the see of Rome—all of which necessitated a balanced, disciplined and well-informed embassy to Constantinople. The papacy needed to reconsider its relationship with the see of Constantinople: while an entente cordiale between the two churches under imperial patronage sent a decisive message of restored communion, the papacy had to avoid losing face. This chapter explores what its author calls the “geo-ecclesiology” of the period, and in particular the gap between between Petrine ideology and Realpolitik by which the see of Rome was tested.Less
This chapter focuses on the process by which the Acacian schism (484-519) between the Roman church and the churches of the eastern empire ended. A remarkably detailed and nuanced picture of the process of reconciliation can be drawn from the letters assembled in the collectio Avellana. Pope Hormisdas learned within weeks of his accession in 518 that the new emperor, Justin I, intended to restore unity to the churches; with the opportunity came the challenge of maintaining his lofty status as the heir of Peter, while dealing with a determined emperor (and his nephew Justinian), and an eastern empire long sundered from the see of Rome—all of which necessitated a balanced, disciplined and well-informed embassy to Constantinople. The papacy needed to reconsider its relationship with the see of Constantinople: while an entente cordiale between the two churches under imperial patronage sent a decisive message of restored communion, the papacy had to avoid losing face. This chapter explores what its author calls the “geo-ecclesiology” of the period, and in particular the gap between between Petrine ideology and Realpolitik by which the see of Rome was tested.
Ruth Langer
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199783175
- eISBN:
- 9780199919161
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199783175.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
Much has been written drawing on the sparse data pertaining to the origins of the birkat haminim. This chapter reviews that data and the literature on it, looking first at the inner-Jewish ...
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Much has been written drawing on the sparse data pertaining to the origins of the birkat haminim. This chapter reviews that data and the literature on it, looking first at the inner-Jewish discussions, then at the Christian evidence, and concluding with a synthesis and critique of modern scholarship. It argues that evidence for the origins of the birkat haminim is ambiguous and that unambiguous testimony to its existence dates only from Epiphanius and Jerome in the late fourth century, not from Justin Martyr in the second, the Gospel of John, or Yavneh. Even then, we know only of a few words from the prayer: Christians, minim, and zedim. Retrojection of texts from the geniza or late rabbinic texts is unwarranted.Less
Much has been written drawing on the sparse data pertaining to the origins of the birkat haminim. This chapter reviews that data and the literature on it, looking first at the inner-Jewish discussions, then at the Christian evidence, and concluding with a synthesis and critique of modern scholarship. It argues that evidence for the origins of the birkat haminim is ambiguous and that unambiguous testimony to its existence dates only from Epiphanius and Jerome in the late fourth century, not from Justin Martyr in the second, the Gospel of John, or Yavneh. Even then, we know only of a few words from the prayer: Christians, minim, and zedim. Retrojection of texts from the geniza or late rabbinic texts is unwarranted.
James H. Murphy
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199596997
- eISBN:
- 9780191723520
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199596997.003.0006
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
The newer Irish land novel of the 1840s and beyond was different from what had gone before inasmuch as it essentially charted a struggle, both ideological and physical, between landlords and tenants ...
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The newer Irish land novel of the 1840s and beyond was different from what had gone before inasmuch as it essentially charted a struggle, both ideological and physical, between landlords and tenants for the future of the land. Ironically, this was pioneered in the work of Charles Lever and Anna Maria Hall, who were despised by Carleton, the traditional moralism of whose own work had few emulators. By contrast Trollope's Irish novels of this period are ultimately uninterested in the land situation. In the 1870s and 1880s realism was achieved in the work of Margaret Brew and Annie Keary. The 1860s also saw the development both of the Fenian novel and of the Irish political novel, the latter due to the efforts of Trollope and his character Phineas Finn, who features in several of the Palliser novels. It was carried on, largely single-handedly, by the moderate Irish nationalist parliamentarian Justin McCarthy (1830–1912), who continued to write political novels for thirty years or so.Less
The newer Irish land novel of the 1840s and beyond was different from what had gone before inasmuch as it essentially charted a struggle, both ideological and physical, between landlords and tenants for the future of the land. Ironically, this was pioneered in the work of Charles Lever and Anna Maria Hall, who were despised by Carleton, the traditional moralism of whose own work had few emulators. By contrast Trollope's Irish novels of this period are ultimately uninterested in the land situation. In the 1870s and 1880s realism was achieved in the work of Margaret Brew and Annie Keary. The 1860s also saw the development both of the Fenian novel and of the Irish political novel, the latter due to the efforts of Trollope and his character Phineas Finn, who features in several of the Palliser novels. It was carried on, largely single-handedly, by the moderate Irish nationalist parliamentarian Justin McCarthy (1830–1912), who continued to write political novels for thirty years or so.
Norman Russell
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199205974
- eISBN:
- 9780191695636
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199205974.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies
This chapter discusses participatory union with Christ, examining Pauline Christianity, Jewish Christianity, Johannine Christianity, Ignatius of Antioch, Valentinian Christianity, Justin Martyr, ...
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This chapter discusses participatory union with Christ, examining Pauline Christianity, Jewish Christianity, Johannine Christianity, Ignatius of Antioch, Valentinian Christianity, Justin Martyr, Tatian, Theophilus of Antioch, Irenaeus of Lyons, Hippolytus of Rome, and the early Christian approach to deification. Among Christian authors contemporary with the last New Testament writers, the chapter notes that only Ignatius of Antioch takes up the theme of participatory union. He does not use the terminology of deification but prepares the way for it by speaking of Christ as God. In around 160, Justin Martyr put forward the view that as the people of Christ were the new Israel, the gods were those who were obedient to Christ. Justin's younger contemporary, Irenaeus of Lyons, drew the implications of the conjunction of ‘gods’ with ‘sons’ and claimed that the gods were the baptised.Less
This chapter discusses participatory union with Christ, examining Pauline Christianity, Jewish Christianity, Johannine Christianity, Ignatius of Antioch, Valentinian Christianity, Justin Martyr, Tatian, Theophilus of Antioch, Irenaeus of Lyons, Hippolytus of Rome, and the early Christian approach to deification. Among Christian authors contemporary with the last New Testament writers, the chapter notes that only Ignatius of Antioch takes up the theme of participatory union. He does not use the terminology of deification but prepares the way for it by speaking of Christ as God. In around 160, Justin Martyr put forward the view that as the people of Christ were the new Israel, the gods were those who were obedient to Christ. Justin's younger contemporary, Irenaeus of Lyons, drew the implications of the conjunction of ‘gods’ with ‘sons’ and claimed that the gods were the baptised.
HENRY CHADWICK
- Published in print:
- 1984
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198266730
- eISBN:
- 9780191683077
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198266730.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies
Clement and Origen were not the first educated Christians to look at philosophical questions about Christianity. The way had been mapped out in advance by the 2nd-century apologists, above all by ...
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Clement and Origen were not the first educated Christians to look at philosophical questions about Christianity. The way had been mapped out in advance by the 2nd-century apologists, above all by Justin Martyr who is certainly the greatest of the apologists and indeed the most voluminous. Of all the early Christian theologians Justin is the most optimistic about harmony between Christianity and Greek philosophy. The philosophers who in Justin's estimatation stand nearest to Christianity are the Platonists. Between the two positions, there is no gulf so great that the passage from one to the other is impossible or unnatural.Less
Clement and Origen were not the first educated Christians to look at philosophical questions about Christianity. The way had been mapped out in advance by the 2nd-century apologists, above all by Justin Martyr who is certainly the greatest of the apologists and indeed the most voluminous. Of all the early Christian theologians Justin is the most optimistic about harmony between Christianity and Greek philosophy. The philosophers who in Justin's estimatation stand nearest to Christianity are the Platonists. Between the two positions, there is no gulf so great that the passage from one to the other is impossible or unnatural.
David Fergusson
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199569380
- eISBN:
- 9780191702051
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199569380.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
Atheism is a term of disputed meanings. In the ancient world, thinkers as divergent as Socrates and Justin Martyr were charged with atheism, yet both were far from being atheists in the contemporary ...
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Atheism is a term of disputed meanings. In the ancient world, thinkers as divergent as Socrates and Justin Martyr were charged with atheism, yet both were far from being atheists in the contemporary sense of that term. In the west, atheism is associated with the rejection of the God of the Christian faith. The causes of atheism in the modern world are generally located in the culture of the Renaissance and Reformation in the 15th and 16th centuries. It is claimed that with the rise of modern science, the place for divine action and influence in the world was marginalised. Meanwhile, the term ‘agnosticism’ is used to describe a position in which belief in the existence or non-existence of God is suspended.Less
Atheism is a term of disputed meanings. In the ancient world, thinkers as divergent as Socrates and Justin Martyr were charged with atheism, yet both were far from being atheists in the contemporary sense of that term. In the west, atheism is associated with the rejection of the God of the Christian faith. The causes of atheism in the modern world are generally located in the culture of the Renaissance and Reformation in the 15th and 16th centuries. It is claimed that with the rise of modern science, the place for divine action and influence in the world was marginalised. Meanwhile, the term ‘agnosticism’ is used to describe a position in which belief in the existence or non-existence of God is suspended.
Joseph Verheyden
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199566365
- eISBN:
- 9780191740985
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199566365.003.0018
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
Research on Justin Martyr’s gospel text has a long and interesting history. It has yielded a plethora of suggestions for making sense of the puzzling phenomenon that Justin seems to know the ...
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Research on Justin Martyr’s gospel text has a long and interesting history. It has yielded a plethora of suggestions for making sense of the puzzling phenomenon that Justin seems to know the ‘canonical’ Gospels, yet very often cites a passage that deviates in one way or another from the text of the Gospels as this has come down to us. The first part of this chapter points out some of the highlights from past and more recent research and offers some methodological comments on the strengths and weaknesses of the various solutions that have been suggested. The second part consists of a detailed analysis of the first cluster of sayings in the First Apology (1Apol. 15.1–8) on the hypothesis that Justin has worked from the Gospel of Matthew, but had reasons to adapt Matthew’s text for theological and apologetic purposes.Less
Research on Justin Martyr’s gospel text has a long and interesting history. It has yielded a plethora of suggestions for making sense of the puzzling phenomenon that Justin seems to know the ‘canonical’ Gospels, yet very often cites a passage that deviates in one way or another from the text of the Gospels as this has come down to us. The first part of this chapter points out some of the highlights from past and more recent research and offers some methodological comments on the strengths and weaknesses of the various solutions that have been suggested. The second part consists of a detailed analysis of the first cluster of sayings in the First Apology (1Apol. 15.1–8) on the hypothesis that Justin has worked from the Gospel of Matthew, but had reasons to adapt Matthew’s text for theological and apologetic purposes.
Peter Sarris
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199261260
- eISBN:
- 9780191730962
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199261260.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
This chapter returns to the East and details the growing social, economic and military destabilisation of the Near East in the late sixth and seventh centuries. Warfare between Byzantium and Persia ...
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This chapter returns to the East and details the growing social, economic and military destabilisation of the Near East in the late sixth and seventh centuries. Warfare between Byzantium and Persia spiralled out of control until the Emperor Heraclius finally defeated his rival Khusro II, declaring a ‘Holy War’ against Persia to redeem the True Cross which the Persians had seized with the capture of Jerusalem. These years of warfare left the two empires vulnerable to the Arab armies of Islam that swept out of the desert in the 630s, destroying the Empire of Persia and driving the Romans into Asia Minor. The emergence and development of Islam as a religion and the Arabs as a people are examined, and these phenomena placed in a broader late antique context.Less
This chapter returns to the East and details the growing social, economic and military destabilisation of the Near East in the late sixth and seventh centuries. Warfare between Byzantium and Persia spiralled out of control until the Emperor Heraclius finally defeated his rival Khusro II, declaring a ‘Holy War’ against Persia to redeem the True Cross which the Persians had seized with the capture of Jerusalem. These years of warfare left the two empires vulnerable to the Arab armies of Islam that swept out of the desert in the 630s, destroying the Empire of Persia and driving the Romans into Asia Minor. The emergence and development of Islam as a religion and the Arabs as a people are examined, and these phenomena placed in a broader late antique context.
Vincent L. Stephens
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780252042805
- eISBN:
- 9780252051661
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5622/illinois/9780252042805.003.0007
- Subject:
- Music, Popular
This chapter argues that the Queering Toolkit remains relevant for understanding contemporary performers and describes the emergence of new tools. The chapter briefly explores enfreakment and ...
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This chapter argues that the Queering Toolkit remains relevant for understanding contemporary performers and describes the emergence of new tools. The chapter briefly explores enfreakment and spectacle in the careers of Michael Jackson and Prince and the intentional self-neutering and domestication of Clay Aiken. It also examines the straight-queer gestures of Justin Timberlake’s career. Queer aspects of musical performers’ public personae remain legible to contemporary audiences. Even with the rise of LGBTQ politics and greater acceptance of sexual and gender diversity, elements of shame and ambivalence color the experiences of queer people. Queerness remains a process of becoming. The chapter suggests how the toolkit could affect readings of female-identified and nonbinary performers, as well as other genres such as jazz, in the future.Less
This chapter argues that the Queering Toolkit remains relevant for understanding contemporary performers and describes the emergence of new tools. The chapter briefly explores enfreakment and spectacle in the careers of Michael Jackson and Prince and the intentional self-neutering and domestication of Clay Aiken. It also examines the straight-queer gestures of Justin Timberlake’s career. Queer aspects of musical performers’ public personae remain legible to contemporary audiences. Even with the rise of LGBTQ politics and greater acceptance of sexual and gender diversity, elements of shame and ambivalence color the experiences of queer people. Queerness remains a process of becoming. The chapter suggests how the toolkit could affect readings of female-identified and nonbinary performers, as well as other genres such as jazz, in the future.
