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The Defense of Madrid, the Junta de Defensa, and the International Brigades. Miaja, Rojo, and Kléber.

Burnett Bolloten

in The Spanish Civil War: Revolution and Counterrevolution

This chapter chronicles the defense of Madrid and the roles played by several key figures in the conflict. General José Miaja, now left to his own devices in the wake of the cabinet's November 1936 ... More

This chapter chronicles the defense of Madrid and the roles played by several key figures in the conflict. General José Miaja, now left to his own devices in the wake of the cabinet's November 1936 departure and the approaching battle for Madrid, accepted the help of the Communist party and its celebrated Fifth Regiment. He would later form the Junta de Defensa or Defense Council. Meanwhile, Major Vicente Rojo, Miaja's chief of staff and a widely respected soldier and strategist, worked behind the scenes for the capital's defense. In addition, the International Brigade arrived on the scene a few days into the battle of Madrid, shifting the tide of battle in favor of the Republican forces. The Eleventh International Brigade, or the “International Column,” was led by the Soviet General Emilio Kléber.Less

Indio: A Question of Color

Kimberly Eison Simmons

in Reconstructing Racial Identity and the African Past in the Dominican Republic

This chapter takes a look at indio within its cultural context and details the process of obtaining a cédula (known as cedulazation) at the Junta Central Electoral (JCE) in Santiago. In 1998, mulato ... More

This chapter takes a look at indio within its cultural context and details the process of obtaining a cédula (known as cedulazation) at the Junta Central Electoral (JCE) in Santiago. In 1998, mulato was introduced as a new color category on the new digitized cédulas, marking the first time that a mixed category, with its implication of African ancestry, was used as an official state category on the national ID card. The chapter explores the ways in which the JCE officials defined people in terms of color, with mulato and indio being mixed categories.Less

Building up a revolutionary army in Chile, 1808–1814

Juan Luis Ossa Santa Cruz

in Armies, Politics and Revolution: Chile, 1808-1826

This chapter studies the political and military consequences of the demise of the Spanish monarchy in Chile in 1808. News of Napoleon Bonaparte’s attack on the Peninsula provoked a series of ... More

This chapter studies the political and military consequences of the demise of the Spanish monarchy in Chile in 1808. News of Napoleon Bonaparte’s attack on the Peninsula provoked a series of political and military changes that led to the replacement of the Chilean governor, Francisco Antonio García Carrasco. García Carrasco’s failure to control Santiago’s political agenda prompted a group of the capital’s politicians, hacendados and military officers to oust him from power and establish a government more sympathetic to their interests.Less

The Events of 1809

in “We Are Now the True Spaniards”: Sovereignty, Revolution, Independence, and the Emergence of the Federal Republic of Mexico, 1808-1824

This chapter explores the events of 1809, which included the emergence of representative government in the Spanish Monarchy; the election of the novohispano deputy to the Junta Central Suprema y ... More

This chapter explores the events of 1809, which included the emergence of representative government in the Spanish Monarchy; the election of the novohispano deputy to the Junta Central Suprema y Gubernativa (Supreme Central Governing Junta); the instructions provided that representative by the cities of New Spain; and the Valladolid conspiracy, which sought once again to convene a congress of the cities in the North American kingdom.Less

Horace I, King of Granada

Helen Rodgers and Stephen Cavendish

in City of Illusions: A History of Granada

This chapter focuses on Granada during the time of the French occupation of Spain, when Napoleon’s General Sebastiani, a great admirer of the Orient, took up residence as Granada’s governor. He ... More

This chapter focuses on Granada during the time of the French occupation of Spain, when Napoleon’s General Sebastiani, a great admirer of the Orient, took up residence as Granada’s governor. He greeted visitors in the style, he supposed, of a Moorish King and his fascination for the Moorish heritage of the city was trumped only by his modernizing zeal. During this period, Granada saw both progress and destruction. Street lighting appeared for the first time, and gardens were laid out; however, art and valuables were looted and some of Granada’s most important monuments were drastically changed. This included during the final act of French withdrawal: when large stretches of the Alhambra walls were blown up, causing more destruction to the great monument in one morning than all the years of neglect following the culmination of the Reconquista.Less