Simon Ville and David M. Williams (eds)
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780969588542
- eISBN:
- 9781786944887
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780969588542.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Maritime History
This volume seeks to explore the vast history of international maritime business, focussing on themes of management, finance, and labour. Each essay considers the economics of maritime industries and ...
More
This volume seeks to explore the vast history of international maritime business, focussing on themes of management, finance, and labour. Each essay considers the economics of maritime industries and the factors that influenced decision-making. Their collective purpose is to spotlight relatively neglected areas of international maritime business history, and their richly varied subjects and geographies are primarily unified by this theme, whilst demonstrating the universality of international maritime business. The essays cover the following subjects:- the Norwegian shipbroking firm, Fearnley and Eger; the labour management strategies of nineteenth century London dock companies; the hierarchies of Finnish seagoing in the nineteenth century; twentieth-century Spanish merchant shipping; an examination of Gothenburg’s leading shipping companies; an exploration of The Royal Mail’s postal contracts and overseas mail service; patterns of ownership and finance in Greek deep-sea steamship fleets; the relationships between banks and industry in interwar Italy; the expansion of Japanese post-war shipbuilding; and a survey of Chinese junk trades.Less
This volume seeks to explore the vast history of international maritime business, focussing on themes of management, finance, and labour. Each essay considers the economics of maritime industries and the factors that influenced decision-making. Their collective purpose is to spotlight relatively neglected areas of international maritime business history, and their richly varied subjects and geographies are primarily unified by this theme, whilst demonstrating the universality of international maritime business. The essays cover the following subjects:- the Norwegian shipbroking firm, Fearnley and Eger; the labour management strategies of nineteenth century London dock companies; the hierarchies of Finnish seagoing in the nineteenth century; twentieth-century Spanish merchant shipping; an examination of Gothenburg’s leading shipping companies; an exploration of The Royal Mail’s postal contracts and overseas mail service; patterns of ownership and finance in Greek deep-sea steamship fleets; the relationships between banks and industry in interwar Italy; the expansion of Japanese post-war shipbuilding; and a survey of Chinese junk trades.
Jo Pike and Derek Colquhoun
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847428462
- eISBN:
- 9781447307259
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847428462.003.0008
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families
School food has recently become the focus of many international governments' efforts to address ‘the obesity epidemic’ among children and young people. The chapter attends to the issue of school ...
More
School food has recently become the focus of many international governments' efforts to address ‘the obesity epidemic’ among children and young people. The chapter attends to the issue of school meals by addressing the ways in which the management of the school site in the UK and the emergent spatial practices within and around school communities have been implicated in the delivery of school food policy objectives, specifically those that aim to produce young people as healthy subjects. It suggests that the management of the school site and its immediate environs have been integral to the way in which school food policy has been enacted at the local level. Drawing on notions of territoriality the chapter discusses the kinds of spatialised strategies and techniques that are deployed in relation to the ‘school boundary’ and the ways in which this boundary is policed to ensure the effectiveness of school meals policy. The chapter focuses in particular on the consequences for those that transgress the school boundary, both the physically and symbolically, with an analysis of the press reaction to the ‘junk food mums’ during a parent/school standoff that became known as ‘The Battle of Rawmarsh’.Less
School food has recently become the focus of many international governments' efforts to address ‘the obesity epidemic’ among children and young people. The chapter attends to the issue of school meals by addressing the ways in which the management of the school site in the UK and the emergent spatial practices within and around school communities have been implicated in the delivery of school food policy objectives, specifically those that aim to produce young people as healthy subjects. It suggests that the management of the school site and its immediate environs have been integral to the way in which school food policy has been enacted at the local level. Drawing on notions of territoriality the chapter discusses the kinds of spatialised strategies and techniques that are deployed in relation to the ‘school boundary’ and the ways in which this boundary is policed to ensure the effectiveness of school meals policy. The chapter focuses in particular on the consequences for those that transgress the school boundary, both the physically and symbolically, with an analysis of the press reaction to the ‘junk food mums’ during a parent/school standoff that became known as ‘The Battle of Rawmarsh’.
Mary Jane West-Eberhard
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195122343
- eISBN:
- 9780197561300
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195122343.003.0017
- Subject:
- Earth Sciences and Geography, Palaeontology: Earth Sciences
Deletion, or trait loss, may seem a step backward rather than a step toward something new. Goldschmidt (1940) emphasized the regressive aspect of deletion ...
More
Deletion, or trait loss, may seem a step backward rather than a step toward something new. Goldschmidt (1940) emphasized the regressive aspect of deletion by calling it “rudimentation.” But trait deletions create novelties by subtraction, in at least four different ways. First, a complex trait lacking an element may immediately have an altered function. A worker honeybee, for example, is a mature brood-tending female minus the ability to lay eggs, and a queen is a solitary female minus the ability to care for the brood. These reciprocal, complementary deletions, reinforced by kinship, make the two kinds of female into mutually dependent collaborators. Second, the loss of a trait may have correlated developmental effects that force the remaining phenotypic elements into new configurations, as with the virtually deleted forelegs of the two-legged goat (see chapter 3). Third, a deletion, if it is repeatedly produced, makes the resultant phenotype subject to divergent evolution under selection, simply because it is different. Finally, deletion of a phenotypic subunit can release other, genetically and developmentally correlated traits from the evolutionary constraints represented by these correlations, freeing the remaining traits to evolve more rapidly and independently. Deletions can evolve gradually, by change in regulation to reduce the frequency of expression of a trait, as in loss of an alternative phenotype, or by change in form such that elements of the phenotype are gradually lost, as in flight reduction in insects beginning with loss of flight behavior, then wing musculature, then wings (Shaw, 1970; see figure 5.26). Classical gradualism refers to the latter type of change—gradual loss of elements of form— as suggested by the occurrence of mosaic intermediates (e.g., a flightless population that possesses wings). A deletion occurs every time an alternative phenotype evolves to fixation, which means that its former alternative is no longer expressed. Since this is a step in the evolution of many constitutive qualitative trait (see part III), regulatory deletions of alternative phenotypes must be common events. As with other kinds of phenotypic change, deletions occur at different levels of organization, from pieces of genes to elements of behavior and whole life stages of individual development.
Less
Deletion, or trait loss, may seem a step backward rather than a step toward something new. Goldschmidt (1940) emphasized the regressive aspect of deletion by calling it “rudimentation.” But trait deletions create novelties by subtraction, in at least four different ways. First, a complex trait lacking an element may immediately have an altered function. A worker honeybee, for example, is a mature brood-tending female minus the ability to lay eggs, and a queen is a solitary female minus the ability to care for the brood. These reciprocal, complementary deletions, reinforced by kinship, make the two kinds of female into mutually dependent collaborators. Second, the loss of a trait may have correlated developmental effects that force the remaining phenotypic elements into new configurations, as with the virtually deleted forelegs of the two-legged goat (see chapter 3). Third, a deletion, if it is repeatedly produced, makes the resultant phenotype subject to divergent evolution under selection, simply because it is different. Finally, deletion of a phenotypic subunit can release other, genetically and developmentally correlated traits from the evolutionary constraints represented by these correlations, freeing the remaining traits to evolve more rapidly and independently. Deletions can evolve gradually, by change in regulation to reduce the frequency of expression of a trait, as in loss of an alternative phenotype, or by change in form such that elements of the phenotype are gradually lost, as in flight reduction in insects beginning with loss of flight behavior, then wing musculature, then wings (Shaw, 1970; see figure 5.26). Classical gradualism refers to the latter type of change—gradual loss of elements of form— as suggested by the occurrence of mosaic intermediates (e.g., a flightless population that possesses wings). A deletion occurs every time an alternative phenotype evolves to fixation, which means that its former alternative is no longer expressed. Since this is a step in the evolution of many constitutive qualitative trait (see part III), regulatory deletions of alternative phenotypes must be common events. As with other kinds of phenotypic change, deletions occur at different levels of organization, from pieces of genes to elements of behavior and whole life stages of individual development.
Mary Jane West-Eberhard
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195122343
- eISBN:
- 9780197561300
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195122343.003.0006
- Subject:
- Earth Sciences and Geography, Palaeontology: Earth Sciences
One of the oldest unresolved controversies in evolutionary biology—and a source of many bitter arguments and failed revolutions—concerns the relation ...
More
One of the oldest unresolved controversies in evolutionary biology—and a source of many bitter arguments and failed revolutions—concerns the relation between nature and nurture in the evolution of adaptive design. In modern evolutionary biology there is still a gap between the conclusions of a genetical theory for the origin and spread of new traits, and the observed nature of the traits being explained, the manifest phenotypes, always products of genes and environment. This gap is especially clear in discussions of adaptively flexible morphology and behavior. How are complex adaptively flexible traits constructed during evolution? Remarkable adaptability is shown by humble plants and animals. I see a young female Polistes wasp approach the dominant queen of her colony and adopt a subordinant position that condemns her to permanent sterility and serfdom. Yet she has done the right thing in Darwinian terms, for she genetically profits by helping to rear her despotic sister’s young. How should we explain such behavior? Should we visualize the spread of genes for flexibility and altruism, and the eventual construction of a genetic capacity for environmental assessment and social judgment? Or is the evolutionary construction of such complex abilities something other than an accumulation of modifier alleles, selected gradually and independently, one by one? It is not surprising that students of human behavior have been among the first to complain about the failure of evolutionary biology to deal effectively with complex adaptive plasticity. Anthropologists, for example, have good reason to question the explanations of a strongly gene-centered sociobiology. Human behavior is essentially circumstantial. We know intuitively that our phenotypes are molded by our environments—by mothers, fathers, schoolteachers, economics, and accidents of history. But in this respect human nature is like every other phenotype of every other animal or plant. A phenotype is a product of both genotype and environment.
Less
One of the oldest unresolved controversies in evolutionary biology—and a source of many bitter arguments and failed revolutions—concerns the relation between nature and nurture in the evolution of adaptive design. In modern evolutionary biology there is still a gap between the conclusions of a genetical theory for the origin and spread of new traits, and the observed nature of the traits being explained, the manifest phenotypes, always products of genes and environment. This gap is especially clear in discussions of adaptively flexible morphology and behavior. How are complex adaptively flexible traits constructed during evolution? Remarkable adaptability is shown by humble plants and animals. I see a young female Polistes wasp approach the dominant queen of her colony and adopt a subordinant position that condemns her to permanent sterility and serfdom. Yet she has done the right thing in Darwinian terms, for she genetically profits by helping to rear her despotic sister’s young. How should we explain such behavior? Should we visualize the spread of genes for flexibility and altruism, and the eventual construction of a genetic capacity for environmental assessment and social judgment? Or is the evolutionary construction of such complex abilities something other than an accumulation of modifier alleles, selected gradually and independently, one by one? It is not surprising that students of human behavior have been among the first to complain about the failure of evolutionary biology to deal effectively with complex adaptive plasticity. Anthropologists, for example, have good reason to question the explanations of a strongly gene-centered sociobiology. Human behavior is essentially circumstantial. We know intuitively that our phenotypes are molded by our environments—by mothers, fathers, schoolteachers, economics, and accidents of history. But in this respect human nature is like every other phenotype of every other animal or plant. A phenotype is a product of both genotype and environment.
Stephen Davies
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9789888208203
- eISBN:
- 9789888268221
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888208203.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
In December 1846, the Keying, a Chinese junk purchased by British investors, set sail from Hong Kong for London. Named after the Chinese Imperial Commissioner who had signed away Hong Kong to the ...
More
In December 1846, the Keying, a Chinese junk purchased by British investors, set sail from Hong Kong for London. Named after the Chinese Imperial Commissioner who had signed away Hong Kong to the British, manned by a Chinese and European crew, and carrying a travelling exhibition of Chinese items, the Keying had a troubled voyage. After quarrels on the way and a diversion to New York, culminating in a legal dispute over arrears of wages for Chinese members of the crew, it finally reached London in 1848, where it went on exhibition on the River Thames until 1853. It was then auctioned off, towed to Liverpool, and finally broken up. This book tells a story of missed opportunities, with an erratic course, overambitious aims, and achievements born of lucky breaks—a microcosm, in fact, of early Hong Kong and of the relations between China and the West.Less
In December 1846, the Keying, a Chinese junk purchased by British investors, set sail from Hong Kong for London. Named after the Chinese Imperial Commissioner who had signed away Hong Kong to the British, manned by a Chinese and European crew, and carrying a travelling exhibition of Chinese items, the Keying had a troubled voyage. After quarrels on the way and a diversion to New York, culminating in a legal dispute over arrears of wages for Chinese members of the crew, it finally reached London in 1848, where it went on exhibition on the River Thames until 1853. It was then auctioned off, towed to Liverpool, and finally broken up. This book tells a story of missed opportunities, with an erratic course, overambitious aims, and achievements born of lucky breaks—a microcosm, in fact, of early Hong Kong and of the relations between China and the West.
Evelyn Hu-DeHart
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9789888455775
- eISBN:
- 9789882204034
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888455775.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This essay depicts the beginning of the Spanish Empire in the Asia-Pacific in the mid-sixteenth century (Ming dynasty), when Spaniard Miguel de Legazpi from Mexico in the Americas colonized the ...
More
This essay depicts the beginning of the Spanish Empire in the Asia-Pacific in the mid-sixteenth century (Ming dynasty), when Spaniard Miguel de Legazpi from Mexico in the Americas colonized the Philippines and established Manila as an extension of Spain’s American colony of New Spain. Sustaining this trans-Pacific relationship for 250 year was the Manila Galleon Trade between Acapulco, Mexico and Manila, trading American silver for Chinese silk, porcelain and other fine goods. The large community (twenty to thirty thousand) of Hokkien-speaking migrants from South Fujian (Minnan) which quickly arose and confined to ethnic neighbourhood outside the Manila city wall, became indispensable to the galleon trade by transporting from China all the luxury goods for the galleons, while resident artisans and labourers provided all the everyday consumer items, food, and services to the small Spanish population in Manila city. This first American “Chinatown” was the first large and permanent overseas Chinese community of Southeast Asia/Nanyang, which launched the worldwide Chinese diasporic movement that continues to this day, stretching all over the Americas, Europe and Africa.Less
This essay depicts the beginning of the Spanish Empire in the Asia-Pacific in the mid-sixteenth century (Ming dynasty), when Spaniard Miguel de Legazpi from Mexico in the Americas colonized the Philippines and established Manila as an extension of Spain’s American colony of New Spain. Sustaining this trans-Pacific relationship for 250 year was the Manila Galleon Trade between Acapulco, Mexico and Manila, trading American silver for Chinese silk, porcelain and other fine goods. The large community (twenty to thirty thousand) of Hokkien-speaking migrants from South Fujian (Minnan) which quickly arose and confined to ethnic neighbourhood outside the Manila city wall, became indispensable to the galleon trade by transporting from China all the luxury goods for the galleons, while resident artisans and labourers provided all the everyday consumer items, food, and services to the small Spanish population in Manila city. This first American “Chinatown” was the first large and permanent overseas Chinese community of Southeast Asia/Nanyang, which launched the worldwide Chinese diasporic movement that continues to this day, stretching all over the Americas, Europe and Africa.
Anna Dezeuze
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780719088575
- eISBN:
- 9781526120717
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719088575.003.0002
- Subject:
- Art, Art History
For Arendt, the fragile balance between labour, work and action that lies at the heart of the human condition was fundamentally endangered by the planned obsolescence characteristic of the new ...
More
For Arendt, the fragile balance between labour, work and action that lies at the heart of the human condition was fundamentally endangered by the planned obsolescence characteristic of the new post-war consumer capitalism. Artworks displaying a ‘junk’ aesthetic produced on the East and West Coasts of the United States in the period between 1957 and 1962 can be read in light of Arendt’s perspective, which intersected with both sociological critiques of the new capitalism and the writings of Zen master D.T. Suzuki and other popularisers of Zen Buddhism. Jack Kerouac’s 1958 novel The Dharma Bums resonated with both critiques of consumer society and newly discovered Zen alternatives. This chapter outlines some of the links between Kerouac’s Beat aesthetic and the assemblage and happenings of the early 1960s, by analysing the reception of landmark exhibitions such as The Art of Assemblage in 1961, and the practices of Robert Rauschenberg, Claes Oldenburg, Bruce Conner and Allan Kaprow.Less
For Arendt, the fragile balance between labour, work and action that lies at the heart of the human condition was fundamentally endangered by the planned obsolescence characteristic of the new post-war consumer capitalism. Artworks displaying a ‘junk’ aesthetic produced on the East and West Coasts of the United States in the period between 1957 and 1962 can be read in light of Arendt’s perspective, which intersected with both sociological critiques of the new capitalism and the writings of Zen master D.T. Suzuki and other popularisers of Zen Buddhism. Jack Kerouac’s 1958 novel The Dharma Bums resonated with both critiques of consumer society and newly discovered Zen alternatives. This chapter outlines some of the links between Kerouac’s Beat aesthetic and the assemblage and happenings of the early 1960s, by analysing the reception of landmark exhibitions such as The Art of Assemblage in 1961, and the practices of Robert Rauschenberg, Claes Oldenburg, Bruce Conner and Allan Kaprow.
Yung Ho Chang and Adolfo Plasencia
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780262036016
- eISBN:
- 9780262339308
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262036016.003.0010
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Technology and Society
In this dialogue, the architect, professor of architecture and former head of department of architecture at MIT, Yung Ho Chang, outlines why he agrees with Mies Van der Rohe that materiality is the ...
More
In this dialogue, the architect, professor of architecture and former head of department of architecture at MIT, Yung Ho Chang, outlines why he agrees with Mies Van der Rohe that materiality is the basis of architecture. He also reflects on why a new material is not necessarily a better one, and why an old one is not necessarily interesting simply because it is old. He explains the reasons why digital space is not a substitute for architectural space. He then goes on to explain that the way we ask ourselves about how the past and present are connected could be a way for us to discover what architecture really is, as well as discussing the process by which architectural intervention may or may not transform a place, or even make a new one.Less
In this dialogue, the architect, professor of architecture and former head of department of architecture at MIT, Yung Ho Chang, outlines why he agrees with Mies Van der Rohe that materiality is the basis of architecture. He also reflects on why a new material is not necessarily a better one, and why an old one is not necessarily interesting simply because it is old. He explains the reasons why digital space is not a substitute for architectural space. He then goes on to explain that the way we ask ourselves about how the past and present are connected could be a way for us to discover what architecture really is, as well as discussing the process by which architectural intervention may or may not transform a place, or even make a new one.
Peters Laura
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780719064265
- eISBN:
- 9781781705728
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719064265.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
Chapter two, entitled ‘Poetry of Science, Dombey and Son and The Difference Within’ considers how Dickens’s ‘Review’ establishes a number of paradigms to which Dickens will return throughout his ...
More
Chapter two, entitled ‘Poetry of Science, Dombey and Son and The Difference Within’ considers how Dickens’s ‘Review’ establishes a number of paradigms to which Dickens will return throughout his life. The chapter also explores Dickens’s passion for adventure narratives and their influence on his racial thinking in a further return to Dombey and Son. The chapter reads the problematic portrayal of racial difference embodied by the native and as articulated by Susan Nipper as evidence of the widespread engagement with racial difference, a discourse which knits together the fabric of the narrative. The chapter explores the arrival of the Chinese Junk and the shows of London as evidence of the diversity present within. The Review: The Expedition to the River Niger provides another forum where Dickens can articulate unease with the imperial endeavour.Less
Chapter two, entitled ‘Poetry of Science, Dombey and Son and The Difference Within’ considers how Dickens’s ‘Review’ establishes a number of paradigms to which Dickens will return throughout his life. The chapter also explores Dickens’s passion for adventure narratives and their influence on his racial thinking in a further return to Dombey and Son. The chapter reads the problematic portrayal of racial difference embodied by the native and as articulated by Susan Nipper as evidence of the widespread engagement with racial difference, a discourse which knits together the fabric of the narrative. The chapter explores the arrival of the Chinese Junk and the shows of London as evidence of the diversity present within. The Review: The Expedition to the River Niger provides another forum where Dickens can articulate unease with the imperial endeavour.
Stephen Davies
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9789888208203
- eISBN:
- 9789888268221
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888208203.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter examines the Description of the Keying and compares its structure with western ships. It proves that the descriptive and graphical evidence we have of the junk is significantly short in ...
More
This chapter examines the Description of the Keying and compares its structure with western ships. It proves that the descriptive and graphical evidence we have of the junk is significantly short in precision and detail. Not only is the vessel’s age uncertain, so too are its construction and conformity. Because all the artists’ renderings are much affected by ignorance and prejudice, and because no accurate measurements and drawings were ever made, evaluating the dimensions available needs care.Less
This chapter examines the Description of the Keying and compares its structure with western ships. It proves that the descriptive and graphical evidence we have of the junk is significantly short in precision and detail. Not only is the vessel’s age uncertain, so too are its construction and conformity. Because all the artists’ renderings are much affected by ignorance and prejudice, and because no accurate measurements and drawings were ever made, evaluating the dimensions available needs care.
Stephen Davies
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9789888208203
- eISBN:
- 9789888268221
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888208203.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
It would seem as though the Keying was a junk built broadly on the lines of a vessel familiar in the nanyang and coastal trades of late eighteenth and early nineteenth-century China. The exact design ...
More
It would seem as though the Keying was a junk built broadly on the lines of a vessel familiar in the nanyang and coastal trades of late eighteenth and early nineteenth-century China. The exact design provenance is uncertain, but the vessel shows many of the broad lineaments of a fuchuan, albeit one which had acquired either from the outset of more probably as a result of post-build modifications and repairs, some Guangdong characteristics.Less
It would seem as though the Keying was a junk built broadly on the lines of a vessel familiar in the nanyang and coastal trades of late eighteenth and early nineteenth-century China. The exact design provenance is uncertain, but the vessel shows many of the broad lineaments of a fuchuan, albeit one which had acquired either from the outset of more probably as a result of post-build modifications and repairs, some Guangdong characteristics.
Stephen Davies
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9789888208203
- eISBN:
- 9789888268221
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888208203.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter examines how fast the Keying could go by comparing her with the sea clipper Thermopylae. The comparison shows that although Junks like the Keying were not designed to go fast or be ...
More
This chapter examines how fast the Keying could go by comparing her with the sea clipper Thermopylae. The comparison shows that although Junks like the Keying were not designed to go fast or be sailed flat out; their shipboard organization and operation did not aim to make them do so, they turned in a solid performance, perhaps only a knot slower than a comparable Western vessel. The Keying was not ideally crewed, but in almost 300 days of sailing in a variety of weathers, it steadily averaged 3 knots, kept its crew dry and proved itself and excellent seaboat.Less
This chapter examines how fast the Keying could go by comparing her with the sea clipper Thermopylae. The comparison shows that although Junks like the Keying were not designed to go fast or be sailed flat out; their shipboard organization and operation did not aim to make them do so, they turned in a solid performance, perhaps only a knot slower than a comparable Western vessel. The Keying was not ideally crewed, but in almost 300 days of sailing in a variety of weathers, it steadily averaged 3 knots, kept its crew dry and proved itself and excellent seaboat.
Stephen Davies
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9789888208203
- eISBN:
- 9789888268221
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888208203.003.0013
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter explores the reasons that the Keying remained ignored. The Keying sailed to the west in a time when famous voyages were conducted and when museums were being built to house achievements ...
More
This chapter explores the reasons that the Keying remained ignored. The Keying sailed to the west in a time when famous voyages were conducted and when museums were being built to house achievements and data from great maritime explorations. The long traditions of other cultures were not considered as anything worth studying closely, and the Keying was categorized as just the foreign and exotic. One result of this neglect is that museums in the present day have no concrete data to build models by. By bringing the Keying back to the limelight, the author hopes to stimulate the interest in a little known Chinese maritime past and the world of experiences that it encompassed.Less
This chapter explores the reasons that the Keying remained ignored. The Keying sailed to the west in a time when famous voyages were conducted and when museums were being built to house achievements and data from great maritime explorations. The long traditions of other cultures were not considered as anything worth studying closely, and the Keying was categorized as just the foreign and exotic. One result of this neglect is that museums in the present day have no concrete data to build models by. By bringing the Keying back to the limelight, the author hopes to stimulate the interest in a little known Chinese maritime past and the world of experiences that it encompassed.
Stephen Davies
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9789888208203
- eISBN:
- 9789888268221
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888208203.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
The Keying was undertaken by a group of Hong Kong investors. Their aim was to sail the junk from Hong Kong to London, where it would be put on public display, along with the collection of Chinese ...
More
The Keying was undertaken by a group of Hong Kong investors. Their aim was to sail the junk from Hong Kong to London, where it would be put on public display, along with the collection of Chinese artefacts that it carried, and earn the investors a handsome return. This was possibly an attempt to cash in on enthusiasm in London for‘things Chinese’, fomented by Nathan Dunn’s exhibition. Yet the Keying enterprise serve as a commentary on the backward culture of China, and the junk itself demonstrate the peculiarities of Chinese naval architecture. In the mid-1840s, part of the British public perceived the First Opium War as a disgrace, the Keying enterprise could be seen as an attempt to‘redress’ this perception.Less
The Keying was undertaken by a group of Hong Kong investors. Their aim was to sail the junk from Hong Kong to London, where it would be put on public display, along with the collection of Chinese artefacts that it carried, and earn the investors a handsome return. This was possibly an attempt to cash in on enthusiasm in London for‘things Chinese’, fomented by Nathan Dunn’s exhibition. Yet the Keying enterprise serve as a commentary on the backward culture of China, and the junk itself demonstrate the peculiarities of Chinese naval architecture. In the mid-1840s, part of the British public perceived the First Opium War as a disgrace, the Keying enterprise could be seen as an attempt to‘redress’ this perception.
Stephen Davies
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9789888208203
- eISBN:
- 9789888268221
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888208203.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
The name of the junk might have brought out the differences in perception of the Chinese and the British, and laid the first seeds of dissension. Before becoming the Keying, the Junk could have had ...
More
The name of the junk might have brought out the differences in perception of the Chinese and the British, and laid the first seeds of dissension. Before becoming the Keying, the Junk could have had another name. No record showed that the British owners had considered the sensibilities of the Chinese crew when they renamed the junk. The name Keying also embodied the divide in fundamental ways in seeing things. The British saw Qiying as the symbol of improvement in post-First Opium War Sino-British relations, but the mandarin was much less popular with the Cantonese.Less
The name of the junk might have brought out the differences in perception of the Chinese and the British, and laid the first seeds of dissension. Before becoming the Keying, the Junk could have had another name. No record showed that the British owners had considered the sensibilities of the Chinese crew when they renamed the junk. The name Keying also embodied the divide in fundamental ways in seeing things. The British saw Qiying as the symbol of improvement in post-First Opium War Sino-British relations, but the mandarin was much less popular with the Cantonese.
Stephen Davies
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9789888208203
- eISBN:
- 9789888268221
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888208203.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter brings out the clash of maritime cultures on the Keying, and the difficulties caused. The Captain Kellett practiced a more regimented and hierarchical system while the Chinese crewman ...
More
This chapter brings out the clash of maritime cultures on the Keying, and the difficulties caused. The Captain Kellett practiced a more regimented and hierarchical system while the Chinese crewman were used to a more collegial and relaxed trading junk tradition. The organizational structure of the Keying was also ambiguous, on the one hand, there were the European officers, on the other, there was a Chinese captain So Yin Sang Hsi, whose role onboard remained unclear. Furthermore, the Keying was in fact carrying two Chinese crews, one that came with the Junk when Kellet purchased it and another recruited by the Chinese captain. Although Kellett would have relied on So’s experience in sailing the junk, the different crewing systems and ways of exercising authority inevitably led to the confrontation in New York.Less
This chapter brings out the clash of maritime cultures on the Keying, and the difficulties caused. The Captain Kellett practiced a more regimented and hierarchical system while the Chinese crewman were used to a more collegial and relaxed trading junk tradition. The organizational structure of the Keying was also ambiguous, on the one hand, there were the European officers, on the other, there was a Chinese captain So Yin Sang Hsi, whose role onboard remained unclear. Furthermore, the Keying was in fact carrying two Chinese crews, one that came with the Junk when Kellet purchased it and another recruited by the Chinese captain. Although Kellett would have relied on So’s experience in sailing the junk, the different crewing systems and ways of exercising authority inevitably led to the confrontation in New York.
Stephen Davies
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9789888208203
- eISBN:
- 9789888268221
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888208203.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
Twenty six of the Chinese crew arrested the Keying about a month after the junk arrived in New York. They claimed that they had been only engaged for eight months, but had stayed on for nearly a ...
More
Twenty six of the Chinese crew arrested the Keying about a month after the junk arrived in New York. They claimed that they had been only engaged for eight months, but had stayed on for nearly a year. They also reported that they wanted their wages as well as their return passages paid to them as per their agreements as they have not been paid. The court case revealed the gulf between the European officers idea of their agreement and the crew’s. The crew would have been signed on using the Asiatic Articles that were not yet fully formalized but already differed in important respects from standard British articles, however that might not have been apparent to Kellett. In 1847, the New York Court ruled in the Chinese crew’s favour.Less
Twenty six of the Chinese crew arrested the Keying about a month after the junk arrived in New York. They claimed that they had been only engaged for eight months, but had stayed on for nearly a year. They also reported that they wanted their wages as well as their return passages paid to them as per their agreements as they have not been paid. The court case revealed the gulf between the European officers idea of their agreement and the crew’s. The crew would have been signed on using the Asiatic Articles that were not yet fully formalized but already differed in important respects from standard British articles, however that might not have been apparent to Kellett. In 1847, the New York Court ruled in the Chinese crew’s favour.
Stephen Davies
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9789888208203
- eISBN:
- 9789888268221
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888208203.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
The Keying arrived in Boston in November 1847 after all dues were paid to the twenty six Chinese crewmen. For the three months that the Keying was in Boston, almost nothing could be said about it, if ...
More
The Keying arrived in Boston in November 1847 after all dues were paid to the twenty six Chinese crewmen. For the three months that the Keying was in Boston, almost nothing could be said about it, if it attracted any attention during those times, this attention was fleeting. Perhaps it was the increasing financial distress, Kellett took the risk to sail from Boston to Britain in the worst of winter. February is one of the coldest months and gales are 20 to 30 percent more frequent than in March or April. During the repairing of the rudder, the second mate was drowned while overseeing work, but on 11th March 1848, the Keying reached the British Channel Islands. The chapter also explained the performance of the Keying by comparing it with other vessels.Less
The Keying arrived in Boston in November 1847 after all dues were paid to the twenty six Chinese crewmen. For the three months that the Keying was in Boston, almost nothing could be said about it, if it attracted any attention during those times, this attention was fleeting. Perhaps it was the increasing financial distress, Kellett took the risk to sail from Boston to Britain in the worst of winter. February is one of the coldest months and gales are 20 to 30 percent more frequent than in March or April. During the repairing of the rudder, the second mate was drowned while overseeing work, but on 11th March 1848, the Keying reached the British Channel Islands. The chapter also explained the performance of the Keying by comparing it with other vessels.
Stephen Davies
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9789888208203
- eISBN:
- 9789888268221
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888208203.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
The Keying was put on display initially at Blackwall. Later, in 1850, it moved up to the Strand, perhaps in order to have better access to its intended audience. The move up the Thames itself was ...
More
The Keying was put on display initially at Blackwall. Later, in 1850, it moved up to the Strand, perhaps in order to have better access to its intended audience. The move up the Thames itself was remarkable, however, the silence of the newspapers showed that the feat attracted little attention. For the first year, the Keying was a star attraction, royalty and celebrities, such as Charles Dickens all visited it. However, its attraction didn’t last. In July 1851, because of the troubles caused by the crew, a judge warned that if the Keying wouldn’t leave the Strand, they would be indicted, so the junk returned to Blackwall. Charles Kellett had ceased to remain as the captain of the Keying after the junk arrived in Britain and became a business partner, earning enough to live ashore. He Sing, the mandarin, was promoted to captain and became, in a way, the representative of China.Less
The Keying was put on display initially at Blackwall. Later, in 1850, it moved up to the Strand, perhaps in order to have better access to its intended audience. The move up the Thames itself was remarkable, however, the silence of the newspapers showed that the feat attracted little attention. For the first year, the Keying was a star attraction, royalty and celebrities, such as Charles Dickens all visited it. However, its attraction didn’t last. In July 1851, because of the troubles caused by the crew, a judge warned that if the Keying wouldn’t leave the Strand, they would be indicted, so the junk returned to Blackwall. Charles Kellett had ceased to remain as the captain of the Keying after the junk arrived in Britain and became a business partner, earning enough to live ashore. He Sing, the mandarin, was promoted to captain and became, in a way, the representative of China.
Stephen Davies
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9789888208203
- eISBN:
- 9789888268221
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888208203.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
The chapter details the events that happened during the last few years of the Keying’s lifetime. Between 1852 and 1855, the Keying was put on the auction block in rapid succession. Throughout these ...
More
The chapter details the events that happened during the last few years of the Keying’s lifetime. Between 1852 and 1855, the Keying was put on the auction block in rapid succession. Throughout these years, there have been attempts at making the Keying an attraction to the paying public, however, they all ended in failure. During these auctions, the Keying and its contents went to separate buyers. The Chinese junk was dismantled in 1854, only very few items in the collection survived. Charles Kellett moved to New Zealand in order to continue his career as a seaman. Very little was known about the Chinese crew, according to recollections of William Blakeney, some of them made their way back to China.Less
The chapter details the events that happened during the last few years of the Keying’s lifetime. Between 1852 and 1855, the Keying was put on the auction block in rapid succession. Throughout these years, there have been attempts at making the Keying an attraction to the paying public, however, they all ended in failure. During these auctions, the Keying and its contents went to separate buyers. The Chinese junk was dismantled in 1854, only very few items in the collection survived. Charles Kellett moved to New Zealand in order to continue his career as a seaman. Very little was known about the Chinese crew, according to recollections of William Blakeney, some of them made their way back to China.