Search Results

Sir John Franklin

Stephanie Barczewski

in Heroic Failure and the British

This chapter examines the case of Arctic explorer Sir John Franklin to demonstrate how ideals of heroism emerged in Britain in the first half of the nineteenth century that focused less on the ... More

This chapter examines the case of Arctic explorer Sir John Franklin to demonstrate how ideals of heroism emerged in Britain in the first half of the nineteenth century that focused less on the achievements of their protagonists and more on the nobility of their characters. Franklin's career as an explorer ended in tragedy. He and his 128 men perished in their quest for the Northwest Passage in what was by far the worst disaster in the history of British Arctic exploration. Despite his monumental failure, Franklin became one of the greatest Victorian heroes. This chapter narrates Franklin's disappearance in 1845 as he was attempting to chart and navigate a section of the Northwest Passage, the search and rescue expedition that was launched to find him and his crew, and how the Northwest Passage became a venue for the demonstration of British heroism in the wake of Franklin's tragic fate.Less

From Literature to Business

Edwin L. Battistella

in Do You Make These Mistakes in English?: The Story of Sherwin Cody's Famous Language School

Cody's early years are recounted, from his being orphaned in the Midwest to his studying at Amherst College and attempting at a literary career. We follow him as he blends his classical education ... More

Cody's early years are recounted, from his being orphaned in the Midwest to his studying at Amherst College and attempting at a literary career. We follow him as he blends his classical education with growing experience in the world as a practical writer and entrepreneur.Less

Linguistics and the New Rhetoric

Edwin L. Battistella

in Do You Make These Mistakes in English?: The Story of Sherwin Cody's Famous Language School

Chapter 13 examines the ways that American attitudes toward language, rhetoric and composition were evolving during Cody's time.

“I intended well, and I hope all will end well”: Franklin’s Last Years

Carla J. Mulford

in Benjamin Franklin and the Ends of Empire

This chapter discusses the last period of Franklin’s life, from his triumphant return to Philadelphia after securing the Treaty of Paris to his last days. The chapter discusses Franklin’s propaganda ... More

This chapter discusses the last period of Franklin’s life, from his triumphant return to Philadelphia after securing the Treaty of Paris to his last days. The chapter discusses Franklin’s propaganda efforts to gain the respect of British and European allies in the face of negative publicity abroad. It also discusses Franklin’s political roles in settling settlers’ disputes in Pennsylvania and areas of North Carolina and Tennessee being overrun by a group under John Sevier in an effort to create a state called Franklin. Franklin supported the Cherokees in their effort to seek justice from Congress. The chapter also traces Franklin’s views about slavery. In his last year, Franklin became involved with the Pennsylvania Abolition Society and as its president drafted a memorial to Congress favoring gradual emancipation, speaking to the injustice of having a national political ideology of freedom while Africans and African Americans were held in perpetual bondage.Less

Epilogue

Burnis R. Morris

in Carter G. Woodson: History, the Black Press, and Public Relations

Evidence of Carter G. Woodson’s influence is abundant. At the opening ceremony for the National Museum of African American History and Culture in Washington, D.C., on September 24, 2016, Congressman ... More

Evidence of Carter G. Woodson’s influence is abundant. At the opening ceremony for the National Museum of African American History and Culture in Washington, D.C., on September 24, 2016, Congressman John Lewis, the civil rights icon, recalled his study of Woodson’s work for inspiration as a young man. A New York Times article published in concert with the museum’s opening linked struggles for respect in black history to Woodson’s cause, as well as the contributions of George Washington Williams and John Hope Franklin. However, what little attention Woodson occasionally receives from the media today comes largely from black-oriented media. For instance, The Afro-American has been among the sponsors of the annual observance of Woodson’s birthday at Shiloh Baptist Church in Washington, and other black newspapers for a number of years following his death ran articles reciting Woodson’s work.Less

John Franklin’s Second Overland Expedition Makes a Successful Survey, 1825

Roger M. McCoy

in On the Edge: Mapping North America's Coasts

This chapter focuses on John Franklin's overland expedition in 1825. Franklin's overland expedition, his second, took him from Hudson Bay along the Mackenzie River to the north coast, where he ... More

This chapter focuses on John Franklin's overland expedition in 1825. Franklin's overland expedition, his second, took him from Hudson Bay along the Mackenzie River to the north coast, where he extended his survey of the first voyage that proved disastrous. Franklin was instructed to establish winter quarters on Great Bear Lake in a building erected in advance by the Hudson Bay Company. When he returned from the expedition, Franklin tried to persuade the Admiralty to let him finish mapping the uncompleted part of the western Arctic coast to Icy Cape, but his proposal was turned down.Less

The First Searchers Look in the Wrong Places, 1847

Roger M. McCoy

in On the Edge: Mapping North America's Coasts

This chapter focuses on John Franklin's ill-fated expedition of 1845 and the search and rescue operations that were launched when the ships and men of the voyage never returned. John Ross expressed ... More

This chapter focuses on John Franklin's ill-fated expedition of 1845 and the search and rescue operations that were launched when the ships and men of the voyage never returned. John Ross expressed his misgivings about the suitability of the Erebus and Terror before Franklin departed. He told Franklin that he would be prepared to lead a rescue party if the latter's whereabouts were not known by February 1847. When February 1847 came and no word had been heard of Franklin, Ross immediately offered to form a search and rescue expedition, but was rejected by the British Admiralty. In the spring of 1848, a large search and rescue project began from three directions. This was followed by another operation two years later, when a veritable armada of ships began to look for Franklin.Less

John Rae Hears about Franklin from Eskimos, 1848

Roger M. McCoy

in On the Edge: Mapping North America's Coasts

This chapter focuses on the search for John Franklin, who did not return after departing for an expedition in 1845 to find the sea passage of the North American Arctic coast. When no word of Franklin ... More

This chapter focuses on the search for John Franklin, who did not return after departing for an expedition in 1845 to find the sea passage of the North American Arctic coast. When no word of Franklin had come by the end of 1847, concern began to increase within the British Admiralty. In early 1847, Franklin's friend and companion on overland expeditions, Sir John Richardson, wrote to the Admiralty in which he proposed caching a large amount of pemmican at intervals along the Arctic coasts of North America for Franklin and his crew. At Richardson's suggestion, John Rae, a Chief Trader of the Hudson Bay Company, was appointed as second officer. Although the search for Franklin was first priority, the Richardson-Rae expedition would add much information about the Canadian Arctic. When Rae returned to Repulse Bay in the autumn of 1854, Eskimos there told him that bodies had been found near the estuary of the Great Fish River. This information reinforced Rae's belief that the bodies were part of Franklin's party. Rae would go on to discover the last link to the Northwest Passage and the first evidence of Franklin's crew.Less

John Franklin’s Last Expedition Becomes the Failure of the Century, 1845

Roger M. McCoy

in On the Edge: Mapping North America's Coasts

This chapter focuses on John Franklin's last expedition in 1845 that turned out to be the failure of the century. In 1844, Sir John Barrow, Second Secretary of the British Admiralty, initiated ... More

This chapter focuses on John Franklin's last expedition in 1845 that turned out to be the failure of the century. In 1844, Sir John Barrow, Second Secretary of the British Admiralty, initiated another search for the sea passage of the North American Arctic coast. Because of Franklin's experience in the American Arctic, the Admiralty chose him as one of the officers to help evaluate Barrow's proposal. The Admiralty decided that Franklin should lead the expedition and command the Erebus, with Captain Francis Crozier as second-in-command of the expedition and in command of the Terror. The ships and men of the Franklin expedition never returned.Less

Francis L. M’Clintock Extends the Map and Learns What Happened, 1857

Roger M. McCoy

in On the Edge: Mapping North America's Coasts

This chapter focuses on Francis Leopold M'Clintock's expedition in 1857 in search of John Franklin, who did not return after sailing off in 1845. In 1854, the British government officially pronounced ... More

This chapter focuses on Francis Leopold M'Clintock's expedition in 1857 in search of John Franklin, who did not return after sailing off in 1845. In 1854, the British government officially pronounced that the men of the Franklin expedition were dead. Lady Jane Franklin, the wife of John Franklin, was determined to find her husband and his crew, dead or alive, in part to vindicate him as the one who completed the Northwest Passage. In 1857, Lady Jane arranged for M'Clintock to sail the Fox, a ship she financed with her own money plus public subscription. Her instructions: rescue survivors, find the documents of the expedition, and confirm that the Franklin expedition had made the discovery of the Northwest Passage. M'Clintock would earn the distinction as the one who had discovered the fate of the Franklin expedition.Less

Building an Arctic Tradition

in The Coldest Crucible: Arctic Exploration and American Culture

This chapter describes the Arctic exploration by American explorers. American attention turned to the Arctic when the British Admiralty sent John Franklin there in 1845 with two ships and 129 ... More

This chapter describes the Arctic exploration by American explorers. American attention turned to the Arctic when the British Admiralty sent John Franklin there in 1845 with two ships and 129 officers and men to complete the Northwest Passage. In 1848, with no word yet, the Admiralty sent a series of expeditions to look for him, focusing on the northern coast of North America and islands off its shores. When Jane Franklin, the wife of the missing explorer, appealed directly to President Zachary Taylor for help, Taylor urged the U.S. Congress to outfit an expedition. The resulting expedition led by Henry Grinnell seemed to have little in common with earlier U.S. exploring expeditions as it did not seek trade, science, or geographical discovery, though it advocated hope for such benefits. Arctic exploration constituted a safer form of conquest, offering many of the advantages of war without the messy commitments of empire.Less

John Ross Sees a Mirage, 1818; John Franklin Makes His First Expedition, 1819

Roger M. McCoy

in On the Edge: Mapping North America's Coasts

This chapter focuses on the voyages of exploration by John Ross in 1818 and John Franklin in 1819. Ross commanded the ship, Isabella on his expedition, along with a second ship, Alexander, commanded ... More

This chapter focuses on the voyages of exploration by John Ross in 1818 and John Franklin in 1819. Ross commanded the ship, Isabella on his expedition, along with a second ship, Alexander, commanded by William Edward Parry. Together they planned a search for the Northwest Passage by sailing westward beyond Davis Strait. Franklin commanded a land expedition to find and map a portion of the uncharted north coast. He was instructed to determine the latitude and longitude of North America's north coast and the trending of the coast east and west.Less

Connubial Fidelity and The Vicar of Wakefield

Charles Officer and Jake Page

in A Fabulous Kingdom: The Exploration of the Arctic

This chapter describes the series of naval expeditions to the Arctic that took place in the early nineteenth century sent by John Barrow, the British navy's internal operations, and founder of the ... More

This chapter describes the series of naval expeditions to the Arctic that took place in the early nineteenth century sent by John Barrow, the British navy's internal operations, and founder of the Royal Geographic Society. Barrow developed a geographer's zeal for the still-mysterious Arctic and believed strongly that England should resume Arctic explorations. One expedition was under the command of David Buchan, with John Franklin as his second in command. The other expedition was led by a seasoned captain, John Ross, with a bright young lieutenant, William Edward Parry, as second in command. For all the detailed managing of the British navy, however, they disregard the early geographical records of explorers such as Davis, Hudson, and Baffin. This chapter recounts the struggle of British explorers as they ventured to the Arctic in the wrong kind of clothes for the climate, and as they ran into gales and pack ice when they sailed north to Spitzbergen.Less

Introduction

Larry Eugene Rivers

in Rebels and Runaways: Slave Resistance in Nineteenth-Century Florida

This introductory chapter explores slave resistance in Florida while incorporating perspectives that reach beyond its borders to embrace a regional and even larger context. In doing so, it builds ... More

This introductory chapter explores slave resistance in Florida while incorporating perspectives that reach beyond its borders to embrace a regional and even larger context. In doing so, it builds upon the foundation laid by John Hope Franklin and Loren Schweninger and also upon the works of scholars such as Jane Landers, Michael Gomez, John Blassingame, Lawrence Levine, Margaret Washington Creel, Walter Johnson, Sterling Stuckey, Freddie Parker, and Gwendolyn Hall. Taken together, these historians of slavery, among other things, offered highly useful tools for conceptualizing and analyzing the slave′s experience in the Old South and beyond. These authors note that a supportive African, Caribbean, and African American culture helped slaves to maintain a sense of agency and humanity.Less

Destinations of Runaways

Larry Eugene Rivers

in Rebels and Runaways: Slave Resistance in Nineteenth-Century Florida

This chapter discusses how questions related to where enslaved blacks fled have occupied historians of the southern experience for generations. Traditionally, the answers reached have pointed to the ... More

This chapter discusses how questions related to where enslaved blacks fled have occupied historians of the southern experience for generations. Traditionally, the answers reached have pointed to the majority absconding to other southern states as opposed to the northern states. In that vein, John Hope Franklin and Loren Schweninger focused in one recent study on fugitives who fled, primarily, from one place in the South to another in the same region. Florida′s situation, however, offers a somewhat different view. Although considerable numbers of its fugitives replicated the traditional patterns noted by Franklin, Schweninger, and other historians, a significant number possessed what could be described as an Atlantic worldview. This is to say that they sought freedom in various parts of the Atlantic and Caribbean regions, particularly in the Bahamas.Less

William E. Parry Has Beginner’s Luck, 1819, 1821, 1824

Roger M. McCoy

in On the Edge: Mapping North America's Coasts

This chapter focuses on William Edward Parry's voyages of exploration in 1819, 1821, and 1824. Parry's objective in his first expedition was to discover the Northwest Passage, find the north coast of ... More

This chapter focuses on William Edward Parry's voyages of exploration in 1819, 1821, and 1824. Parry's objective in his first expedition was to discover the Northwest Passage, find the north coast of North America, and go to the mouth of the Mackenzie River. The intent was to reach the coastal sites established by Alexander Mackenzie's expedition of 1789 and John Franklin's expedition to the mouth of the Coppermine River. Frederick Beechey also made voyages from 1825 to 1828.Less

Robert McClure Completes the Passage; Richard Collinson Maps Coastlines, 1850

Roger M. McCoy

in On the Edge: Mapping North America's Coasts

This chapter focuses on the expeditions of Robert McClure and Richard Collinson in 1850 under the British Admiralty. An expedition of two ships left England to search for John Franklin, who did not ... More

This chapter focuses on the expeditions of Robert McClure and Richard Collinson in 1850 under the British Admiralty. An expedition of two ships left England to search for John Franklin, who did not return after sailing off in 1845. McClure commanded the Investigator while Collinson commanded the Enterprise. Although they got separated early in the voyage and each became locked in ice, McClure and Collinson managed to survey some new coastlines and made important contributions to the map of the Arctic. McClure became the first explorer to link the east and west portions of the Northwest Passage and prove that a water route, albeit frozen, existed through the North American Arctic.Less

Creating an Intellectual Partnership While Easing the White Man’s Burden: James E. Shepard Advancing the Race through His Intellectual Partnerships

Reginald K. Ellis

in Between Washington and Du Bois: The Racial Politics of James Edward Shepard

This chapter examines the faculty that Shepard was able to recruit to NCC during the height of the Jim Crow period. It also focuses on Shepard’s desire to elevate the race by hiring qualified faculty ... More

This chapter examines the faculty that Shepard was able to recruit to NCC during the height of the Jim Crow period. It also focuses on Shepard’s desire to elevate the race by hiring qualified faculty of all races who had the ability to train their students to be critical thinkers, while also using their skills in a pragmatic manner. In this chapter I argue that Shepard understood the role of a highly qualified faculty, not only in their capacity as educators but also as researchers. For example, it was with Shepard’s blessings that Dr. John Hope Franklin was able to begin the first draft of his landmark work, From Slavery to Freedom, while he served on the faculty at North Carolina College for Negroes. I also argue that Shepard’s faculty and invited speakers were appointed or invited not only to provide “book knowledge” but also to offer training for his students in becoming moral social activists for the race.Less