Leslie Berlin
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195163438
- eISBN:
- 9780199788569
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195163438.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This book presents the life and times of Robert Noyce, the driving force behind the high-tech revolution. Noyce was the co-founder of Fairchild Semiconductor and Intel and co-invented the integrated ...
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This book presents the life and times of Robert Noyce, the driving force behind the high-tech revolution. Noyce was the co-founder of Fairchild Semiconductor and Intel and co-invented the integrated circuit. This book paints a portrait of an ambitious and competitive man, a Midwestern preacher's son who rejected organized religion but would counsel his employees to “go off and do something wonderful”. The book's narrative sheds light on Noyce's friends and associates, including some of the best-known managers, venture capitalists, and creative minds in Silicon Valley. It draws upon interviews with key players in modern American business including Andy Grove, Steve Jobs, Gordon Moore, and Warren Buffett; their recollections of Noyce give readers an insight into the world of high-tech entrepreneurship. The book discusses the interplay of technology, business, money, politics, and culture that defines Silicon Valley and also relates the important story of a revolutionary inventor and entrepreneur.Less
This book presents the life and times of Robert Noyce, the driving force behind the high-tech revolution. Noyce was the co-founder of Fairchild Semiconductor and Intel and co-invented the integrated circuit. This book paints a portrait of an ambitious and competitive man, a Midwestern preacher's son who rejected organized religion but would counsel his employees to “go off and do something wonderful”. The book's narrative sheds light on Noyce's friends and associates, including some of the best-known managers, venture capitalists, and creative minds in Silicon Valley. It draws upon interviews with key players in modern American business including Andy Grove, Steve Jobs, Gordon Moore, and Warren Buffett; their recollections of Noyce give readers an insight into the world of high-tech entrepreneurship. The book discusses the interplay of technology, business, money, politics, and culture that defines Silicon Valley and also relates the important story of a revolutionary inventor and entrepreneur.
Barry M. Katz
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262029636
- eISBN:
- 9780262330923
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262029636.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
The 1979 Palo Alto telephone directory lists exactly 9 “design” firms-squeezed between “detective agencies” and “diaper services.” Today there are, arguably, more designers working in the San ...
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The 1979 Palo Alto telephone directory lists exactly 9 “design” firms-squeezed between “detective agencies” and “diaper services.” Today there are, arguably, more designers working in the San Francisco Bay Area than anywhere else in the world. This chapter traces the further evolution of professional practice, but also the formation of a professional design community and the “sea change” that resulted in, literally, the fusion of European design and American engineering. By the mid-1970s a small but growing number of technology companies had created internal design groups, several independent consultancies had been formed, and this nascent community had begun to contribute a distinctive voice to the national professional societies. The passage of computing out of the laboratory and into the office, the classroom, and ultimately the home, proved to be the decisive catalyst.Less
The 1979 Palo Alto telephone directory lists exactly 9 “design” firms-squeezed between “detective agencies” and “diaper services.” Today there are, arguably, more designers working in the San Francisco Bay Area than anywhere else in the world. This chapter traces the further evolution of professional practice, but also the formation of a professional design community and the “sea change” that resulted in, literally, the fusion of European design and American engineering. By the mid-1970s a small but growing number of technology companies had created internal design groups, several independent consultancies had been formed, and this nascent community had begun to contribute a distinctive voice to the national professional societies. The passage of computing out of the laboratory and into the office, the classroom, and ultimately the home, proved to be the decisive catalyst.
Mark Freedland, Paul Craig, Catherine Jacqueson, and Nicola Kountouris
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199233489
- eISBN:
- 9780191716324
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199233489.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law, Employment Law
This chapter focuses on those employment measures commonly known as active labour market policies (ALMPs). It starts by providing a comparative historical analysis of ALMPs, suggesting that these ...
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This chapter focuses on those employment measures commonly known as active labour market policies (ALMPs). It starts by providing a comparative historical analysis of ALMPs, suggesting that these measures effectively date back to the early 20th century. However, in recent years their content has been altered to encompass a higher proportion of supply-side measures, typically accompanied by more stringent qualifying criteria for the receipt of unemployment benefits. ALMPs have now become an effective mechanism for the control of the labour market. In light of these trends, the chapter questions the compatibility of some of the current forms of ALMPs with some notions of ‘right to work’ underpinned by human rights and decent work concerns.Less
This chapter focuses on those employment measures commonly known as active labour market policies (ALMPs). It starts by providing a comparative historical analysis of ALMPs, suggesting that these measures effectively date back to the early 20th century. However, in recent years their content has been altered to encompass a higher proportion of supply-side measures, typically accompanied by more stringent qualifying criteria for the receipt of unemployment benefits. ALMPs have now become an effective mechanism for the control of the labour market. In light of these trends, the chapter questions the compatibility of some of the current forms of ALMPs with some notions of ‘right to work’ underpinned by human rights and decent work concerns.
Lucy G. Barber
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520242159
- eISBN:
- 9780520931206
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520242159.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
More than 200,000 protesters descended on the nation's capital for the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 28, 1963. Not long after, Tom Kahn, an organizer for the protest, tried to ...
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More than 200,000 protesters descended on the nation's capital for the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 28, 1963. Not long after, Tom Kahn, an organizer for the protest, tried to assess the day's significance. As Khan stressed, the marchers had come to Washington as the result of hard-won agreement among leaders of civil rights, religious, and labor groups to sponsor a massive, peaceful demonstration in Washington. They had heard of the march because of its effective and unprecedented mass marketing, and also had the unprecedented blessing of President John F. Kennedy. The participants marched to the Lincoln Memorial, where they listened to speeches from the protest's leaders. Kahn was unsure in his assessment whether the march would achieve its stated goals: a strong civil rights bill and measures to reduce unemployment.Less
More than 200,000 protesters descended on the nation's capital for the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 28, 1963. Not long after, Tom Kahn, an organizer for the protest, tried to assess the day's significance. As Khan stressed, the marchers had come to Washington as the result of hard-won agreement among leaders of civil rights, religious, and labor groups to sponsor a massive, peaceful demonstration in Washington. They had heard of the march because of its effective and unprecedented mass marketing, and also had the unprecedented blessing of President John F. Kennedy. The participants marched to the Lincoln Memorial, where they listened to speeches from the protest's leaders. Kahn was unsure in his assessment whether the march would achieve its stated goals: a strong civil rights bill and measures to reduce unemployment.
Gordon Betcherman and Martin Rama (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198754848
- eISBN:
- 9780191816321
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198754848.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, Public and Welfare
This book is a sequel to the World Bank’s World Development Report 2013, Jobs. The central message of that report was that job creation is at the heart of development. Jobs raise living standards and ...
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This book is a sequel to the World Bank’s World Development Report 2013, Jobs. The central message of that report was that job creation is at the heart of development. Jobs raise living standards and lift people out of poverty, they contribute to gains in aggregate productivity, and they may even foster social cohesion. In doing so, jobs may have spillovers beyond the private returns they offer to those who hold them. Poverty reduction is arguably a public good, making everybody better off; higher productivity spreads across co-workers, clusters, and cities; and social cohesion improves the outcomes of collective decision-making. But which jobs make the greatest contribution to development and what policies can facilitate the creation of more of these jobs? There is no universal answer—it depends on the country’s level of development, demography, natural endowments, and institutions. This volume explores the diversity of jobs challenges and solutions through case studies of seven developing countries. These countries, drawn from four continents, represent seven different contexts—a small-island nation (St Lucia), a resource-rich country (Papua New Guinea), agrarian (Mozambique), urbanizing (Bangladesh), and formalizing (Mexico) economies, as well as young (Tunisia) and aging (Ukraine) populations. Using methods drawn from several branches of economics and the social sciences more broadly and analyzing a wide range of data, the authors show the different ways in which jobs have contributed to social and economic development in the countries they have studied and how they can contribute in the future. The policy priorities vary accordingly. They often extend well beyond traditional labor market instruments to include policy areas not typically considered in national growth strategies.Less
This book is a sequel to the World Bank’s World Development Report 2013, Jobs. The central message of that report was that job creation is at the heart of development. Jobs raise living standards and lift people out of poverty, they contribute to gains in aggregate productivity, and they may even foster social cohesion. In doing so, jobs may have spillovers beyond the private returns they offer to those who hold them. Poverty reduction is arguably a public good, making everybody better off; higher productivity spreads across co-workers, clusters, and cities; and social cohesion improves the outcomes of collective decision-making. But which jobs make the greatest contribution to development and what policies can facilitate the creation of more of these jobs? There is no universal answer—it depends on the country’s level of development, demography, natural endowments, and institutions. This volume explores the diversity of jobs challenges and solutions through case studies of seven developing countries. These countries, drawn from four continents, represent seven different contexts—a small-island nation (St Lucia), a resource-rich country (Papua New Guinea), agrarian (Mozambique), urbanizing (Bangladesh), and formalizing (Mexico) economies, as well as young (Tunisia) and aging (Ukraine) populations. Using methods drawn from several branches of economics and the social sciences more broadly and analyzing a wide range of data, the authors show the different ways in which jobs have contributed to social and economic development in the countries they have studied and how they can contribute in the future. The policy priorities vary accordingly. They often extend well beyond traditional labor market instruments to include policy areas not typically considered in national growth strategies.
Jill Rubery
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847420763
- eISBN:
- 9781447303473
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847420763.003.0013
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Research and Statistics
This chapter draws on a project looking at the development of gender-sensitive employment policies in the EU to report how policy tensions have evolved between national and supranational agencies. ...
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This chapter draws on a project looking at the development of gender-sensitive employment policies in the EU to report how policy tensions have evolved between national and supranational agencies. The first section focuses on the development of gender equality as a social objective of the EU. The second section examines the rise and fall of gender mainstreaming within the European Employment Strategy (EES) and the Growth and Jobs Strategy. The third section evaluates the recent gender equality initiatives within the EU and identifies some positive developments, both in defining the goal of a more gender equal society and in the analysis of the factors that act as barriers to equality within the economic and social systems in Europe. The chapter ends with some reflections on the future for gender equality within the European project.Less
This chapter draws on a project looking at the development of gender-sensitive employment policies in the EU to report how policy tensions have evolved between national and supranational agencies. The first section focuses on the development of gender equality as a social objective of the EU. The second section examines the rise and fall of gender mainstreaming within the European Employment Strategy (EES) and the Growth and Jobs Strategy. The third section evaluates the recent gender equality initiatives within the EU and identifies some positive developments, both in defining the goal of a more gender equal society and in the analysis of the factors that act as barriers to equality within the economic and social systems in Europe. The chapter ends with some reflections on the future for gender equality within the European project.
Carol Bunch Davis
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781496802989
- eISBN:
- 9781496803023
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781496802989.003.0006
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
This chapter offers a reading of Charles Gordone's 1969 Pulitzer Prize–winning play, No Place to Be Somebody: A Black Black Comedy in Three Acts. Through No Place to Be Somebody, Gordone questions ...
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This chapter offers a reading of Charles Gordone's 1969 Pulitzer Prize–winning play, No Place to Be Somebody: A Black Black Comedy in Three Acts. Through No Place to Be Somebody, Gordone questions cultural memory's master narrative of the African American Freedom Struggle. The protagonist, Gabe Gabriel, is both playwright and “a solo black performer within the context of the play,” and the chapter situates his four solo performances within No Place to Be Somebody's onstage action as counternarratives to heroic era accounts of both the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom and the residential desegregation of the era. Gabriel refuses black identity's monolithic representation offered in both direct action protest and black cultural nationalism. He and Gordone offer black subjectivity as neither rooted in nor limited to cultural memory's binary opposition between civil rights heroism and Black Nationalist villainy.Less
This chapter offers a reading of Charles Gordone's 1969 Pulitzer Prize–winning play, No Place to Be Somebody: A Black Black Comedy in Three Acts. Through No Place to Be Somebody, Gordone questions cultural memory's master narrative of the African American Freedom Struggle. The protagonist, Gabe Gabriel, is both playwright and “a solo black performer within the context of the play,” and the chapter situates his four solo performances within No Place to Be Somebody's onstage action as counternarratives to heroic era accounts of both the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom and the residential desegregation of the era. Gabriel refuses black identity's monolithic representation offered in both direct action protest and black cultural nationalism. He and Gordone offer black subjectivity as neither rooted in nor limited to cultural memory's binary opposition between civil rights heroism and Black Nationalist villainy.
Alice Bloch and Sonia McKay
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781447319368
- eISBN:
- 9781447319399
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447319368.003.0004
- Subject:
- Earth Sciences and Geography, Urban Geography
This chapter focuses on the working lives of undocumented migrants. In particular it explores the constant juxtaposition of working lives with irregularity in five main areas: job search and routes ...
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This chapter focuses on the working lives of undocumented migrants. In particular it explores the constant juxtaposition of working lives with irregularity in five main areas: job search and routes into employment; jobs and sectors of employment; terms and conditions of work and the precarious nature of employment; experiences of work within and outside of the ethnic enclave; and workplace relations. For the most part work is insecure, with poor terms and conditions, including long and unsocial hours without overtime payments. Work was mostly for employers or managers from the same ethnic and/or linguistic group in some of the most informal parts of the economy. However, being undocumented does not mean a total absence of agency and the chapter shows how undocumented migrants are able to make incremental improvements to their working lives by adopting particular tactics in terms of skills acquisition, job mobility and even geographical mobility.Less
This chapter focuses on the working lives of undocumented migrants. In particular it explores the constant juxtaposition of working lives with irregularity in five main areas: job search and routes into employment; jobs and sectors of employment; terms and conditions of work and the precarious nature of employment; experiences of work within and outside of the ethnic enclave; and workplace relations. For the most part work is insecure, with poor terms and conditions, including long and unsocial hours without overtime payments. Work was mostly for employers or managers from the same ethnic and/or linguistic group in some of the most informal parts of the economy. However, being undocumented does not mean a total absence of agency and the chapter shows how undocumented migrants are able to make incremental improvements to their working lives by adopting particular tactics in terms of skills acquisition, job mobility and even geographical mobility.
Mark Coeckelbergh
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262035460
- eISBN:
- 9780262343084
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262035460.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
In chapter 4 it is argued that already in historical times the romantic relation to technology cannot be reduced to mere opposition. It is shown how in the early nineteenth century romantics were not ...
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In chapter 4 it is argued that already in historical times the romantic relation to technology cannot be reduced to mere opposition. It is shown how in the early nineteenth century romantics were not only fearful of, but also fascinated by the new science and technology. Drawing on Tresch (2012) and Holmes (2008) it is argued that there was a current in Romanticism which viewed science and the arts as entwined, and which tried to fuse the organic and the mechanic, life and science. These material romanticisms are neglected by philosophers of technology who reduce romanticism to escapism, nostalgia, or anti-machine thinking.
This brings us to our age, with its life sciences and its robotics that share these deeply material-romantic aims. First it is shown how in the 20th century there was a romantic science (Freud) and how technology and romanticism became very much entangled: not only in science fiction but also in reality: born as hippie computing in the context of the 1960s and 1970s counter-culture, there is a development of what we may call romantic devices.Less
In chapter 4 it is argued that already in historical times the romantic relation to technology cannot be reduced to mere opposition. It is shown how in the early nineteenth century romantics were not only fearful of, but also fascinated by the new science and technology. Drawing on Tresch (2012) and Holmes (2008) it is argued that there was a current in Romanticism which viewed science and the arts as entwined, and which tried to fuse the organic and the mechanic, life and science. These material romanticisms are neglected by philosophers of technology who reduce romanticism to escapism, nostalgia, or anti-machine thinking.
This brings us to our age, with its life sciences and its robotics that share these deeply material-romantic aims. First it is shown how in the 20th century there was a romantic science (Freud) and how technology and romanticism became very much entangled: not only in science fiction but also in reality: born as hippie computing in the context of the 1960s and 1970s counter-culture, there is a development of what we may call romantic devices.
Jim Paul and Brendan Moynihan
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231164689
- eISBN:
- 9780231535236
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231164689.003.0011
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Finance, Accounting, and Banking
This chapter presents three stories of market failures and setbacks that happened due to the entrepreneur's failure to heed the advice of his companions. Foremost among these is the story of Sir ...
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This chapter presents three stories of market failures and setbacks that happened due to the entrepreneur's failure to heed the advice of his companions. Foremost among these is the story of Sir Freddie Laker, the pioneer of transatlantic airline service, Skytrain. A combination of factors, including the U.S. government's grounding of all DC10 airplanes in 1979, began to strain Laker's financial situation. However, he ignored the financial condition of his business until his business became bankrupt. The chapter also considers Steve Jobsw plan to start a new company, the NeXT. He ignored advisors' repeated warnings about flaws in NeXT's strategy; hence NeXT has never turned a net profit, and has exhausted $250 million from backers. Lastly, the chapter examines the story of Roy Raymond who started the highly successful chain of seductive lingerie stores, Victoria's Secret. Likewise, his business failed due to his comitment to his own belief.Less
This chapter presents three stories of market failures and setbacks that happened due to the entrepreneur's failure to heed the advice of his companions. Foremost among these is the story of Sir Freddie Laker, the pioneer of transatlantic airline service, Skytrain. A combination of factors, including the U.S. government's grounding of all DC10 airplanes in 1979, began to strain Laker's financial situation. However, he ignored the financial condition of his business until his business became bankrupt. The chapter also considers Steve Jobsw plan to start a new company, the NeXT. He ignored advisors' repeated warnings about flaws in NeXT's strategy; hence NeXT has never turned a net profit, and has exhausted $250 million from backers. Lastly, the chapter examines the story of Roy Raymond who started the highly successful chain of seductive lingerie stores, Victoria's Secret. Likewise, his business failed due to his comitment to his own belief.
Jeffrey Bloodworth
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780813142296
- eISBN:
- 9780813142326
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813142296.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Political History
During the 1970s and 1980s, no single domestic issue harmed liberals more than “welfare.” Though actual “welfare cheats” were few and far between, popular antipathy toward the welfare state was ...
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During the 1970s and 1980s, no single domestic issue harmed liberals more than “welfare.” Though actual “welfare cheats” were few and far between, popular antipathy toward the welfare state was founded upon a popular belief that benefits to the non-working poor ballooned the deficit. Regarded as the “Middle East of domestic politics,” Jimmy Carter, nevertheless, pledged comprehensive welfare reform. Doomed from the start, Carter's legislation, the Program for Better Jobs and Income (PBJI), revealed divisions between Entitlement and Opportunity liberals. With the former pushing for a guaranteed income and the latter calling for a jobs program, the president split the difference. Instead of heeding popular revulsion to aid to the non-working poor, PBJI massively expanded spending and became a “guaranteed jobs” program. Unable to reform their creed and heed voters’ primary concern about the welfare state, liberals enabled Ronald Reagan to capture the political center.Less
During the 1970s and 1980s, no single domestic issue harmed liberals more than “welfare.” Though actual “welfare cheats” were few and far between, popular antipathy toward the welfare state was founded upon a popular belief that benefits to the non-working poor ballooned the deficit. Regarded as the “Middle East of domestic politics,” Jimmy Carter, nevertheless, pledged comprehensive welfare reform. Doomed from the start, Carter's legislation, the Program for Better Jobs and Income (PBJI), revealed divisions between Entitlement and Opportunity liberals. With the former pushing for a guaranteed income and the latter calling for a jobs program, the president split the difference. Instead of heeding popular revulsion to aid to the non-working poor, PBJI massively expanded spending and became a “guaranteed jobs” program. Unable to reform their creed and heed voters’ primary concern about the welfare state, liberals enabled Ronald Reagan to capture the political center.
Richard Jobson
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781526113306
- eISBN:
- 9781526136039
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781526113306.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter examines the ways in which nostalgia shaped the political development of Neil Kinnock’s Labour Party between 1983 and 1992. It scrutinises claims, often made retrospectively by members ...
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This chapter examines the ways in which nostalgia shaped the political development of Neil Kinnock’s Labour Party between 1983 and 1992. It scrutinises claims, often made retrospectively by members of the New Labour project, that the Kinnock era was a period of limited modernisation. Moreover, it argues that Kinnock and his allies successfully negotiated Labour’s nostalgia in a manner that enabled them to reorient the party’s programmatic commitments away from the past. In this regard, the key turning point was the 1985-6 Jobs and Industry Campaign. When viewed through the lens of party nostalgia, other events, including Kinnock’s famous attack on the Militant Tendency at Labour’s annual conference in 1985, do not represent the kind of pivotal moments that academics have previously indicated they were. Furthermore, in 1992, despite significant policy reorientations, the party’s nostalgically imbued identity remained intact and unreformed.Less
This chapter examines the ways in which nostalgia shaped the political development of Neil Kinnock’s Labour Party between 1983 and 1992. It scrutinises claims, often made retrospectively by members of the New Labour project, that the Kinnock era was a period of limited modernisation. Moreover, it argues that Kinnock and his allies successfully negotiated Labour’s nostalgia in a manner that enabled them to reorient the party’s programmatic commitments away from the past. In this regard, the key turning point was the 1985-6 Jobs and Industry Campaign. When viewed through the lens of party nostalgia, other events, including Kinnock’s famous attack on the Militant Tendency at Labour’s annual conference in 1985, do not represent the kind of pivotal moments that academics have previously indicated they were. Furthermore, in 1992, despite significant policy reorientations, the party’s nostalgically imbued identity remained intact and unreformed.
Fabio Berton, Matteo Richiardi, and Stefano Sacchi
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9781847429070
- eISBN:
- 9781447307631
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847429070.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Occupations, Professions, and Work
This volume investigates the relationship between labour market flexibility and worker security in advanced capitalist countries. This is done with reference to the Italian case put against the ...
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This volume investigates the relationship between labour market flexibility and worker security in advanced capitalist countries. This is done with reference to the Italian case put against the backdrop provided by Germany, Spain and Japan. These four countries have undergone massive changes in their labour markets in the past decades, witnessing substantial deregulation and the spread of non-standard work. This is defined by variation from the standard way of regulating a work relationship during the mature phase of industrial capitalism, that is, through a full-time open-ended dependent work contract. For those who hold a work contract, deviations may concern four dimensions: 1. the amount of working hours (part time versus full time); 2. the duration of the contract (fixed-term versus open-ended); 3. the overlap between the worker's counterpart in the employment contract and the user, supervisor and director of his or her work (direct-hire versus temporary agency work); and 4. the autonomy of the worker vis-à-vis the directive power of the employer (lower versus higher degrees of subordination to the employer).Less
This volume investigates the relationship between labour market flexibility and worker security in advanced capitalist countries. This is done with reference to the Italian case put against the backdrop provided by Germany, Spain and Japan. These four countries have undergone massive changes in their labour markets in the past decades, witnessing substantial deregulation and the spread of non-standard work. This is defined by variation from the standard way of regulating a work relationship during the mature phase of industrial capitalism, that is, through a full-time open-ended dependent work contract. For those who hold a work contract, deviations may concern four dimensions: 1. the amount of working hours (part time versus full time); 2. the duration of the contract (fixed-term versus open-ended); 3. the overlap between the worker's counterpart in the employment contract and the user, supervisor and director of his or her work (direct-hire versus temporary agency work); and 4. the autonomy of the worker vis-à-vis the directive power of the employer (lower versus higher degrees of subordination to the employer).
Brian Marren
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780719095764
- eISBN:
- 9781526109668
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719095764.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
Chapter 4 demonstrates that the activists who were involved in the defeated Standard-Triumph strike of 1977-78 (highlighted in the preceding chapter) were instrumental in initiating a popular ...
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Chapter 4 demonstrates that the activists who were involved in the defeated Standard-Triumph strike of 1977-78 (highlighted in the preceding chapter) were instrumental in initiating a popular campaign of resistance against Thatcher’s cuts and neo-liberal economic policies in the years to come. Their initial concern was advocating the rights of the unemployed. Many of the former employees at Standard-Triumph who originally voted to resist closure went on to become founding members and leading lights of this newfound unemployed workers’ movement. The achievements of this group included their successful lobbying of the Transport and General Workers’ Union (TGWU) in granting them the unprecedented right to retain their old union branch at Standard-Triumph after that factory’s closure. They also succeeded in persuading the union leadership to permit the extension of the remit of their union branch from organising car workers to that of largely representing the unemployed on Merseyside. The leaders of this movement reinvigorated a political class consciousness amongst the jobless working-class of Liverpool through such initiatives as the establishment of a centralised community centre catering to the specific needs of the unemployed. The Unemployed Centre in Hardman Street, as it was colloquially known, became the headquarters of the political Left on Merseyside. It served as a meeting place for trade unionists and revolutionaries alike. These worker/activists funded their activism through a mutual aid society they devised known as the ‘One Fund for All’. Equally important to the various political campaigns undertaken by this group was their increasingly savvy use of the media. This drew much needed public attention to the plight of Liverpool’s unemployed. Many of this group’s efforts were also helpful in uniting the various factions of the Left which moulded Merseyside into a unique base for popular radicalism.Less
Chapter 4 demonstrates that the activists who were involved in the defeated Standard-Triumph strike of 1977-78 (highlighted in the preceding chapter) were instrumental in initiating a popular campaign of resistance against Thatcher’s cuts and neo-liberal economic policies in the years to come. Their initial concern was advocating the rights of the unemployed. Many of the former employees at Standard-Triumph who originally voted to resist closure went on to become founding members and leading lights of this newfound unemployed workers’ movement. The achievements of this group included their successful lobbying of the Transport and General Workers’ Union (TGWU) in granting them the unprecedented right to retain their old union branch at Standard-Triumph after that factory’s closure. They also succeeded in persuading the union leadership to permit the extension of the remit of their union branch from organising car workers to that of largely representing the unemployed on Merseyside. The leaders of this movement reinvigorated a political class consciousness amongst the jobless working-class of Liverpool through such initiatives as the establishment of a centralised community centre catering to the specific needs of the unemployed. The Unemployed Centre in Hardman Street, as it was colloquially known, became the headquarters of the political Left on Merseyside. It served as a meeting place for trade unionists and revolutionaries alike. These worker/activists funded their activism through a mutual aid society they devised known as the ‘One Fund for All’. Equally important to the various political campaigns undertaken by this group was their increasingly savvy use of the media. This drew much needed public attention to the plight of Liverpool’s unemployed. Many of this group’s efforts were also helpful in uniting the various factions of the Left which moulded Merseyside into a unique base for popular radicalism.
Alex McAuley
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781474424516
- eISBN:
- 9781474449533
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474424516.003.0015
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
This chapter makes a connection between the laudatiofunebris, the funeral oration of ancient Rome, and the modern biopic. The author shows how biopics have the ability, like these ancient funeral ...
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This chapter makes a connection between the laudatiofunebris, the funeral oration of ancient Rome, and the modern biopic. The author shows how biopics have the ability, like these ancient funeral speeches, to communicate the values of a society. However in this process, they have the capability to create not only heroes, but also antiheroes. The chapter shows how modern biopics use the Roman funeral speech to create new onscreen antiheroes that are of more appeal to audiences than their heroic counterparts. The chapter invites us to make a direct connection to the ancient world, seeing a similarity in the death practices of an ancient society and the way celebrities are currently memorialized in the public eye.Less
This chapter makes a connection between the laudatiofunebris, the funeral oration of ancient Rome, and the modern biopic. The author shows how biopics have the ability, like these ancient funeral speeches, to communicate the values of a society. However in this process, they have the capability to create not only heroes, but also antiheroes. The chapter shows how modern biopics use the Roman funeral speech to create new onscreen antiheroes that are of more appeal to audiences than their heroic counterparts. The chapter invites us to make a direct connection to the ancient world, seeing a similarity in the death practices of an ancient society and the way celebrities are currently memorialized in the public eye.
Lane Kenworthy
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9781447308942
- eISBN:
- 9781447310822
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447308942.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
This essay shows that there has only been one brief period since the 1970s in which real wages in the bottom half of the American income distribution have increased - the late 1990s. During this ...
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This essay shows that there has only been one brief period since the 1970s in which real wages in the bottom half of the American income distribution have increased - the late 1990s. During this unusual period unemployment was low but this did not trigger a rise in inflation. In fact, a tight labour market led to improvements in job quality for low earners, as employers offered more fringe benefits to attract good workers. Given this evidence, the chapter argues that a high employment rate is an important policy goal when it comes to addressing stagnant wage growth, steeper rates of inequality and stubbornly high poverty levels.Less
This essay shows that there has only been one brief period since the 1970s in which real wages in the bottom half of the American income distribution have increased - the late 1990s. During this unusual period unemployment was low but this did not trigger a rise in inflation. In fact, a tight labour market led to improvements in job quality for low earners, as employers offered more fringe benefits to attract good workers. Given this evidence, the chapter argues that a high employment rate is an important policy goal when it comes to addressing stagnant wage growth, steeper rates of inequality and stubbornly high poverty levels.
Eileen Appelbaum and Carrie Leana
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9781447308942
- eISBN:
- 9781447310822
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447308942.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
This chapter argues for concrete policies that raise wages, improve working conditions, and provide opportunities for career mobility in the low paid service sectors of the economy that are set to ...
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This chapter argues for concrete policies that raise wages, improve working conditions, and provide opportunities for career mobility in the low paid service sectors of the economy that are set to grow in the future in the UK and US. The chapter focuses on care workers as a case study of how job quality and progression can be developed through government action, employer practices and organisational norms.Less
This chapter argues for concrete policies that raise wages, improve working conditions, and provide opportunities for career mobility in the low paid service sectors of the economy that are set to grow in the future in the UK and US. The chapter focuses on care workers as a case study of how job quality and progression can be developed through government action, employer practices and organisational norms.
Françoise Carré and James Heintz
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9781447308942
- eISBN:
- 9781447310822
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447308942.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
This chapter discusses the rise of non-standard forms of employment since the 1980s. The authors describe how non-standard employment produces economic vulnerability in a variety of ways: low and ...
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This chapter discusses the rise of non-standard forms of employment since the 1980s. The authors describe how non-standard employment produces economic vulnerability in a variety of ways: low and irregular earnings, underemployment, frequent unemployment or unstable labour market participation. They note that non-standard arrangements particularly affect women workers as a whole and also disproportionately touch racial/ethnic minorities, primarily African-American workers and Hispanics. The authors emphasise the importance of a rights-based approach to employment to combat these trends.Less
This chapter discusses the rise of non-standard forms of employment since the 1980s. The authors describe how non-standard employment produces economic vulnerability in a variety of ways: low and irregular earnings, underemployment, frequent unemployment or unstable labour market participation. They note that non-standard arrangements particularly affect women workers as a whole and also disproportionately touch racial/ethnic minorities, primarily African-American workers and Hispanics. The authors emphasise the importance of a rights-based approach to employment to combat these trends.
James A. Riccio
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9781447308942
- eISBN:
- 9781447310822
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447308942.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
This chapter presents the latest evidence from the Employment Retention Allowance (ERA) pilots which were undertaken in the UK between 2003 and 2006 and were based on earlier US trials. The findings ...
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This chapter presents the latest evidence from the Employment Retention Allowance (ERA) pilots which were undertaken in the UK between 2003 and 2006 and were based on earlier US trials. The findings presented in the chapter show the scale of the challenge associated with a skills-led approach to increasing wages. Training can make a difference - but only if courses have clear market value and only if the new skills developed enable workers to access real job opportunities in their local areas.Less
This chapter presents the latest evidence from the Employment Retention Allowance (ERA) pilots which were undertaken in the UK between 2003 and 2006 and were based on earlier US trials. The findings presented in the chapter show the scale of the challenge associated with a skills-led approach to increasing wages. Training can make a difference - but only if courses have clear market value and only if the new skills developed enable workers to access real job opportunities in their local areas.
Daniel P. Gitterman
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9781447308942
- eISBN:
- 9781447310822
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447308942.003.0007
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
Although opportunities to move up the earnings ladder through work are important, mobility is limited. In this context, the redistribution of incomes between households is likely to remain important. ...
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Although opportunities to move up the earnings ladder through work are important, mobility is limited. In this context, the redistribution of incomes between households is likely to remain important. This chapter asks what lessons can be learnt from America about the different ways in which governments use tax systems to reduce income inequality and boost the incomes of middle class households. How sustainable will such strategies be given the projected growth in low-paid jobs on both sides of the Atlantic and the ongoing impact of the recession.Less
Although opportunities to move up the earnings ladder through work are important, mobility is limited. In this context, the redistribution of incomes between households is likely to remain important. This chapter asks what lessons can be learnt from America about the different ways in which governments use tax systems to reduce income inequality and boost the incomes of middle class households. How sustainable will such strategies be given the projected growth in low-paid jobs on both sides of the Atlantic and the ongoing impact of the recession.
